Current Affairs 4th Class

     Introduction   Proper sentences are made up of words. In jumbled sentences words are not arranged in a proper order. These words are jumbled. The student is expected to look at the jumbled words, comprehend the meaning implied, and arrange the words in proper order to make a meaningful sentence.      

•   That / lived in / halls / l dreamt / I / marble  

Answer: I dreamt that I lived in marble halls.              Analysis   1.       Identify the subject. I dreamt.   2.       Identify the action. Lived in halls.   3.       Make the sentence. I dreamt that I lived in marble halls.              Rearrange the words and make a meaningful sentence.                       1           2             3              4                 5                      6              7                8 1.       Said / the child/ that / leave /the mother / alone / could not / she. The mother said that she could not leave the child alone. 2.       After / they / had / the theatre / begun / reached / show / the. They reached the theatre after the show had begun. 3.       Pond/jumped/the dog/into the The dog jumped into the pond. 4.       The bag/against/threw/the wall/He. He threw the bag against the wall.                     1                      2              3          4          5        6          7         8 5.       Shakespeare / greater/ all / poets / than / is / other/the. Shakespeare is greater than all the other poets. 6.       Bridge / over / is a / there / the stream. There is a bridge over the stream. 7.       Pay/you/on time /dues/must/the. You must pay the dues on time. 8.       Hockey / evening / we/ a / match / last / play. We played a hockey match last evening. 9.       Last/met/Sunday/her/you. You met her last Sunday. 10.    Metal / useful / is a / steel / very. Steel is a very useful metal.  

    Introduction   In jumbled words, letters are not arranged in a proper order. You need to arrange the letters in proper order to make a meaningful word.       If you were given the letters 'T L I N L E G N I T E' to unscramble, or un-jumble, if you will, those letters to reveal the word 'INTELLIGENT'           Below given is a list of jumbled words and their meaningful words 1. I O L N                                                 =   LION 2. AROPRT                                           =   PARROT 3. O R S H E                                          =   HORSE 4. V A Y E H                                          =   HEAVY 5. H I L G T                                           =   LIGHT 6. E N E I C S C                                    =   SCIENCE 7. E P A R P                                          =   PAPER 8. R S T A                                              =   STAR 9. A F N                                                 =   FAN 10. I N G E S H L                                 =   ENGLISH 11. E RU PS E                                      =   RUPEES 12. C A E R                                           =   RACE 13. T HK C N E I                                =   KITCHEN 14. S M T S Y E                                     =   SYSTEM 15. A B S A S D R O M A                  =   AMBASSADOR 16. K O C R F                                       =   FROCK 17. TO U RC                                         =   COURT 18. C R E O F                                        =   FORCE 19. W A D F R                                      =   DWARF 20. L O E O W N                                 =   WOOLEN 21. GTN H I                                          =   NIGHT 22. A H W O D S                                =   SHADOW 23. O S D R L E I                                  =   SOLDIER 24. Y E M N E                                      =   ENEMY 25. N M I R G O N                              =   MORNING 26. R O B E R H T                                =   BROTHER 27. T O C P E K                                   =   POCKET 28. V S E R E L A                                 =   SEVERAL 29. N O S I O P                                    =   POISON 30. I T H A F F L U                              =   FAITHFUL               Rearrange the letters and make a meaningful word.       C A D C I T E N (A) Acident                                                         (B) Accidant (C) Accident                                      (D) Accidannt (E) None of these     Answer: (c) Explanation: The correct answer is accident.         A U W D P R (A) Upwerd                                                        (B) Upward (C) Uppward                                                      (D) Upwrad (E) Wupard     Answer: (b) Explanation: The correct answer is upward.      

    Practice Exercise       Fill in the blanks with Definite Article       ______ Ganga is a holy river.   Answer: "The" Definite Article (the) points out a particular river.         ______ Bible is a holy book.   Answer: "The" Definite Article (the) points out a particular book.         Give me ______ umbrella which I bought yesterday.   Answer: The Here particular umbrella has been pointed out.         _____ horse runs fast.   Answer: The 'The' is used before a class of noun.         NOTE:

•   Indefinite Article is not used with uncountable noun.
•   Article is not used before the name of games. Such as - She pays ludo.
•   Article is not used before some diseases like Cholera, Malaria, fever and typhoid etc.
•   Article is not used before the name of festivals.
•   Article is not used before plural countable nouns when they indicate a class.
•   No article is used before the names of language.
•   No article is used before proper noun, material noun and abstract nouns.  

        Fill in the blanks with suitable article A, An and The       ________ Quran is a holy book of Muslims. (A) A                                                                      (B) The (C) An                                                                   (D) None of these (E) All of these     Answer: (b) Explanation: The is used before holy book like The Ramayana, The Geeta, The Bible, The Mahabharat, The Quran, etc.         ________ moon gives light in the sky. (A) The                                                                 (B) A (C) An                                                                   (D) None of these (E) All of these     Answer: (a) Explanation: The is used before the names of heavenly bodies        

•   A is used before a noun beginning with a consonant sound.
•   An is used before a noun beginning with a vowel sound.
•   The is used before a noun beginning with a consonant or a vowel sound but these nouns refer to definite or particular nouns.
•   The is used before the names of holy books, rivers, oceans, mountains, monuments, newspapers, heavenly bodies, etc.
•   Indefinite Articles are not used with uncountable noun.
•   Article is not used before the name of games. Such as - She pays ludo.
•   Article is not used before some diseases like Cholera, Malaria, fever and typhoid etc.
•   Article is not used before the name of festivals.
•   Article is not used before plural countable nouns when they indicate a class.
•   No article is used before the names of language.
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      Definite Article 'The'   Definite Article (the) points out to a particular person, animal, thing or place. The is used before a noun beginning with a consonant or a vowel sound.      

•   This is the girl who came first in the race.
•   The Bible is a holy book of the Christians.  

       Analysis In the above given sentences, the has been used before girl, race, Bible and Christians (all nouns) which are definite or particular person or thing. These particular person or thing may begin with both sounds - consonant or vowel.            Uses of Definite Article 'The' 'The' is used before the following: 1.           A class of noun. Eg. The dog is a faithful animal. 2.           Superlative Degrees of Adjective. Eg. Steve is the best player in the team. 3.           Words that express quantity. Eg. Wheat is sold by the kilogram. 4.           A noun which has already mentioned earlier. Eg. Steve saw a bird. The bird was beautiful.     5.           Names of national, religion and caste. Eg. The Hindu, The Indian. 6.           The name of famous building. Eg. The Red Fort. 7.           The name of sea and river valley. Eg. The Arabian sea, The Brahmaputra valley 8.           Name of few countries. Eg. The  U.S.A., The U.K. 9.           Name of religious books. Eg. The Ramayana. 10.         Name of Heavenly bodies. . Eg. The Venus 11.         Name of Rivers. Eg. The Ganga 12.         Name of Mountain. Eg. The Himalaya 13.         The name of ocean. Eg. The Indian Ocean, The Pacific Ocean. 14.         Historical buildings. Eg. The Taj Mahal, The Victoria Memorial, The Red fort. 15.         English newspaper. Eg. The Times of India, The Hindustan times, The Hindu.  

     Practice Exercise       Fill in the blanks with indefinite articles 1.  This is ______ useless thing. 2.  He has ______ black cap. 3.  Rameshwaram is ________ holy city. 4.  Mumbai is _______ expensive place. 5.  This is _______ very costly town. 6.  Scoring goal is not ________ easy task. 7.  I got _______ orange, ______ banana and two mangoes. 8.  Mr. John is______ European. 9.  I had _____ bag in which there was _______ letter. 10. James has_______ small box.   Answer: 1. (A)                     2. (A)                     3. (A)                     4. (An)                  5. (A) 6. (An)                  7. (An, A)             8. (A)                     9. (A, A)                                10. (A)  

      Practice Exercise       Fill in the blanks with Indefinite Article       We have ________ hour to reach at the station.   Answer: An hour, (here 'h' is silent.)       That is ________ ox.   Answer: An ox, (o is a vowel)       He has __________ mango of a very special type.   Answer: mango, (singular noun)         I have ________ one rupee note.   Answer: A one (Singular noun)                 Fill in the blanks with Indefinite Article       Mr. John is _____ European. (A) A                                                                      (B) An (C) The                                                                 (D) None of these     Answer: (A) Explanation: Here the European sounds like consonant.         Sarena is ____ intelligent girl. (A) A                                                                      (A) The (C) An                                                                   (D) None of these     Answer: (c) Explanation: Intelligent starts with vowel and sounds like vowel.  

     Indefinite Article 'A and An'   A and an are indefinite articles because they do not refer to any particular person, animal, thing or place.            Use of 'A' 1. A is used before a singular countable noun beginning with consonant.        

•   There is a boy in the class.
•   My father is a teacher.
•   I saw a girl crying.
•   The boy was eating a cake.
•   The child has a toy.  

        Analysis   In these sentences 'a' has been used before the nouns boy, teacher, girl, cake and toy, as all these are single countable noun beginning with a consonant. 2. A is also used before a singular noun beginning with vowel letter but sounding like a constant.        

•   The dog is a useful animal.
•   He reads in a university.
•   Mr. James is a European.
•   It was a one sided game.  

        Analysis Here, a is used before useful, university, European and one. All of these words though begin with a vowel but their sounds are like consonant. For example, we say 'useful' as 'yousful', university as 'youniversity', etc. So before these words if we need to use article, we have to use a always.            Use of' An' 1. An is used before a singular noun beginning with a vowel.          

•   Mr. Bose is an old man.
•   He has an elephant.
•   Mr. James is an American.
•   He bought an egg and an umbrella  

       Analysis In the given sentences an have been used before old, elephant. American, egg and umbrella. All of these words begin with a vowel. 2. An is also used before a singular noun beginning with consonant but sounds like vowel.        

•   He is an honest man.
•   He has got an honourable post in the company.
•   Mr. James is an M.L.A.
•   He is an M.P.  

       Analysis Here though the words honest, honourable, M.L.A and M.P begin with consonant, but all of them sound like vowel. For example, we say honest as 'onest', honourable as 'onarable' etc.  

    Introduction   In English grammar there are three articles, that is a, an and the. These three articles are divided into two parts. They are

•   Indefinite Articles: a and an
•   Definite Article: the  

    Use of Conjunctions             And, As well as These two conjunctions are used to add one statement to another.        

• The man is poor. The man is blind. The man is poor and blind.
• Robinson likes tea. Robinson likes coffee. Robinson likes tea as well as coffee.
• Anima and Aryan are dancing.
• You as well he have lifted the box.
• Please come and sit beside me.
• Garry sells fruits and vegetables.  

       Either--or, Neither--nor These conjunctions are used to indicate a choice between one statement and another.      

•   Either Steve or Smith will come
•   Mumbai is neither too hot in summer nor too cold in winter.  

         But, Still, Yet These conjunctions are used to express contrast between two statements.        

•  He is intelligent. He does not read.        

         He is intelligent but he does not read.

•  The teacher was angry. He did not scold the boy.        

          The teacher was angry still he did not scold the boy.

•   These books are costly. People buy them.

          These books are costly yet people buy them.           So, Therefore These conjunctions are used to join two statements where one statement is proved from the other statement.      

•  He did not take umbrella. He got wet.        

         He did not take umbrella so he got wet.

•  The boy stole bread from the shop. He was arrested by the police.

          The boy stole bread from the shop, therefore, he was arrested by the police.           When, While These conjunctions are used to join two statements when time of an action is to be shown.        

•   The cat is away. The mice play.        

When the cat is away the mice play.

•   I met Priya. I was in London.

          I met Priya while I was in London           lf, Unless These conjunctions are used to join two statements to show a condition.      

•   You give me money I will return your pen.                        

If you give me money I will return your pen.

•   You make haste. You cannot reach home in time.                       

Unless you make haste you cannot reach home in time.          As, Than These conjunctions are used to show more...

     Forms of Conjunction   Conjunctions have three basic forms. (i) Single Word For example: and, but, because, although (ii) Compound (often ending with 'as' or 'that} For example: provided that, as long as, in order that, etc. (iii) Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective) For example: so...that           Below given is a list of some commonly used conjunctions And                        But                        Since                     When                    Either - or Although             Because               Till                         While                    Neither - nor As well as            If                             Until                      Unless                   Therefore As                           Or                           Stilt                        Yet                          Befored          See the following examples where sentences are joined with the help of conjunction: 1. You, he and I are friends. 2. Marry was reading and Sita was Playing. 3. Tom and Jerry are brothers. 4. Richards is sleeping but Serena is awakening. 5. He worked hard but failed. 6.  Run fast or you will lose the race. 7. Is Mr. Mohan rich or poor? 8. Work hard because you have to pass. 9. He as well as I is honest. 10. Either he or I am mistaken. 11. Wait for me till 1 come back. 12. I believe him because he is honest. 13. I met my friend while 1 was in Mumbai. 14. Though he is rich, he is not happy. 15. Unless you take a taxi, you cannot catch the morning train. 16. He was ill therefore he could not appear at the examination. 17. Aditi and Rupa study in the same class. 18. Neither this bus nor that one will take you to the school. 19. The boys started playing because the teacher was not present. 20. When the cat is away, the mice play.