5th Class

DATA HANDLING   FUNDAMENTALS Data handling can be done in different ways and one such way is representation of raw data in pictorial form. Such as bar diagram, histogram, pie-chart and line graph.   Bar diagram Bar diagrams is one of the simplest and most common graph used to represent data. In bar diagram usually bars of uniform width are drawn with equal spacing between them on one axis (x-axis) depicting the variables. The value of the variables is shown on the other axis (y-axis) and the height of the bars depends on the value of the variables. This is a form of representation like the bar graph out is used tor continuous class interval. It consists of continuous bars more...

MENTAL ABILITY   FUNDAMENTALS This chapter is based on four distinct concepts:   (a) Mathematical Series:

•                 The three or more numbers having a sequence of pattern is given. The numbers follow a certain rule which relates the consecutive terms. Students should be able to recognize the rule or pattern. This will help them predict the next term or number.

­ Rule/Pattern may exist in the following ways: (i) Series of odd number: Example: 1, 3, 5, 7, ...... Ans.     Next more...

  Reasoning and Aptitude   Introduction Learning process is dependent on one’s ability to think logically and reason quickly and effectively. So Reasoning and logic skills are an important part in our progress as these skills are very useful in our day to day life. In this chapter, we will learn various problems related to reasoning and aptitude.   Problems Based on Patterns Pattern is a list of numbers or letters that follows a certain sequence of a certain rule. To solve them all we have to do is figure out the pattern and come up with the next logical number or letter of the sequence.  

• Example:

What is the missing number in the given series below?   (a) 18                            (b) 22            (c) 16                            (d) 14 (e) None of these Answer more...

Human Body and Nutrition Human Body We already know that the organs of our body work together to perform various functions for the body. A group of organs doing some particular jobs for the body form an organ system.       Human body has the following systems performing certain functions:  

• Respiratory system is responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream. Oxygen is necessary for human life.
• Digestive system breaks the food we eat into simpler forms. After digestion, food is used for producing energy.
• Skeletal system gives shape to human body and helps in the movement.
• Nervous system performs the functions of thinking, smelling, seeing, tasting, etc.
• Circulatory system helps in transportation of nutrients and other substances to more...

Plants   Plants are very useful to us in many ways. Being a living thing, like all other living things, plants also reproduce to maintain the existence of their species. Plants reproduce in a number of ways: (i) From their body parts (ii) From spores (iii) From seeds      Reproduction through Body Parts Some new plants grow from the parts of the mother plants. They grow from roots, stem and leaf. Such type of reproduction is known as vegetative propagation.   Root A sweet potato is a swollen root of the plant. The new plant of sweet potato can be grown from the roots of the original plant.                                 Carrot                                                  Sweet potato   Stem Some plants can reproduce by more...

Animals   All animals breathe, feed and move. The place where an animal lives, eats, grows and reproduces is called its habitat.   Breathing All animals need to breathe for their survival. When an animal breathes in oxygen and breathes out carbon dioxide, an exchange of gases takes place.   Fish A fish lives in water. The water passes out through a pair of gill-slits on each side of its body. As this water passes over the gills, the fish takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, which flows out with the water. The oxygen gets absorbed into the blood of die fish.   Whale A whale looks like a fish and lives in water; but it is not a fish. A whale does not have gills. It has lungs. To breathe, it must come up to the surface of the water to fill more...

Housing   Housing People at different places build different types of houses. There are some factors on which building of houses depends.   These are:  

• The climate of the place
• Materials used for making houses
• The budget

  Climate In place where climate is hot, houses have thick walls and flat roofs. Thick walls keep the houses cool from inside. Flat roofs can be used by people for sleeping outdoors. In places where it rains a lot and climate is hot and damp, houses are built on stilts. These houses, built a few feet above the ground on raised platforms, remain safe from floods. The sloping roofs of houses on hills do not allow rainwater or snow to collect and make the houses damp and cold. Most houses in cold areas have fireplaces to keep their houses warm from more...

Soil, Rocks and Minerals   Rocks The crust of the earth is made up of soil and rock. Rocks are made up of minerals. A rock can have one or many minerals. Rocks are found in the mountains, by seas, on the ground, and under it. Large rocks in the mountains are called boulders. Pebbles are small rocks. Sand is actually very tiny pieces of broken rocks. Depending on their formation, rocks are of three types: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.   Igneous Rocks The word igneous means made from fire or heat. Deep inside the earth in some areas it is so hot that even hard things like rocks melt. Molten rock is called magma. Sometimes the heavy rocks around the magma push it upwards towards the earth's crust. The magma comes out through a weak point on the surface of the earth. The more...

Work, Force, Energy and Simple Machines   Work   Work refers to an activity that involves movement of the object when force is applied on it. For example, work is done when a person pushes a car and the car moves. The formula of work is: Work = Force distance It means that more work is done, if more force is applied to an object, or the object moves larger distance, or both. If a force is applied on an object, but no motion takes place then no work is done. For Example, if a person pushes against a wall, then no work is done unless the wall moves in the direction in which it is pushed. The unit of measurement of work is unit of force multiplied by the unit of distance i.e. Newton metre (Nm) or Joule (J). For example, more...

Our Environment and Natural Calamities   Air and water form an essential part of our surroundings. Everything surrounds and affects an organism is known as its environment.   Air All living beings breathe in air. Air is needed for many purposes like lighting a fire, flying kites and inflating tyres. Air is a mixture of gases. More than three fourth of air contains nitrogen, slightly more than one fifth of air is oxygen and rest of the air contains gases like argon, carbon dioxide, ozone, helium, neon, etc. Air also contains dust, smoke and water vapour.   Components of Air Components of air are as follows:   Nitrogen Nitrogen is the major component of air. Plants get nitrogen from the soil. Animals get nitrogen from plants, meat and fish.   Oxygen It is the most important gas present in air. It forms one fifth more...