JEE Main & Advanced

Area of Triangle

Let three angles of \[\Delta ABC\] are denoted by \[A,\,\,B,\,\,C\] and the sides opposite to these angles by letters \[a,\,\,b,\,\,c\] respectively. (1) When two sides and the included angle be given : The area of triangle ABC is given by, \[\Delta =\frac{1}{2}bc\sin A=\frac{1}{2}ca\sin B=\frac{1}{2}ab\sin C\] i.e., \[\Delta =\frac{1}{2}\] (Product of two sides) \[\times \] sine of included angle (2) When three sides are given : Area of \[\Delta ABC=\,\Delta =\sqrt{s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)}\]

where semiperimeter of triangle \[s=\frac{a+b+c}{2}\] (3) When three sides and the circum-radius be given : Area of triangle\[\Delta =\frac{abc}{4R}\], where R be the circum-radius of the triangle. (4) When two angles and included side be given : \[\Delta =\frac{1}{2}{{a}^{2}}\frac{\sin B\sin C}{\sin more...

Catgeory: JEE Main & Advanced

Napier's Analogy (Law of Tangents)

For any triangle ABC, (1) \[\tan \left( \frac{A-B}{2} \right)=\left( \frac{a-b}{a+b} \right)\cot \frac{C}{2}\] (2) \[\tan \left( \frac{B-C}{2} \right)=\left( \frac{b-c}{b+c} \right)\cot \frac{A}{2}\] (3) \[\tan \left( \frac{C-A}{2} \right)=\left( \frac{c-a}{c+a} \right)\cot \frac{B}{2}\] Mollweide's formula: For any triangle, \[\frac{a+b}{c}=\frac{\cos \frac{1}{2}(A-B)}{\sin \frac{1}{2}C},\,\frac{a-b}{c}=\frac{\sin \frac{1}{2}(A-B)}{\cos \frac{1}{2}C}\].

Catgeory: JEE Main & Advanced

Theorem of The Medians: (Apollonius Theorem)

In every triangle the sum of the squares of any two sides is equal to twice the square on half the third side together with twice the square on the median that bisects the third side. For any triangle ABC, \[{{b}^{2}}+{{c}^{2}}=2({{h}^{2}}+{{m}^{2}})=2\{{{m}^{2}}+{{(a/2)}^{2}}\}\] by use of cosine rule.

If \[\Delta \] be right angled, the mid point of hypotenuse is equidistant from the three vertices so that \[DA=DB=DC\]. \[\therefore {{b}^{2}}+{{c}^{2}}={{a}^{2}}\] which is pythagoras theorem. This theorem is very useful for solving problems of height and distance.

Catgeory: JEE Main & Advanced

Projection Formulae

In any triangle ABC, (from sine rule)

Similarly, we can deduct other projection formulae from sine rule. (i)

(ii)

(iii)

Catgeory: JEE Main & Advanced

The Law of Cosines or Cosine Rule

In any triangle ABC, the square of any side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides diminished by twice the product of these sides and the cosine of their included angle, that is for a triangle ABC, (1) \[{{a}^{2}}={{b}^{2}}+{{c}^{2}}-2bc\cos A\Rightarrow \cos A=\frac{{{b}^{2}}+{{c}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}}}{2bc}\] (2) \[{{b}^{2}}={{c}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}-2ca\cos B\Rightarrow \cos B=\frac{{{c}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}-{{b}^{2}}}{2ca}\] (3) \[{{c}^{2}}={{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}-2ab\cos C\Rightarrow \cos C=\frac{{{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}-{{c}^{2}}}{2ab}\] Combining with \[\sin A=\frac{a}{2R},\sin B=\frac{b}{2R},\sin C=\frac{c}{2R}\] We have by division, \[\tan A=\frac{abc}{R({{b}^{2}}+{{c}^{2}}-{{a}^{2}})},\] \[\tan B=\frac{abc}{R({{c}^{2}}+{{a}^{2}}-{{b}^{2}})},\,\,\tan C=\frac{abc}{R({{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}-{{c}^{2}})}\] where, R be the radius of the circum-circle of the triangle ABC.

Catgeory: JEE Main & Advanced

Relation Between Sides and Angles

A triangle has six components, three sides and three angles. The three angles of a \[\Delta ABC\] are denoted by letters \[A,\,\,B,\,\,C\] and the sides opposite to these angles by letters \[a,\,\,b\] and \[c\] respectively. Following are some well known relations for a triangle (say \[\Delta ABC\])

\[A+B+C={{180}^{o}}\] (or \[\pi \])
\[a+b>c,\,\,b+c>a,\,\,c+a>b\]
\[|a-b|<c,|b-c|<a,|c-a|<b\]

Generally, the relations involving the sides and angles of a triangle are cyclic in nature, e.g. to obtain the second similar relation to \[a+b>c,\] we simply replace \[a\] by \[b,\,\,b\] by \[c\] and \[c\] by \[a\]. So, to write all the relations, follow the cycles given. The law of sines or sine rule : The sides of a triangle are proportional to the sines of the angles opposite to them i.e., \[\frac{a}{\sin A}=\frac{b}{\sin B}=\frac{c}{\sin more...

Catgeory: JEE Main & Advanced

Periodic Functions

A function is said to be periodic function if its each value is repeated after a definite interval. So a function \[f(x)\] will be periodic if a positive real number \[T\] exist such that, \[f(x+T)=f(x),\,\,\forall x\in \] domain. Here the least positive value of \[T\] is called the period of the function. Clearly \[f(x)=f(x+T)=f(x+2T)=f(x+3T)=.....\]. e.g., \[\sin x,\,\cos x,\,\tan x\] are periodic functions with period \[2\pi ,\,2\pi \] and \[\pi \]respectively. Some Standard Results on Periodic Functions

Functions

Periods

more...

Catgeory: JEE Main & Advanced

Important Points to be Taken in Case of While Solving Trigonometrical Equations

(1) Check the validity of the given equation, e.g. \[2\sin \theta -\cos \theta =4\] can never be true for any \[\theta \] as the value \[(2\sin \theta -\cos \theta )\] can never exceeds \[\sqrt{{{2}^{2}}+{{(-1)}^{2}}}=\sqrt{5}\]. So there is no solution of this equation. (2) Equation involving \[\sec \theta \] or \[\tan \theta \] can never have a solution of the form,\[(2n+1)\frac{\pi }{2}\]. Similarly, equations involving \[\text{cosec }\theta \] or \[\cot \theta \] can never have a solution of the form \[\theta =n\pi \]. The corresponding functions are undefined at these values of \[\theta \]. (3) If while solving an equation we have to square it, then the roots found after squaring must be checked whether they satisfy the original equation or not, e.g. let \[x=3\]. Squaring, we get \[{{x}^{2}}=9\] \[\therefore \] \[x=3\] and \[-\,3\] but \[x=-3\] does not satisfy the original equation \[x=3\]. (4) Do not cancel more...

Catgeory: JEE Main & Advanced

Method for Finding Principal Value

Suppose we have to find the principal value of \[\theta \] satisfying the equation \[\sin \theta =-\frac{1}{2}\]. Since \[\sin \theta \] is negative, \[\theta \] will be in 3rd or 4th quadrant. We can approach 3rd or 4th quadrant from two directions. If we take anticlockwise direction the numerical value of the angle will be greater than \[\pi \]. If we approach it in clockwise direction the angle will be numerically less than \[\pi \]. For principal value, we have to take numerically smallest angle. So for principal value. (1) If the angle is in 1st or 2nd quadrant we must select anticlockwise direction and if the angle is in 3rd or 4th quadrant, we must select clockwise direction.

(2) Principal value is never numerically greater than \[\pi \]. (3) more...

Catgeory: JEE Main & Advanced

General Solution of The Form \[\mathbf{acos}\,\mathbf{\theta +bsin}\,\mathbf{\theta =c}\]

In \[a\cos \theta \,+b\sin \theta =c,\] put \[a=r\,\cos \alpha \] and \[b=r\,\sin \alpha \]where \[r=\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}}\] and \[|c|\le \sqrt{{{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}}\] Then,\[r\,(\cos \alpha \,\cos \theta +\sin \alpha \,\sin \theta )=c\] \[\Rightarrow \,\,\cos (\theta -\alpha )=\frac{c}{\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}}}=\cos \beta \], (say) .....(i) \[\Rightarrow \,\,\theta -\alpha =2n\pi \pm \beta \Rightarrow \,\theta =2n\pi \pm \beta +\alpha ,\] where \[\tan \alpha =\frac{b}{a}\] is the general solution. Alternatively, putting \[a=r\,\sin \alpha \] and \[b=r\,\cos \alpha \], where \[r=\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}}\] \[\Rightarrow \,\,\sin (\theta +\alpha )=\frac{c}{\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}}}=\sin \gamma \], (say) \[\Rightarrow \,\,\theta +\alpha =n\pi +{{(-1)}^{n}}\gamma \]\[\Rightarrow \,\,\theta =n\pi +{{(-1)}^{n}}\gamma -\alpha ,\] where \[\tan \alpha =\frac{a}{b}\] is the general solution. \[(-\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}})\le \,a\cos \theta +b\sin \theta \le \,(\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}})\] The general solution of \[a\cos x+b\sin x=c\] is \[x=2n\pi +{{\tan }^{-1}}\left( \frac{b}{a} \right)\pm {{\cos }^{-1}}\left( \frac{c}{\sqrt{{{a}^{2}}+{{b}^{2}}}} \right)\].

Catgeory: JEE Main & Advanced

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