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9th Class

Important Terms and Concepts - Introduction to Disaster Risk Management-Understanding Disaster Mitigation

              Introduction to Disaster Risk Management Understanding Disaster Mitigation  
  • Community contingency funds: Disaster management puts aside a certain amount of money contributed by the community for use in emergencies.
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  • Incentives and financial framework: Government grants or subsidies help to persuade commercial and other instructions to include mitigation measures in building and construction work.
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  • Recovery: Measures which help disaster affected communities to restore emotional and economic well-being.
    • Catgeory: 9th Class

    Important Terms and Concepts - Specific Hazards and Mitigation

    Specific Hazards and Mitigation IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS  
  • Sudden onset hazards: Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, cloud burst, tropical cyclones, avalanches.
  • Slow onset hazards: Famine, drought, pest infestation, environmental degradation, desertification.
  • Industrial/technological disasters: Fire, explosion, chemical leakage/spillage, system failures.
  • Multi-hazard zones: Some areas are exposed to many hazards like coastal areas may experience floods, cyclones, earthquakes etc.
  • Tremor: Shaking of the earth's surface.
  • Epicenter: The place on the surface of the earth which is the center of the earthquake.
  • Richter scale: A scale which measures the magnitude of an earthquake.
  • Modified Mercalli Scale: A scale which measures the intensity of an earthquake.
  • Seismic zone: An area prone to earthquakes.
  • Seismologists: Scientists who study all aspects of earthquake.
  • Tsunami: A seismic sea wave or destructive tidal wave generated by underwater earthquake.
  • Cyclone: It is more...
    • Catgeory: 9th Class

    Important Terms and Concepts - Preventing Common Man-Made Disasters

      Preventing Common Man-Made Disasters   IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS                      
  • Combustible material: Materials which are able to catch fire, g., flammable liquids or gases
  • Arson: The criminal act of deliberately setting fire.
  • Biological weapons: Preserving and releasing germs of deadly diseases like small-pox, anthrax jaundice, plague etc. to pollute water and air.
  • Chemical weapons: Misuse of poisonous chemicals for distinctive purposes, g., poisoning people, animals and water resources.
  • Dirty bomb: Crude nuclear bomb.
  • Nuclear Explosion: A 'blast' like mushroom cloud which can cause instant blindness if viewed.
  • Nuclear energy: Energy obtained by using radioactive elements by nuclear fusion.
  • Terrorism: It is a violent, forceful and unlawful method to achieve desired goals.
  • Terrorist activities: Organised violence to more...
    • Catgeory: 9th Class

    Important Facts and Figures India - Size and Location

    IMPORTANT FACTS AND FIGURES    
  • Latitudinal Extent of India is and
  • Longitudinal Extent of India is and  
  • Standard Meridian of India is
  • North-South extent of India is approximately 3200 km.
  • East-West extent of India is approximately 3000 km.
  • Countries which make Indian sub-continent are Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh.
  • India shares its boundaries with Afghanistan and Pakistan in North West, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the North and Myanmar and Bangladesh in the East.
  • India is connected with Europe, North America and South America with Suez Canal and Cape of Good Hope through sea routes.
  • India is connected with Canada and USA through the Strait of Malacca crossing Pacific Ocean.
  • The states of the Indian Union having common frontiers with neighbouring countries.
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    Catgeory: 9th Class

    Important Terms and Concepts India - Size and Location

    IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS  
  • Standard Meridian. Longitude which passes, approximately centrally through a country and is used to record local standard time.
  • Sub-continent. A big piece of land separated from the main continent by a bold land barrier.
  • South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation. It is an association of seven South Asian Nations—India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Maldives.
  • Tropic of Cancer. North latitude. Rays of sun fall vertically on it on 21st June.
  • Tropic of Capricorn. South latitude. Rays of sun fall vertically on it on 22nd December.
  • latitude. It divides the earth into two equal parts, northern and southern hemispheres.
  • Half a sphere. The earth is divided into the northern and southern hemispheres by an equator.
  • It is the angular distance, north or south from the equator, of a point on more...
    • Catgeory: 9th Class

    Important Facts and Figures - Physical Features of India

    IMPORTANT FACTS AND FIGURES                         Major Mountains and Peaks of the Himalayas  
    S.No. Names of the Peaks Height above sea level (In Metres) Location
    more...
    Catgeory: 9th Class

    Important Terms and Concepts - Physical Features of India

    IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS    
  • A clearly defined mountainous area that has a uniform appearance and geology and is distinct from the surrounding area.
  • Folds and Faults. Geological features developed through tectonic activity. Folds are produced when rock layers undergo compression resulting in buckling and folding of the rocks.
  • Faults are caused by brittle deformation. Rocks are moved, or displaced and cracks may appear.
  • A steep slope on the outside of a meander, a steep headland.
  • A river bank that has been built up above the level of the surrounding Flood Plain.
  • Force originating within the earth and responsible for bringing widespread changes in the landform features.
  • Million of years ago there was a big super continent (large land mass) located in the southern hemisphere. Today it includes South more...
    • Catgeory: 9th Class

    Important Facts and Figures - Drainage

    IMPORTANT FACTS AND FIGURES   INDUS DRAINAGE SYSTEM   more...
    Catgeory: 9th Class

    Important Terms and Concepts - Drainage

    IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS  
  •  Watershed.  A higher ground (upland) separating two adjoining drainage systems or a river basin.
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  • Dendritic drainage. It is a river system in which a number of streams (tributaries) join the main river to form a pattern that looks like a tree with its spreading branches.
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  • Trellis drainage. It is a river system in which the main river is joined by (streams tributaries), flowing in sub-parallel valleys. The streams form a rectangular or trellis pattern, e.g., River Narmada basin in India.
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  • Radial drainage. It is a river system in which streams flow outwards in different directions from central dome-shaped watershed. It is formed in areas of conical hills.
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  • Inland drainage. When the rivers do not have sufficient water to reach a sea or an ocean but instead flow into a lake or more...
    • Catgeory: 9th Class

    Important Terms and Concepts - Climate

    IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS  
  • Monsoon.  It is derived from an Arabic word "mausam" meaning season. Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction throughout the year.
  • Climate.  It is the average weather conditions of a place over a long period of time, about 30-40 years.
  • Continental climate. It is experienced in the interior of the continent It is very hot in summer and very cold in winter, e.g., Delhi.
  • Cyclones.  They have a low pressure at the centre and a circular wind motion. A eyelone is often accompanied by heavy rain.
  • Range of temperature. It is the difference between maximum and minimum temperatures.
  • Dry spelles. It refers to the rainless days during the monsoon season.
  • Jet Streams. They are fast flowing cold air currents in a narrow zone in the upper atmosphere.
  • Isobar.  more...
    • Catgeory: 9th Class

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    River  Place of origin       Total  length (km)       Basin   sq. km