Functional Groups
A group of compound which determines the property of the hydrocarbon is called functional group. Particular types of reactions are associated with the functional groups with different structural attachments, resulting to names associated with such compounds.
The carbonyl group is the functional group involved with several of the hydrocarbon derivatives shown above. The carboxyl group is present in amino acids and carboxylic acids.
In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom, usually connected to other carbon or hydrogen atoms. An important class are the simple acyclic alcohols, the general formula for which is\[{{C}_{n}}{{H}_{2n+1}}OH\] . Of those, ethanol \[({{C}_{2}}{{H}_{5}}OH)\] is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol.
Introduction
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons from which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups, called hydrocarbyls. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes), alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes and alkyne-based compounds are different types of hydrocarbons.
The majority of hydrocarbons found naturally occur in crude oil, where decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which, when bonded, can catenate to form millions of chains.
Types of Hydrocarbons
The classifications for hydrocarbons defined as follows:
Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the simplest of the hydrocarbon species and are composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen. The general formula for saturated hydrocarbons is\[{{\mathbf{C}}_{n}}{{\mathbf{H}}_{2n+2}}\]. Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis of petroleum fuels and are either found more...
Metallurgy
In order to extract a pure metal from its ores various steps are to be followed which depends upon the nature of ore and reactivity of metal. In general the following steps are followed for extraction of metals from their ores: Dressing of ore (crushing/grinding) \[\to \] Isolation of metal from concentrated \[\to \] orerefining of extracted metal \[\to \] Pure metal Thus, metallurgy is defined as the process involved in the extraction of metals from their ores.
Dressing of Ore
The ore is first crushed into small pieces and then ground to fine powder in stamp mills,
Concentration or Enrichment of Ore
The ore extracted from earth contains impurities like sand, stone, saw dust etc. more...
Extraction of Metals
Most of the metals occur in the earth's crust in the combined state. It is because they are reactive and combine with elements like oxygen, carbon, sulphur etc. Noble metals like gold, platinum etc. exist in free state as they are very less reactive. Minerals are the compounds or the combined form in which a metal occurs in the earth's crust. Ores are those minerals from which metals can be extracted conveniently and profitably. All ores are minerals, but all minerals are not ores
Some Common Ores
| Sr.No. | more...
 Reactivity Series of Metals
It is the arrangement of metals in a vertical column in the decreasing order of their reactivity. This is also known as reactivity series of metals.
\[K>Na>Ca>Mg>Al>Zn>Fe>Ni>Sn>Pb>H>Cu>Hg>Ag>Au>Pt\]
 Advantages of Reactivity Series
Chemical Properties of Metals
 Metalloids
There are those elements which behave as metals as well as non-metals. They have four valence electrons.
e.g.
Carbon (C-6) : 2,4
Silicon (Si-14) : 2, 8, 4
 Which one of the following is the poorest conductor of electricity?
(a) Copper
(b) Aluminium
(c) Lead
(d) Silver
(e) None of these
Answer: (c)
Sodium is a metal because:
(a) It is an element
(b) It has 11 electrons
(c) It has one valence electron
(d) It has 11 protons
(e) None of these
Answer: (c)
Explanation
It is one valence electron. So it can donate one electron and form cations.
 more...
 Non-Metals
These are the elements which have tendency to gain electrons. They are electronegative elements. They have 5,6, or 7 electrons is their valence shell. e.g.
Phosphorous (P-15) = 2,8,5
Sulphur (S-16) = 2,8,6
Non metals are placed on the right hand side of the periodic table. Phosphorus has three electrons in its outermost shell and can lose three electron to form\[{{P}^{3-}}\].
 Introduction
Classification of metals, non-metals and metalloids. Physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Extraction of metals. There are about K 118 elements known so far. All have different physical and chemical properties. These elements can be classified into metals, non-metals and metalloids on the basis of their electronic configuration.
Metals
There are the elements with 1,2 or 3 valence electrons. They are electropositive elements which can lose electrons and form cation e.g.
Sodium (Na-11) = 2,8,1
Calcium (Ca-20) = 2,8,2
Aluminium(AI-13) = 2,8,3
Metals are placed on left hand side of the periodic table.
Sodium loses one electron and forms \[N{{a}^{+}}\]
Magnesium loses two electrons to form \[M{{g}^{2+}}\]
 Family of Salts
Washing Soda - \[N{{a}_{2}}C{{O}_{3}}.10{{H}_{2}}O\] (Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate)
It is manufactured by Solvay's process also known as ammonia soda process.
Raw Materials Required
 Properties of Washing Soda
more...
 Ph Meter
At 25°c temperature:
pH of some common samples
 Importance of pH in Daily Life
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