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10th Class

Acid, Bases and Salts

 Acids, Bases and Salts            
  • Acids
The term acid has its origin in the latin word acidus, meaning sour.  
  • An acid is a substance that has a sour taste. It is defined as a compound which contains replaceable hydrogen in it.
 
  • Acids that contain both hydrogen and oxygen are called oxyacids.
 
  • Acids that contain hydrogen and other non-metallic elements except oxygen are called hydracids.
 
  • Properties of Acids
Acids have a sour taste, turn blue litmus to red, conduct electricity and react with metals to form salt and hydrogen gas.  
  • Bases
A base is a substance, usually the oxide or the hydroxide of a metal, which more...
Catgeory: 10th Class

Metals and Non-metals

 Metals and Non- Metals  
  • Metals and non-metals: On the basis of properties, all the elements can be divided into two main groups: metals and non-metals.
 
  • Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium form positive ions. A majority of the known elements are metals. All metals are solids, except mercury which is a liquid metal.
 
  • The most abundant metal in the earth's crust is aluminium.
 
  • Though non-metals are small in number as compared to metals, they play a very important role in our daily life.
 
  • The most abundant non-metal in the earth's crust is oxygen.
 
  • Metallurgy: Metallurgy is the branch of chemistry more...
Catgeory: 10th Class

Crabon and Its Compounds

 Carbon and Its Compounds  
  • Carbon is a non-metal. All living things, plants and animals are made up of carbon based compounds which are called organic compounds.
We can test the presence of carbon in a material on the basis of the fact that carbon and its compounds burn in air to give carbon dioxide gas which turns lime water milky.  
  • The atomic number of carbon is 6, i.e., K shell has 2 electrons and L shell has 4 electrons.
 
  • Occurrence of Carbon
Carbon occurs in nature in the 'free state' (as element) as well as in the 'combined state' (in the form of compounds with other elements).  
  • Allotropes of Carbon
The three allotropes of carbon more...
Catgeory: 10th Class

Periodic Classification of Elements

Periodic Classification of Elements  
  • Scientists have discovered 118 elements till date. Some of these elements occur in free state and some in combined state.
 
  • Lavoisier classified elements into metals and non-metals.
 
  • In 1817, German chemist Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner proposed Law of Triads.
 
  • In a Dobereiner's triad, the atomic weight of middle element is nearly the arithmetic mean of the first and the third element.
 
  • In 1866, John Newlands, an English chemist showed that, when elements are arranged in the order of their increasing atomic masses, the eighth element, starting from a given element is a kind of repetition of the first one like the eighth one in an octave of music. more...
Catgeory: 10th Class

Life Processes

 Life Processes  
  • The basic functions performed by living organisms to maintain their life on this earth are called life processes.
 
  • For life to continue, processes like nutrition, respiration, transport of materials within the body and excretion of waste products are necessary.
 
  • Food is a kind of fuel which provides energy to all the living organisms.
 
  • A nutrient can be defined as a substance which an organism obtains from its surroundings and uses it as a source of energy or for the biosynthesis of its body constituents.
 
  • Nutrition is a process of intake of nutrients by an organism as well as the utilisation of these nutrients by the organism. There are mainly two more...
Catgeory: 10th Class

Control and Co-ordination

Control and Co-ordination  
  • The working together of various organ systems is called co-ordination. Control and coordination are the functions of the nervous system and of hormones.
 
  • The nervous system in human beings consists of three main portions: central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
 
  • The nervous system is made up of several functional units called neurons or nerve cells. A nerve cell is basically made up of a cell body or cyton with dendrites, axon or nerve fibres.
 
  • Two neurons are connected only by the passage of impulses across neuromuscular junction which is called synapse.
 
  • The information passing through neurons is in the form of chemical and electrical signals more...
Catgeory: 10th Class

Reproduction

 Reproduction    
  • The phenomenon of the formation of new individuals from the existing ones to increase the population is called reproduction.
 
  • The process of reproduction ensures the continuity of a race and the perpetuation of characteristics of the species and particularly the parent organisms.
 
  • Reproduction can be broadly grouped into two types: asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.
 
  • Sexual reproduction is the process during which a new individual is formed by the fusion of a male reproductive cell with a female reproductive cell.
 
  • Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offsprings arise from a single parent and inherit the genes of that parent only.
 
Catgeory: 10th Class

Heredity and Evolution

 Heredity and Evolution    
  • Variations that arise during the process of reproduction can be inherited.
 
  • These variations may lead to increased survival of the individuals.
 
  • Sexually reproducing individuals have two copies of genes for the same trait. If the copies are not identical, the trait that gets expressed is called the dominant trait and the other is called the recessive trait.
 
  • Traits in one individual may be inherited separately giving rise to new combinations of traits in the offspring in sexual reproduction.
 
  • Sex is determined by different factors in various species. In human beings, the sex of the child depends on whether the paternal chromosome is X (for girls) or Y (for more...
Catgeory: 10th Class

Our Environment

 Our Environment  
  • Environment is the physical and biological world we live in. Biosphere is the total sum of all ecosystems.
 
  • A community is a group of different kinds of animal and plant populations living together in a given area.
 
  • An ecosystem is defined as a group of organisms interacting among themselves and with their environment.
 
  • The biotic components of an ecosystem include producers, consumers and decomposers.
 
  • Organisms which feed upon plants consumer animals for food are called e.g., herbivores and carnivores.                                
 
  • Decomposers are organisms which bring about the decay and putrefaction of the dead bodies of plants and animals.
 
Catgeory: 10th Class

Management of Natural Resources

 Management of Natural Resources  
  • Conservation of environment is very essential for the survival of human race. The resources should be managed in such a way that it may give maximum benefits to the present generation while maintaining its potential to meet the requirements of the future generation.
 
  • Growing population, agriculture, industrialisation and urbanization have led to the exploitation and the consequent depletion of natural resources.
 
  • When left undisturbed nature replinishes its resources by recycling. Over exploitation of environment depletes natural resources and disturbs the recycling process.
 
  • Natural habitats of plants and animals have been replaced by industries, roads, cities and big towns. Big dams have been constructed in order to generate more electricity for the industries. more...
Catgeory: 10th Class

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