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7th Class

Notes - Architecture as Power

  Architecture as Power   The Taj Mahal is a famous monument and is one of the seven wonders of the world. It is undoubtedly, he finest example of Mughal Architecture. There are many other spectacular monuments like, Lal Quila, Sun temple, Meenakshi temple and monuments of Sikri that were built during the medieval period. These monuments are manifestations of composite form of art and architecture developed as a result of the assimilation of diverse cultures.   Have you ever visited Qutb Minar? It is a tall and appealing monument built during the medieval period by Qutb-ud-din Aybak. It stands adjacent to the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque. It is unique in many ways. Its great height is enhanced by its tapering structure. The balconies have been skillfully projected. The use of ribbed more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

Notes - The Mughal Empire

  The Mughal Empire   The Mughal dynasty established a grand empire in India. It was a glorious period of the Indian history. This dynasty unified and ruled India for more than 300 years. 'Mughal's the Persian name for the 'Mongols? The Mughal dynasty produced a rare sequence of competent rulers. The dynasty was noteworthy for its effective rule over much of India, for its administrative organization and for the ability of its rulers who maintained a record of unusual talent, through seven generations. Another merit was the attempt of the Mughals to integrate Hindus and Muslims into a united Indian empire.   INDIA AT THE ADVENT OF MUGHALS   From 1504, Babur was the ruler of Kabul which is now a part of more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

Notes - The Delhi Sultanate

  The Delhi Sultanate   The defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan by Muhammad Ghori in 1192 CE was a turning point in the history of India. It inaugurated an era of Muslim rule in India. In fact, Prithviraj was the last Hindu ruler to sit on the throne of Delhi. The advent of the second millennium brought in Muslim rule m India. This had a deep and everlasting impact on the Indian culture. Five Muslim dynasties ruled India from Delhi and they called their empire-The Sultanate.   The Delhi Sultanate refers to the Muslim rulers who ruled India through Delhi. The Sultanate began in Lahore, but subsequent rulers extended their territory eastwards and Delhi became the capital. The five dynasties of the Sultanate ruled for more than 300 years. The Sultanate more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

Notes - New Kings and Kingdoms in India

  New Kings and Kingdoms in India   We have already read in the previous class that Marshals vast empire broke up after his death. Many small kingdoms appeared in India after the downfall of Harsha's empire and before the Turkish invasions. There was a constant struggle for power between the ruling kings and the chieftains of these small kingdoms. They fought to increase the land and wealth of their kingdom.   NEW KINGS AND KINGDOMS   The seventh century witnessed the emergence of big landlords or chieftains in various regions of the subcontinent. They were often considered as subordinates or samantas to the kings. They offered extravagant gifts to the kings. Also/ they maintained small armies which were used by the kings in the more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

Notes - History-When, Where and How

  History - When, Where and How   History is a study of the past. This is facilitated by dividing the past into blocks of time. This is called periodisation and helps in the study and analysis of history.   Indian History can be divided into three periods - ancient, medieval and modem. Our focus is on medieval history. Each period is characterised by numerous changes and developments.   The medieval period of Indian history stretches from the 8th to the 18th century CE. This is further divided into early and later medieval periods. The early medieval period is from the 8th to the 13th century CE. This period saw the rise of Rajputs, followed by Muslim invasions into India. The 13th to 18th century more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

Heat

Heat   Synopsis  
  • Heat is a form of energy that can be felt by us by the sense of touch.
 
  • Heat always flows from a hot body to a cold one, i.e., from a part that has more heat energy to the part having less heat energy.
 
  • Heat causes certain changes in a body mainly expansion and change of state. It increases the energy of the molecules.
 
  • Temperature is the measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.
 
  • There are different scales of temperature. Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin and Reaumur are some popularly used scales.
 
  • The average normal body temperature of human beings is \[37{{\,}^{o}}C\]or\[98.4{{\text{ }}^{o}}F.\]
 
  • There are different types of thermometers based on their uses. Some of them are clinical thermometers, laboratory thermometers, maximum and minimum thermometers. more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

Light

Light   Synopsis  
  • Light is a form of energy. It is an electromagnetic radiation which can travel through vacuum with a speed of \[3\times {{10}^{8}}\text{ }m\text{ }{{s}^{-1}}.\]
 
  • We can see an object only when it reflects or scatters the light falling on it.
 
  • Light travels in straight lines. This property is known as the rectilinear propagation of light. Shadows are formed due to this property of light.
 
  • Substances which allow light to pass through them are called transparent. Substances which absorb some amount of light incident on them and lets the remaining light to pass through them are called translucent substances. Substances which do not allow light to pass through them are called opaque objects.
 
  • A polished or shining surface acts as a mirror and regular reflection takes place from its surface.
 
Catgeory: 7th Class

Electric Current and Its Effect

Electric Current and Its Effects   Synopsis  
  • The path of electric current when it flows through wires, cells (source of electricity), a key (switch) and a bulb (fuse) without a break is called a circuit. A simple electric circuit consists of a source of electricity (electric cell) /connectors (wire) and utilizers of electricity. e.g., bulb.
 
  • While drawing circuit diagrams, the electric components are represented by certain symbols. Some of them are shown in the chart given below.
  more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

Physical and Chemical changes

Physical and Chemical Changes   Synopsis  
  • Most of the changes occurring around us can be classified into physical and chemical changes.
 
  • Properties like the shape, size, colour and the state of a substance are called physical properties.
 
  • A change in the physical properties of a substance is called a physical change.
 
  • Physical changes are usually reversible and no new substances are formed.
 
  • A change in which one or more new substances are formed is called a chemical change.
 
  • Chemical changes take place because of chemical reactions.
 
  • Exchange of heat, light, sound, smell or colour can be observed in chemical changes.
 
  • Chemical changes are irreversible.
 
  • The process of coating iron with a layer of zinc to protect it from rusting is called galvanization.
  more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

Acid, Bases and Salts

Acids, Bases and Salts   Synopsis  
  • Some of the food items that man takes are usually sour or bitter to taste.
 
  • The sour taste is due to the presence of acids while the bitter taste is due to the presence of bases.
 
  • The word acid comes from latin word "acere" which means sour.
 
  • Properties of acids:
(i) Sour in taste                 (ii) Corrosive in nature         (iii) Turns blue litmus to red  
  • Properties of bases:
(i) Bitter to taste              (ii) Feels soapy on touching    (iii) Turns red litmus to blue  
  • Salts - Salts are produced by the neutralisation of acids with bases. They are also produced when acids react with metals or metallic oxides, and when bases react with acidic oxides, Acids react with salts to usually produce other acids and salts. more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

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