Current Affairs 4th Class

 Numbers       Numbers are Mathematical objects by which we express date, time, position, quantity etc. Like:

• I will go to school at 8 o clock - time.
• I stayed in the party for 2 hours - time.
• My birth day is on 15 January - date.
• Exam will begin from 1st march - date.
• person in the row is Jack - position.
• book from left is mathematics - position.
• There are 5 books on the table - quantity.
• There are 5 kg of flour - quantity.  

      Writing and Reading Numbers Numbers are written using symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) called numerals. For example 3564 is a numeral in which four symbols (3, 5, 6 and 4) has been used to write it. Each of the digits or symbols in the numeral has specific value. Every numeral has been given a name according to the place value chart. Naming a numeral is called numeration. In this section we will study about the following two types of numeration: 

• Indian system of numeration.
• International system of numeration.  

     Indian System of Numeration This system of numeration is also known as Hindu - Arabic system. This method of numeration is based on the following place value chart.    

Period

Kharab

Arab

Crores

Lakhs

Thousands

Ones

Places

Ten Kharab(T- kh) 1000000000000

Kharab (kh) 100000000000

Ten Arab (T-A) 10000000000

Arab (a) 1000000000

Ten Crores (T-C) 100000000

Crores(c) 10000000

Ten Lakhs (T-L) 1000000

Lakhs (L) 100000

Ten thousands (T-TH) 10000

Thousand (TH) 1000

Hundred (H) 100

Tens (T) 10

Ones (O) 0

                                                                                                                   Periods For the numerals period from the right are ones, thousands, lakhs, crores, arabs respectively as shown in the table. Further period ones has been split into three groups units, tens and hundreds. Other periods like, thousands, lakhs, etc. has been split into two groups as shown in the above chart.       Places Value of more...

   Introductions       In your day to day life we come across the following questions.  

• What time do you go to school?
• How many hours did you stay in the school?
• When is your birthday?
• When did India get freedom?
• How many pens do you want to buy?  

To answers such questions, we need numbers. So it is very important for us to have understanding of numbers. Let us understand the numbers.    

    Working with Document     Once you have saved a file, you may want to retrieve it to review it, modify it or print it.                                        To open a previously saved file, complete the/allowing steps:

• Click File menu.
• Select the Open option in the File menu. The Open dialog box appears.
• 3. Double click on the document to be opened

                             OR

• Click once on the document name and then click Open. (See figure 4.8.9 & 9)  

                  Printing a Document or Text After typing a letter or a report in MS Word, you would like a hard copy (paper output) for future reference.         To print a document, complete the following steps:

• Click File menu.
• In the drop-down menu, click Print option. The Print dialog box appears.
• Select from the options available in the Print dialogue box (number of copies, collated, page range, etc)
• Click OK.        

       Printing with the Print Button   If you need just one copy of the current document, the fastest and the easiest way is to print using the Print button. Click Print button in the toolbar. One copy of the entire document is sent to your default printer.          Closing a Document After saving your work, you can close your document until you need it later.         For this, perform the following steps:

• Click File menu.
• In the drop down menu, click 'Close' option.

                          OR

• A simpler way to close a document is to click Close button ("X" button) on the top of the document window.    

           Johnson: and Rudolf are discussing about document of the computer. Read their conversation and select the correct one. Johnson: once you have saved a file, you cannot retrieve it to review, modify or print. This is the biggest demerit with the word document. Rudolf: It is better to take printout of a word document before saving it, otherwise it is lost. (A) Johnson is correct                                    (B) Rudolf is correct (C) Both are correct                                        (D) Both are incorrect (E) Both are partially correct     Answer: (d) Explanation Correct Option: (D) Both of them are incorrect because after saving a file, you can retrieve it, modify it, etc. Incorrect Options: (A) Statements of Johnson more...

     Formatting Text   Formatting text means changing the look of the text. Advanced word processor, such as Word, includes specialized tools that help you easily edit and format documents. You can use word processors to undo and redo actions, justify text change font parameters, change paragraph spacing and perform various other editing and formatting functions.          Entering Text When you start MS-Word, a blank new document is automatically opened. You can see the cursor blinking/ indicating the position to enter the text. Suppose a document file already exists and you want to open a new document to enter text, you can follow these steps:

• Click New document in the button bar or click File -> New.
• You can write whatever you want. The text you type will appear at the insertion point of the cursor.  

You do not have to press the Enter key when you reach the end of the line. MS Word will automatically go to the next line. Only press the Enter key if you wish to insert a blank line in your text. Holding the Shift Key down as you type a letter creates capital letters. A space is inserted by pressing the long Space Bar at the bottom of your keyboard.         Editing Text When you enter your text, you are liable to make mistakes; hence you need to edit your document. Although you create a file only once, you can edit it many times.' Editing can add, rearrange or delete data, such as text, numbers or pictures. Imagine that you have written a letter to a friend about your holiday. After writing the letter, you decide to make some changes to it. You want to edit and delete some text, change the line spacing and increase the font size. Instead of rewriting the entire letter, you can use a word processor to edit and format the document.          Inserting Text While creating your document, you may find you need to insert text?place new text between existing texts. Suppose, you type the sentence, "Ria has a blue box." After typing it, you decide you want to change the sentence to "Ria has a big blue box". With Microsoft Word, inserting a word, phrase or even several paragraphs is easy. Alternatively, you may want to overtype text - replace old text with new text. For example, suppose you type the sentence, "Ria has a big blue box". After typing it, you decide you want to change the sentence to "Ria has a big brown box". With Microsoft Word, overtyping the word blue with the word gray is also easy. When editing is in progress, MS Word usually inserts characters, unless it is set to replace (overwrite) them instead. To insert characters, position the cursor at the point where the characters more...

  Word Screen   After loading MS Word, we get the MS Word window. From here you can start writing the text. The MS Word screen is a simple, user-friendly and highly customizable interface for word processing. Most of the screen is taken up by the actual document being created or edited, but there are several other elements and icons.            Let us get familiarized with some important components of the MS Word screen, from top to bottom:  

• The Title Bar: A bar across the very top of the screen provides the name of the document being worked on (or "Document1," if the document has not yet been named), and the standard Windows buttons to Minimize, Restore or Close the Word window.

 

• The Menu Bar: Just below the title bar, MS Word includes the menu bar, which starts with "File" and ends with "Help." Every single function of MS Word can be reached through these menus.

 

• The Toolbars: Below the menu bar of MS Word are the main toolbars. Although these can be customized to display as few or as many toolbars as you wish, these toolbars usually begin with the Standard and Formatting toolbars.

 

• The Document: Just below your toolbars is the actual document you are creating. A blinking cursor usually marks the space of insertion when you type a letter, number, symbol or carriage return.

 

• More Toolbars: Sometimes there will be additional toolbars below the document itself. For instance, the Drawing toolbar is often found underneath the document  

 

• The Information Panel: At the very bottom of the MS Word screen is a thin information panel that includes information such as the document's current page, section, line and language.      

     Match the following             A                                                             B 1. Title Bar                                                    i.   Just below the Menu bar 2. Menu Bar                                                  ii.  Show name of the document 3. Tool Bar                                                    iii.  Starts with File and ends with Help (A) 1, iii; 2,ii; 3,.i                                                 (B) 1, i; 2, ii; 3, iii (C) 1, ii; 2, i; 3, iii                                                (D) 1, ii; 2, iii; 3, i (E) 1, iii; 2, i; 3, ii     Answer: (D) Explanation Correct Option: (D) Option (D) is matched correctly. more...

    Loading MS - word and its Contents   To start MS Word, perform the following steps.

• Click Start icon.
• Click Programs,
• Click Microsoft Word. Once you open MS Word, you get the blank document (page) as shown below: (See figure 4.8.1)  

       

    Introduction     Writing is an integral part of our lives. We write letters, reports, make projects and so on. There is special software which helps you to write on the computer called Microsoft Word or MS Word. Microsoft Word is the most popular word processor in the market. Word processing software is a powerful tool. It allows a user to create letters, brochures and countless other documents, A program like MS Word also allows the user to create documents using decorative styles and pictures for additional impact. Let us learn more about it.

       Paint Brush Menus   Knowing how to use menu commands is a basic Windows skill. The Menus appear directly beneath the Title Bar in the window. There are six menus in the Paint window. We call them "Menus" because they work like a menu at a fast food restaurant. When you want to place an order at a restaurant, you look up on the wall for what you want and then select it. The computer works in the same way. You just look in the menu and then select the item that you want. A complete list of all the items on the menu would take up a lot of screen space so the menu items "hide" most of the time. To bring up a menu in its entirety, just click Menu's heading, and the rest of the menu will "pull down". We're going to learn how to use the various commands in each of the menus in Microsoft Paint.            The File Menu The File Menu is where you will find commands that affect the basic operations of the file you are working with. This is where you would go to create a new file, open a file, save a file or print a file. We will look at the options in the File menu now.  

• New: Creates a new, blank (white) image file.

 

• Open: initiates the Open dialog box to open(view)an existing image file. In Paint only one image file can be opened at one time. If you try to open a second file, the first file will be closed automatically

 

• Save: Save changes to the current file.

 

• Save As: Save changes to the current file and allows you to pick a new or different file name for the file.

 

• Print Preview: Displays the image on screen as it will appear when it is printed out on paper. This lets you get a sense of how big the image will be when you print it to the page.

 

• Page Setup: Displays options for setting up how Paint will print your file.

 

• Print: Displays the Print dialog box, where you can print out the current image file.

 

• 1, 2, 3: Opens the 1st, 2nd or 3rd previous files opened with Paint.

 

• Exit: Shuts down Paint. Now let us take a look at the Edit Menu.  

           The Edit Menu The Edit Menu is where you will find most of your commands that are useful for working within your file to make changes of one kind or another.

• Undo: This is one of the most important commands to remember. Undo will remove the last change more...

       How to use Tools   Microsoft Paint has an assortment of painting Tools that you can use for drawing shapes and applying colour to areas of your image in various ways. You switch between tools by clicking on the appropriate icon on the Toolbar, which is located on the left side of the Paint window.              The Toolbar looks like this:           : The top rows of Icons are the Selection Tools.   : The next row has the Eraser tool and the Fill tool Icons.         : The third row has the Eye Dropper tool and the Magnifying Glass tool Icons.       : The fourth row has the Pencil tool and the Paint Brush tool Icons.         : The fifth row has the Airbrush tool and the Text tool Icons.           : The sixth row has the line tool and the curve tool Icons.        : The seventh row has the Rectangle Drawing tool and the Polygon Drawing tool Icons.       : The eighth row has the Oval Drawing Tool and the Rounded Rectangle Drawing Tool Icons.     The bottom portion of the Toolbar changes when you select a tool to reveal additional options or settings for that tool. (See Figure 4.7.4)         Most of the Tools are used to apply colour in some way to a portion of the image. In order to use these tools, first make sure that you have selected the correct colour in the Colour Palette.          The Selection Tools These tools are used to select portions of the image you are working with. These selections can then be moved around, copied or edited without affecting the rest of the image.          To use the Freeform Select tool:

• Click Freeform Select tool Icon.
• With the left button, click your image wherever you want to begin the selection. Drag the mouse around to create the outline of the freeform shape of your selection.
• When you finish outlining your freeform selection shape, release the mouse button. You will notice that the freeform shape that you had been drawing turns into a rectangle. The freeform selection is bounded within this box. If you move the selected portion of the image around, you will notice that it still retains the freeform shape that you drew.      

       To use the Rectangle Select more...

  Introduction to Paint Brush   Paint Brush is a program which is used to draw, colour and edit pictures. You can use Paint Brush like a digital sketchpad to make simple pictures. Let us begin to work with Paint Brush.          To open Paint Brush, follow the following steps:

• Click Start button.
• Click All Programs.
• Click Accessories.
• Finally click Paint.

When you start Paint Brush, you see a window that is mostly blank, with just a few tools for drawing and painting. You can see a colour palette or colour box from which you can select any colour for your drawing. The central white portion is called the drawing board where the pictures can be drawn.       The Colour box indicates the current foreground and background colours. To paint with the selected foreground colour, drag the pointer. To paint with the selected background colour, right click while you drag the pointer. To change the current foreground colour, click an available colour square. To change the background colour, right-click an available colour square. You can also see a Toolbox contains different tools required for drawing, erasing and colouring. (See Figure 4.7.3)                       Fill in the blanks: 1. Paint Brush is used like a _______ sketchpad to make simple pictures. 2. The Colour box indicates the current ______ and _______ colours. 3. To paint with the selected foreground colour, ________ the pointer. (A) Blank, Background, Foreground, Right Click (B) Digital, Foreground, Background, Drag (C) Page, Files, Folder, Right click (D) Blank page, Background, Foreground, Drag (E) Digital, Files, Folder, Right click     Answer: (B) Explanation Correct Option: (B) Options given in (B) are correct. Incorrect Options: (A) Options given in (A) are incorrect. Therefore, option (A) is incorrect. (C) Options given in (C) are incorrect. Therefore, option (C) is incorrect. (D) Options given in (D) are incorrect. Therefore, option (D) is incorrect. (E) Options given in (E) are incorrect. Therefore, option (E) is incorrect.          To open Paint Brush, the steps are given below in jumbled form. Arrange them correctly. 1. Click Paint. 2. Click All Programs. 3.  Click Start button 4.  Click Accessories. (A) 1 2  3 4                                       (B) 4  3 2  1 (C) 3 241                                           (D) 2  4  3  1 more...