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Materials Science

Materials science is an interdisciplinary field which deals with the discovery and design of new materials. Though it is a relatively new scientific field that involves studying materials through the materials paradigm its intellectual origins reach back to the emerging fields of chemistry, mineralogy and engineering during the Enlightenment.
It incorporates elements of physics and chemistry, and is at the forefront of Nano science and nanotechnology research. In recent years, materials science has become more widely known as a specific field of science and engineering.
It is an important part of forensic engineering (the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property) and failure analysis, the latter being the key to understanding, for example, the cause of various aviation accidents.
Many of the most pressing scientific more...

Catgeory: Railways

Metal Forming

Metal forming is a general term for a large group that includes a wide variety of manufacturing processes. Metal forming processes are characteristic in that the metal being processed is plastically deformed to shape it into a desired geometry.
In order to plastically deform a metal, a force must be applied that will exceed the yield strength of the material. When low amounts of stress are applied to a metal it will change its geometry slightly, in correspondence to the force that is exerted. Basically it will compress, stretch, and/or bend a small amount.
The magnitude of the amount will be directly proportional to the*force applied. Also the material will return to its original geometry once the force is released. Think of stretching a rubber band, then releasing it, and having it go back to its original shape. This is called elastic more...

Catgeory: Railways

Metal Casting

In metalworking, casting involves pouring liquid metal into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowing it to cool and solidify.
The solidified part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods.
Casting processes have been known for thousands of years, and widely used for sculpture, especially in bronze, jewelry in precious metals, and weapons and tools. Traditional techniques include lost-wax casting, plaster mold casting and sand casting.
The modem casting process is subdivided into two main categories: expendable and non-expendable casting.
It is further broken down by the mold material, such as sand or metal, and pouring method, such as gravity, vacuum, or low more...

Catgeory: Railways

Fabrication Process

Metal fabrication is the building of metal structures by cutting, bending, and assembling.
Cutting is done by sawing, shearing, or chiseling torching with hand-held torches and via numerical control (CNC) cutters (using a laser, mill bits, torch, or water jet).
Bending is done by hammering (manual or powered) or via press brakes and similar tools. Modem metal fabricators utilize press brakes to either coin or air-bend metal sheet into form. CNC-controlled back gauges utilize hard stops to position cut parts in order to place bend lines in the correct position. Off-line programing software now makes programing the CNC-controlled press brakes seamless and very efficient.
Assembling (joining of the pieces) is done by welding, binding with adhesives, riveting, threaded fasteners, or even yet more bending in the form of a crimped seam. Structural steel and sheet metal are the usual starting materials for more...

Catgeory: Railways

Metal Cutting

Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large-scale structures. The term covers a wide range of work from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts and delicate jewelry. It therefore includes a correspondingly wide range of skills, processes, and tools.
Metalworking is a science, art, hobby, industry and trade. Its historical roots span cultures, civilizations, and millennia. Metalworking has evolved from the discovery of smelting various ores, producing malleable and ductile metal useful for tools and adornments.
Modem metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized as forming, cutting, or joining processes. Today's machine shop includes a number of machine tools capable of creating a precise, useful work piece.
The oldest archaeological evidence of copper mining and working was the discovery of a copper pendant in northern Iraq from 8,700 BC. The earliest more...

Catgeory: Railways

Tool Engineering

Tool and die makers are a class of machinists in the manufacturing industries who make jigs, fixtures, dies, molds, machine tools, cutting tools, gauges, and other tools used in manufacturing processes.
Depending on which area of concentration a particular person works in, he or she may be called by variations on the name, including tool maker(toolmaker), die maker ,mold maker, tool fitter etc.
Tool and die makers work primarily in tool room environments-sometimes literally in one room but more often in an environment with flexible, semipermeable boundaries from production work.
They are skilled artisans (craftspeople) who typically learn their trade through a combination of academic coursework and hands-on instruction, with a substantial period of on-the-job training that is functionally an apprenticeship.
Art and science are thoroughly intermixed in their work, as they also are in engineering. Manufacturing engineers and tool and die more...

Catgeory: Railways

Metrology and Inspection

Metrology is the science of measurement. Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of measurement.
Metrology is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) as "the science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and technology.
Metrology is a very broad field and may be divided into three basic activities, though there is considerable overlap between the activities:
Realization of these units of measurement in practice
Application of chains of traceability linking measurements made in practice to reference standards.
Metrology also has three basic subfields, all of which make use of the three basic activities, though in varying proportions:

\[-\]Scientific or fundamental metrology \[-\]Applied, technical or industrial metrology \[-\]Legal metrology

Scientific or fundamental metrology concerns the establishment of quantity systems, unit systems, units of measurement, more...

Catgeory: Railways

Production Planning

Production planning is the planning of production and manufacturing processes in a company or industry. It utilizes the resource allocation of activities of employees, materials and production capacity, in order to serve different customers.
Different types of production methods, such as single item manufacturing, batch production, mass production, continuous production etc. have their own type of production planning.
Production planning can be combined with production control into production planning and control, or it can be combined and or integrated into enterprise resource planning.
Production planning is used in companies in several different industries, including agriculture, industry, amusement industry, etc.
Production planning is a plan for the future production, in which the facilities needed are determined and arranged. A production planning is made periodically for a specific time period, called the planning horizon. It can comprise the following activities:
Determination of the required more...

Catgeory: Railways

Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move eat from one location to another. The work of heat transport is traditionally driven by mechanical work, but can also be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means. Refrigeration has many applications, including, but not limited to: household refrigerators, industrial freezers, cryogenics, and air conditioning.
Heat pumps may use the heat output of the refrigeration process, and also may be designed to be reversible, but are otherwise similar to refrigeration units.
Refrigeration has had a large impact on industry, lifestyle, agriculture and settlement patterns. The idea of preserving food dates back to the ancient Roman and Chinese empires.
However, refrigeration technology has rapidly evolved. In the last century from ice harvesting to temperature controlled rail cars. The introduction of refrigerated rail cars contributed to the westward expansion of more...

Catgeory: Railways

Automobile Engineering Automobile engineering, incorporating elements of Mechanical, electrical, electronic, software and safety Engineering as applied to the design, manufacture and operation of motorcycles, automobiles, buses and trucks and their respective engineering subsystems.

Some of the engineering attributes and disciplines that are of importance to the automotive engineer and many of the other aspects are included in it:
Safety engineering: Safety engineering is the assessment of various crash scenarios and their impact on the vehicle occupants.
Fuel economy/emissions: Fuel economy is the measured fuel efficiency of the vehicle in miles per gallon or kilometers per litre.
Vehicle dynamics: Vehicle dynamics is the vehicle’s response of the following attributes: ride, handling, steering, braking, comfort and traction.
NVH engineering: NVH is the customer's feedback (both tactile [felt] and audible [heard]) from the vehicle. While sound can be interpreted as a rattle, squeal, or hoot; more...

Catgeory: Railways

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