(2) This model failed to explain the line spectrum of an element and the scattering experiment of Rutherford.
Examples : \[CO,\text{ }{{N}_{2}}O,\text{ }{{H}_{2}}{{O}_{2}},\text{ }{{N}_{2}}{{O}_{3}},\text{ }{{N}_{2}}{{O}_{4}},\text{ }{{N}_{2}}{{O}_{5}},\text{ }HN{{O}_{3}},\] \[NO_{3}^{-}\], \[S{{O}_{2}},\text{ }S{{O}_{3}},\text{ }{{H}_{2}}S{{O}_{4}},\] \[SO_{4}^{2-},SO_{2}^{2-},\] \[{{H}_{3}}P{{O}_{4}},\]\[{{H}_{4}}{{P}_{2}}{{O}_{7}},\] \[{{H}_{3}}P{{O}_{3}},A{{l}_{2}}C{{l}_{6}}(\text{Anhydrous),}{{O}_{3}},S{{O}_{2}}C{{l}_{2}},SOC{{l}_{2}},HI{{O}_{3}},HCl{{O}_{4}},\]\[HCl{{O}_{3}},C{{H}_{3}}NC,{{N}_{2}}H_{5}^{+}\], \[C{{H}_{3}}N{{O}_{2}},NH_{4}^{+},\ {{[Cu{{(N{{H}_{3}})}_{4}}]}^{2+}}\] etc.
Characteristics of co-ordinate covalent compound
(1) Their melting and boiling points are higher than purely covalent compounds more...
(ii) It was determined by Moseley
as,
\[\sqrt{\nu }=a(Z-b)\] or \[aZ-ab\]
Where, \[\nu =X-\]ray?s frequency
Z= atomic number of the metal \[a\And
b\] are constant.
(iii) Atomic number = Number of
positive charge on nucleus = Number of protons in nucleus = Number of electrons
in nutral atom.
(iv) Two different elements can
never have identical atomic number.
(2) Mass number
Mass number (A) = Number of protons or
Atomic number (Z) + Number of neutrons or Number of neutrons = A ?
Z .
(i) Since mass of
a proton or a neutron is not a whole number (on atomic weight scale), weight is
not necessarily a whole number.
(ii) The atom of an element X having
mass number (A) and more...
(ii) It was determined by Moseley as,
\[\sqrt{\nu }=a(Z-b)\] or \[aZ-ab\]
Where, \[\nu =X-\]ray?s frequency
Z= atomic number of the metal \[a\And b\] are constant.
(iii) Atomic number = Number of positive charge on nucleus = Number of protons in nucleus = Number of electrons in nutral atom.
(iv) Two different elements can never have identical atomic number.
(2) Mass number Mass number (A) = Number of protons or Atomic number (Z) + Number of neutrons or Number of neutrons = A ? Z .
(i) Since mass of a proton or a neutron is not a whole number (on atomic weight scale), weight is not necessarily a whole number.
(ii) The atom of an element X having mass more...
i.e.for any triangle the ratio of the sine of the angle containing the side to the length of the side is a constant. For a triangle whose three sides are in the same order we establish the Lami's theorem in the following manner. For the triangle shown
\[\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}+\overrightarrow{c}=\overrightarrow{0}\] [All three sides are taken in order] ?
(i) \[\Rightarrow \]\[\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}=-\overrightarrow{c}\] ?
(ii) Pre-multiplying both sides by \[\overrightarrow{a}\]\[\overrightarrow{a}\times (\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b})=-\overrightarrow{a}\times \overrightarrow{c}\]
\[\Rightarrow \]\[\overrightarrow{0}+\overrightarrow{a}\times \overrightarrow{b}=-\overrightarrow{a}\times \overrightarrow{c}\]
\[\Rightarrow \,\,\,\,\overrightarrow{a}\times \overrightarrow{b}=\overrightarrow{c}\times \overrightarrow{a}\] ?(iii) Pre-multiplying both sides of
(ii) by \[\overrightarrow{b}\] \[\overrightarrow{b}\times (\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b})=-\,\overrightarrow{b}\times \overrightarrow{c}\]
\[\Rightarrow \,\,\,\,\overrightarrow{b}\times \overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\times \overrightarrow{b}=-\overrightarrow{b}\times \overrightarrow{c}\]
\[\Rightarrow \,\,\,\,-\overrightarrow{a}\times \overrightarrow{b}=-\overrightarrow{b}\times \overrightarrow{c}\]\[\Rightarrow \,\,\,\overrightarrow{a}\times \overrightarrow{b}=\overrightarrow{b}\times \overrightarrow{c}\] ?
(iv) From (iii) and (iv), we get \[\overrightarrow{a}\times \overrightarrow{b}=\overrightarrow{b}\times \overrightarrow{c}=\overrightarrow{c}\times \overrightarrow{a}\] Taking magnitude, we get \[|\overrightarrow{a}\times \overrightarrow{b}|\,=\,|\overrightarrow{b}\times \overrightarrow{c}|\,=\,|\overrightarrow{c}\times \overrightarrow{a}|\] \[\Rightarrow \,\,\,ab\sin (180-\gamma )=bc\sin (180-\alpha )=ca\sin (180-\beta )\] more...
