Current Affairs 4th Class

Real Life Example Learning English punctuation is an important skill, especially if you?ll be doing a lot of writing assignments in school punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences.     Historical Preview Early uses of punctuation in English literature included the works of poets, playwrights and writers to help clarify otherwise confusing statements. It wasn?t until the 17th century that the complete roster of punctuation we use today was finished.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to: understand punctuation. learn about different types of punctuations know about usage of punctuations.     QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Learning English punctuation is an important skill of acquiring a complete grammatical knowledge. Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences. It means the right use of putting in points or stops in writing. The following are the principal stops:- (1) Full Stop or Period (.) (2) Comma (,) (3) Semicolon (;) (4) Colon (:) (5) Note of Interrogation or Question Marks (?) (6) Note of Exclamation or Exclamation Marks (!) (7) Dash (_) (8) Parenthesis ( ) (9) Inverted Commas or Quotation Marks (" ")     FULL STOPS AND COMMAS Full stops are used at the end of a sentence to inform the reader that the sentence is finished and that he should take a moment before reading the next one. Example: Honesty is the best policy. Please shut the door. The teacher is teaching the pupils. A comma informs the reader to pause before continuing the sentence. Unlike a period, the sentence is not over but simply being paused for a moment. Example: Health, wealth and peace go together. I bought bread, butter, eggs and milk from the market.              QUESTION AND EXCLAMATION MARKS Like a full stop, a question mark finishes a sentence. Unlike a full stop, a question mark turns the sentence into a question rather than a statement.                Example: What are you writing in your copy? He said, "Who is there?"                                      An exclamation point also ends a sentence like a full stop, but the sentence is turned into an exclamation rather than a simple statement. Readers should read a sentence with an exclamation mark with excitement.            Example: Bravo! We have won the match. Alas! His dog is dead.   COLONS AND SEMICOLONS A semicolon connects two free-standing but related sentences where the conjunction has been left out. Semicolons are typically used before introduction words such as namely, however, therefore, that is, for example or for instance. Example: God gave her peace; her land reposed. A colon is used before a sentence that expands on the previous one. Colons are often used before listing items. Example: Shakespeare says: "Sweet are the uses of adversity."   APOSTROPHES AND PARENTHESES An apostrophe is used in a contraction in place of the letter that has been removed. "It's" uses an apostrophe to replace the "i" in "is." "It's" is a contraction of "it is." Parentheses are used to enclosed clarifying more...

Real Life Examples You watch cartoons every day. They They all are stories chota Bheem, Doraemon, Shin chan they all are characters which take you to the imaginary worlds. The movies we watch are also stories told. Caution: when you watch cartoons or movies you must keep this in mind that it is all imaginary. You must know that what is shown on TV is fantasy and not real. SO, DO NOT APPLY IT INREAL LIFE AND DO NOT GET CARRIED AWAY. Smallest story: Once I was travelling from Edinburgh t London. A man Came and sat on the opposite berth. He asked me- ?Do you believe in ghost?? I Said, ?No?. He Vanished.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson -will help you to: write a story. understand how to use prompts to build a story. understand how to use pictures to build a story.     QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW In class-4 you can learn to communicate in complete thoughts for different purposes. At the beginning of class-4, you may still write in short, literal, choppy sentences but as you progress through the year, you learn to write more detailed essays and stories to communicate what you are learning. To help yourself learn how to write events in a story for a more flowing account, you can think of the story as a recipe. Using story maps and plot planners, you can gain proficiency in using literary devices to spin tales that fascinate readers with interesting details. The outline of a story is the basic framework of a story. It is often just a skeleton outline. It shows us some of the main facts of the story and tells in brief what the story is like. We have to fill in all the details relevant to the story and thus make up a readable story.     IMPORTANT HINTS The following few hints will tell you how to build up a story from a given outline

Read the given outline carefully. Note all the points. Follow as strictly as possible the sketch provided.

Be careful to connect the points given in the outline naturally, so that the whole will read well as a connected piece of good composition.

You must use your imagination infilling the details of action, gesture and conversation that should connect one point with the next.

Where possible, introduce dialogue or conversation; but be careful to make it natural and interesting.

The conclusion or ending of a story should be striking and interesting.

If you are asked to give a title or heading to the story you may name it (i) after the main character, (ii) object or incident of the story.

Revise your writing and remove all mistakes in spelling, grammar, punctuation, etc.

Examples HINT BASED (A)      An old lady becomes blind _____ calls in a doctor _____ agrees to pay large fee if cured, but nothing if not _____ doctor calls more...

Real Life Examples People typically write letters either by hand or on the computer. Everyone should learn to write letters. This is a skill that people use throughout and professional cantexts. Encouraging yourself to write letters from an early age will improve your communication, social and handwriting skills.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to: learn about letter writing. learn how to write Informal Letter (personal). learn how to write Formal Letter (application).   QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW All of us are required, every now and then, to write letters, either to our friends, relatives or teachers so every educated person should know how to write a clear, precise and readable letter. There are various types of letters that we are usually required to write in our everyday life but the two most important forms which you should know in class-4 are ---personal letters and applications.     FORM OF LETTERS Letters are messages, and certain letter forms have been established by experience and custom as the most useful forms learned and used by every letter writer, for neglect of them is a sign of ignorance and carelessness. There are several different kinds of letters (such as informal letters and formal letters) each of which has its own particular form; but there are certain matters of form which apply to all. In all kinds of letters there are six points of form to be attended to:? 1. The Heading which consists of (a) the writer's address and (b) the date. 2. The courteous Greeting or Salutation. 3. The Communication or Message---------- The Body of the letter.                                     4. The Subscription, or courteous Leave -taking, or Conclusion.             5. The Signature.   6. The Superscription on the envelope.          CLASSIFICATION OF LETTERS 1. Informal Letters (personal or friendly) ?? Informal letter are easy to write in terms of format, tone and language. These kinds of letters are written to friends, relatives and parents. Their style is chiefly conversational.                        How to write Informal Letter:    Start: The address and date should be on left hand corner of the letter.                                  Salutation: This would normally start with either "Dear..." or "Hi..."- with no comma afterwards. Body: The first paragraph usually starts with greeting and asking about the health like "how are you dear" In the second paragraph, you can ask question or you can answer to the question asked by the recipient ? maybe asking for an opinion or advice. You can also write something about yourself or what's new in your life, to make it controversially and interesting. Closing: At the end do not close your letter directly with sincerely, you could use expressions such as "I look forward to hearing back from you soon" or simply "Hope to hear from you soon" and also "Keep in touch". When ending a letter you could sign off with a variety of expressions... obviously keep in mind the person you are writing to. Best Wishes," "Sincerely (yours)," "(Lots of) Love," "(Best) more...

Real Life Examples Learning vocabulary words is part of basic education at any age you may have to learn vocabulary words when learning a foreign language. Some people are visual learners they learn best by seeing something over and over when we speak to people of different culture we are exposed to an amazing range of cultural influences and occupations, all of which introduces us to new words. Activities like crossword puzzle become more interesting when we have a good vocabulary.     Historical preview In a famous cartoon by Walt Disney, Mickey Mouse is an apprentice to a wizard and makes errors that cause chaos!    LEARNING OBJECTIVES   This lesson will help you to:? Can you find the meaning of apprentice? improve your vocabulary. know about the ways to improve our vocabulary. learn the proper usage of vocabulary in sentences.       QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Explanations Vocabulary is commonly defined as "all the words known and used by a particular person". Knowing a word, however, is not as simple as simply being able to recognize or use it. A vocabulary usually develops with age, and serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge. Acquiring an extensive vocabulary is one of the largest challenges in learning a second language. Once the reading and writing vocabularies start to develop, through questions and education, the child starts to discover the anomalies and irregularities of language.   Vocabulary is the study of: The meanings of words Many words have several different meanings.  How the words are used Study the words in context; apply what you learn by writing sentences with your words. Root words, prefixes, suffixes Studying these will aid in the study of vocabulary. Analogies This is comparing two pairs of words and choosing the pair that go together. The importance of a vocabulary. An extensive vocabulary aids expression and communication. Vocabulary size has been directly linked to reading comprehension. A person may be judged by others based on his or her vocabulary.     PLAY TIME The vocabulary-centered game of Scrabble was originally conceived long back. It now sells in more than 120 countries, making it one of the most successful board games ever. You can play Acrabble using 100 lettered tiles, each with its own number value that you must use to from words on the board. Each word must at least crisscross on another word already created. Scrabble makes a good vocabulary-building game because it places the highest value on less frequently used letters, such as 'X' and 'Q' leading players to come up with obscure words.  

Real Life Example In our day to day life, we read and comprehend various things from newspapers to books and magazines.  Historical preview During the last century comprehension lessons usually consisted of students answering teachers?  to questions, writing responses to questions on their own, or both.  The whole group version of this practice also often included 'Round-robin reading', wherein teachers called on individual students to read a portion of the 20th century, evidence accumulated that the read-test methods assessed comprehension more than they taught it. The associated practice of ?round robin? reading has also been questioned and eliminated by many educators.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:? learn what is comprehension. learn and understand about solving comprehensions. learn about reading comprehension passages.   QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Comprehension Comprehension is the understanding and interpretation of what is read. This understanding comes from the interaction between the words that are written and how they trigger knowledge outside the text. It is the process of making meaning from a written text. Comprehensions fall under variety of topics and are formulated in diverse ways. Comprehension is the fundamental purpose of reading. It includes making sense of words, connecting ideas between text and prior knowledge, constructing and negotiating meaning in discussions with others, and much more. Reading comprehension are passages that are followed by questions and one has to answer the question keeping only the passage in mind. Steps for solving comprehension passages 1. Understand the passage. 2. Identify the type of question. 3. Simplify the question. 4. Construct the answer.     FOUNDATIONS FOR COMPREHENSION Conceptual knowledge: Children need familiarity with the topics they read and some understanding of the main concepts in narrative texts.          Language skills                                   Text features: You need to know how titles, pictures, captions, and headings relate to the meaning of text.                                             v  Strategies: Comprehending text requires you to use a variety of strategies such as making and checking predictions, asking and answering questions, looking back in text to monitor understanding, and occasionally stopping to paraphrase or summarize the important information.                        Fluent decoding: Comprehension is difficult when you focus all their energy and cognitive resources on saying the words correctly. Comprehension is easier when decoding is automatic so you must learn to recognize words quickly and accurately.              Amazing facts The biggest barrier to comprehension is lack of fluency. English is the most difficult major language to listen to comprehend and to read.     Misconcept/Concept Misconcept: Real comprehension is a matter of finding the author's exact meaning. Concept: Comprehension means to decode the meaning in between the lines even experienced reviewers interpret a author?s work differently. This diversity of interpretation is usually a result of different backgrounds and experiences. Thus the real comprehension is a matter of understanding the meaning which may or may not be exact inference as author.

 Amazing Facts You might not realize it, but your brain is a code-cracking machine. For emaxlpe, it deson?t mttaer in what order the ltteers in a word aepapr, the only iprmoatnt thing is that the frist and lsat ltteer are in the rghit pcale. The rset can be a total mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit pobelrm. S1M1L4RLY,Y0UR M1ND 15 R34D1NG 7H15 4U70M471C4LLY W17H0U7 3V3N 7H1NK1NG 4BOU7 17.     Shortcut to Problem Solving It's always a good idea to read the answer options to figure out the most correct sentence, than to try solving the jumbled sentence yourself. First identify the jumbled sentence then try and solve the predicate. After this find the tense and then the verb.       LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson -will help you to:? v  make the students aware of importance of arranging the words properly. v  make the pupil able to arrange the alphabets in proper order to form words. v  make the pupil able to form a proper sentence. v  make the pupil able to use the language correctly.     QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW As we all know that there are 26 letters in English alphabet. The letters form the words and the words together form a sentence. To make a right word the alphabet are arranged in a proper order. Similarly to make a right sense the words are also put in proper sequence to make a sentence. In this exercise you will learn to arrange the alphabet to make a meaningful word. If you know that which alphabet are used in a word but you do not know the proper sequence, then it is of no use. For example we know that a certain word contains----- t, i, n, a, r, u, c it is of no use. When we arrange the letters and form the word "curtain" then it is meaningful. Jumbled sentences are one sort of language proficiency test question. Here is an example: Which is the correct word order for the following sentence? (a) eating                             (b) cookies (c) his mothers                 (d) under the tree (e) sat                                   (f) a young fellow (g) fresh-baked Proper sentences are divided into phrases. These phrases are jumbled. The student is expected to look at the jumbled phrases, comprehend the meaning implied, and put the sentence in order.

Activity Create your comic books. You can design a character or characters for a comic book strip. You can work individually or as a group of three or four. You all san individually  or in group, come up with a "preposition character" - - a person, animal or object that will travel through the comic strip with preposition words for example, one of you may come up with a bird-like creature called "Beaky." The first comic box may start with Beaky "inside" a tree pecking her way "out." As the comic continues, Beaky can peck her way "through" the tree and prune herself "on" a limb. Encourage humour and creativity with both the drawings and text of the comic. For example, you may write the prepositional phrase underneath the box to describe the action, or have the character speak for herself.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:? understand prepositions. know different types of preposition.  learn how to use preposition appropriately.     QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Read the given sentence The man is sitting on the chair. Here the word on* shows the relation that the 'man' and the 'chair' have with each other. You would also notice that it is placed before the noun 'chair, so; A word that is placed or positioned before a noun or a pronoun to show the relations between two nouns or pronouns in a sentence is known as a preposition. The word literally means 'positioned before' something. Examples:

The boy is standing on the box.

The boy is sitting in the box.

The boy is jumping over the box.

The boy is hiding behind the box.

The boy is lying down under the box.

The boy is standing in front of the box.

  SPECIAL USES OF SOME PREPOSITIONS        Poem on prepositions: Airplanes Across the sky Around the clouds Around the birds Above the ground Into the airport Inside are people Through the clouds On the runway In the rain Away we go     Important Tip Words like "by, with", "since, from", "between, among", on, upon" all indicate the direction of word that follows, either in physical terms or in terms of giving and receiving. "By" is used after verbs in the passive to express the agent or doer of the action expressed by the verb, "With" is used with the instrument with which the action is done. "Since" is used to denote a point of time used in past tense whereas "From" can be used also for present and future tense. "Between" is used in speaking of two persons or things; "among" refers to more than two persons or things. "On" is often used in speaking of things at rest; "Upon" is generally used in speaking of things in motion.

Poems on adjective   On my way to the zoo I saw a bear. It was a brown bear. It was an ugly brown bear It was a wild, ugly, brown bear It was an angry, wild, ugly,brown bear It was a hungry, angry, wild, ugly, brown bear It was an escaped, hungry, angry, wild, ugly, brown bear And it wanted to eat me!     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:? learn about adjectives. understand the degrees of adjectives.     QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW An adjective is a describing word. It describes a noun or pronoun and is placed before it. Example: A tall boy, a fat lady. Can you figure out the adjective in the sentence below? Mr. Gupta is a kind man. What describes Mr. 6upta? He is kind. So, 'kind' is an adjective.   KINDS OF ADJECTIVES 1. Adjective of quality: It denotes a particular kind of noun. It asks the question-of what kind' from the noun it describes. Example: a brave lady. (What kind of lady? A brave lady). 2. Adjective of quantity; It describes the degree or quantity of a noun. It asks the question-'how much' from the noun it describes. Example: There is some tea left. (How much tea is left? Some tea). 3. Adjective of number: It shows exact number of a noun or pronoun. It asks the question- 'how many from the noun it describes. There are five boys standing, (How many boys? Five). All cardinals (1, 2, 3,....) and ordinals (first, second, third....) come in this category. 4. Demonstrative adjective: They point out. This, that, these, those are demonstrative adjectives. Example: This man, that book, these pens, those kites.                                         5. Possessive adjective: It shows possession,        Example: My dress, his father, their house.        6. Interrogative adjective: It is used to ask question, Example: Whose book is this? Which car did you buy? What colour is his balloon?         Important Tip  An interrogative adjective is followed by a noun while an interrogative pronoun stands as an independent subject, as:         Whose book is this? (Interrogative adjective)        Whose book is this? (Interrogative pronoun)     DEGREES OF COMPARISON There are three degrees of comparison: 1. Positive degree: The adjective in its first form is called as positive degree. This means it is not compared with anything or anyone. Example- Raghu is a tall boy. 2.  Comparative degree: When two things are compared. Example- Sanjeev is taller than Ramesh. 3. Superlative degree: When more than two things are compared. Example- He is the tallest boy in the class.     Rules to Corm degree of adjectives:

When adjective is a mono syllable word we add ?er to change it into comparative and 'est to change into superlative degree. Example: tall ? taller - tallest                       P        C          S

When adjective ends with 'e\ we add 'r to change it into comparative and *st to change into superlative degree. Example: brave-braver-bravest                       P         C            S

When adjective ends with y\ we first change more...

Real Life Example An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun. There are only two articles and the, but they are used very often and are important for using English accurately.   LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:

• learn about different types of articles.
• correctly use the articles.  

  QUICK CONCEDT REVIEW An article is a word (or prefix or suffix) that is used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are 'the? and 'a/an'. In languages that employ articles, every common noun, with some exceptions, is expressed with a certain definiteness (e.g., definite or indefinite), just as many languages express every noun with a certain grammatical number (e.g., singular or plural). Every noun must be accompanied by the article, if any, corresponding to its definiteness and the lack of an article (considered a zero article) itself specifies certain definiteness. Articles are usually characterized as either definite or indefinite. DEFINITE ARTICLE A definite article indicates that its noun is a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be something uniquely specified. The definite article in English, for both singular and plural nouns, is 'the?. The park close to my house is large. RULES TO PUT "THE" 1. When we speak about a particular thing or a restatement. Example: There is a garden next to my house. The garden has many swings. 2. When we speak about the unique things. Example: The sun, the stars. 3. When we speak about: (a) Rivers: The Ganga, The Yamuna. (b) Sea: The Dead Sea, The Caspian Sea. (c) Mountain Ranges: The Himalayas, the Andes. (d) Group of islands: The Andaman Nicobar islands, The Lakshwadeep islands. (e) Oceans: The Pacific Ocean. (f) Countries which have united, republic or kingdom in their names- The USSR, The UK. 4. When there is superlative degree- This is the best we can do. 5. When ordinal numbers are used- The fourth chapter. 6. With musical instruments- the guitar, the flute. 7. When we speak about religious books - The Ramayana, The Quaran. 8. When we speak about historical monuments - The Taj Mahal. 9. With newspapers- The times of India. 10. When we speak about a system or service- How long does it take on the train? I heard it on the radio.   INDEFINITE ARTICLE An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. The choice of putting a/an depends on the sound of the vowel. We put 'a? with the nouns which have a consonant sound. A one rupee note. (since the sound is ?V? when we are saying one, A University, (since the sound is more...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:

• learn the use of adverbs in sentence construction and in the expression of English language.
• learn to differentiate adverb from other parts of speech and observe how to and to what extent adverbs modify them.

  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW What is an Adverb? An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. It "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb (The man ran quickly). In the following examples, the adverb is in bold and the verb that it modifies is in italics. John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)  Afterwards she smoked a cigarette. (When did she smoke?) But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even other adverbs (It works verywell). Look at these examples: Modify an adjective: He is really handsome. (How handsome is he?) That was extremely kind of you. Modify another adverb: She drives incredibly slowly. (How slowly does she drive?) He drives extremely fast. ADVERB FORMATION We make many adverbs by adding -ly to an adjective, for example: Quick (adjective) > quickly (adverb). Careful (adjective) > carefully (adverb). Beautiful (adjective) > beautifully (adverb). There are some basic rules about spelling for -ly adverbs. See the table below: But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs. The words friendly, lovely, lonely and neighbourly, for example, are all adjectives. And some adverbs have no particular form. Look at these examples: Well, fast, very, never, always, often, still     KINDS OF ADVERBS Here you can see the basic kinds of adverbs. Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of manner tell us the manner or way in which something happens. They answer the question "how?". Adverbs of manner mainly modify verbs. He speaks slowly. (How does he speak?) They helped us cheerfully. (How did they help us?) James Bond drives his cars fast. (How does James Bond drive his cars?) Adverbs of Place Adverbs of place tell us the place where something happens.Adverbs of Place mainly modify verbs.They answer the question "where?". Please sit here. (Where should I sit?) They looked everywhere. (Where did they look?)  Two cars were parked outside. (Where were two cars parked?) Adverbs of Time Adverbs of time tell us something about the time that something happens. Adverbs of time mainly modify verbs. They can answer the question "when?": He came yesterday. (When did he come?) I want it now. (When do I want it?) Or they can answer the question "how often?": They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the newspaper?) We sometimes watch a movie. (How often do we watch a movie?)     ADVERBS OF DEGREE/FREQUENCY Adverbs of degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens. They answer the question "how much?" or "to what degree?". Adverbs of degree can modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she agree with him?) Mary is very more...