Banking

  Introduction  

• The strategies for enhancement in food production aim at

-   increasing the amount of food obtained from animals. -   increasing the yield of agricultural crops.  

• Animal Husbandry
• Animal husbandry deals with the care, breeding & management of domesticated animals that are useful to humans.

 

• Poultry Farming
• Poultry is a rearing of domesticated fowls (chickens), ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea fowls and pigeons.
• Poultry birds exclusively grown for meat are called broilers, layers are for egg production, and cockerel for young male fowls and rooster are mature male fowls.

 

• Fisheries
• Pisciculture is the rearing, breeding and catching of fishes.
• Aquaculture is rearing and management of useful aquatic plants and animals like fishes, oysters, mussels and prawns, etc.

 

• Bee keeping or Apiculture
• Apiculture is rearing more...

  Introduction  

• Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Disease is any condition which interferes with the normal structure and function of the body that is manifested by a characteristics sets of symptoms and sign.

   

• Bacteriol Diseases
• Typhoid: Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi. Typhoid spreads through food, milk and water contaminated with intestinal discharges either directly or through flies and personal hygiene. Typhoid is diagonsed with widal test.
• Pneumonia: It is caused by Streptococcus pneumonia or Haemophilus influenza. It infects alveoli of lungs and spread by coughs, sneezes, by sharing drinking glasses and eating utensils with an infected person and contact with used tissue or handkerchiefs.

 

• Viral Diseases
• Rhinoviruses more...

  Introduction  

• The idea about ecology was first started by Reiter.
• The term ecology was given and defined by Haeckel as Ecology is the study of the interactions between the organism and their environment.
• Population: The collection of individuals of a given species is called population.
• Community: The interacting groups of populations of various species constitute a community.
• Ecosystem: A biological community and the physical environment associated with its constitute ecosystem.
• Biome: A major ecological community or complex of communities that extends over a large geographical area.
• Species is a group of organisms that resembles each other more than they resemble to any other organism, and that can breed among themselves and produces fertile offspring.
• Habitat: It is a specific place or locality where an organism lives.
• Ecotone: more...

  Advertising is the most commonly used tool of promotion. It is a form of marketing communication used to encourage, persuade or manipulate the audience i.e., viewers, readers, listeners or a specific group to take or continue to take some action. The word 'advertisement' comes from the Latin word adventure which means 'to turn toward'. Advertising that promotes organizational images, ideas and political issues is institutional advertising.   Characteristics of Advertising   The characteristics of advertising may be stated as follows

• Impersonal

It involves sending messages through one or more media such as television, radio, newspapers and magazines, etc. It is called impersonal because the Message is conveyed through some media rather than a person.

• The Idea is to Promote Goods or Services

Advertising is done with a specific objective of promoting a product or service more...

  Introduction   Personal selling is an ancient art. It is a two way communication between seller and buyer. Personal selling occurs when an individual salesperson sells a product, service or solution directly to a customer. Now, companies are spending large amount of money each year to train the sales representatives.   Steps in Personal Selling   Personal selling takes place in the following ways

• Prospecting and Qualifying

Before planning a sale, a salesperson conducts research to identify the people or companies that might be interested in the product. A prospect is a lead that is qualified or determined to be ready, willing and able to buy.

• Pre-Approach

The pre-approach is the 'doing your homework   art of the process. A good salesperson researches his prospect, familiarising himself with the customer s needs and learning all the relevant background more...

  Promotion   Promotion is one of the primary elements used in the marketing mix. As a key marketing element, promotion comprises communication tactics used to educate consumers, increase demand and differentiate brands. "Promotion is the means by which firms attempt to inform, persuade and remind consumers-directly or indirectly about the products and brands they sell."                       - Kotler and Keller

• Objectives of Promotion
• To inform people about particular issues.
• To introduce new products to the market.
• To compete with competitors products.
• To improve the company/brand image.
• To increase sales.
• Importance of Promotion
• It can boost sales during the year when sales are traditionally low (encourage off season purchases).
• It encourages people to try a product.
• It encourages people to buy a product or more...

  Branding   Branding is the management process by which a product is branded. It is a general term covering various activities like giving a brand name to a product, designing a brand mark and enforcing it.

• Importance of Branding
• Brand is a perceptual entity rooted in reality which ultimately resides in the minds of consumers.
• Branding is all about creating difference between products.
• Branding creates mental structures that help consumers to organize their knowledge about products and services in a way that clarifies their decision making which also provides value to the firm.
• Brand difference often relate to attributes or benefits of the product itself.
• Marketers can apply branding virtually anywhere a consumer has a choice. It is possible to brand a physical good (Maggi noodles, Lux soap) a service, (ICICIs banking service) more...

  Introduction   Marketing research has two words viz marketing and research. Marketing means buying and selling activities and research means a systematic and complete study of a problem done by experts. Thus, we can say that marketing research is a systematic method of collecting, recording and analysing of data, which is used to solve marketing problems. It is a special branch and soul of marketing management. It is widely used by manufacturers, exporters, distributors and service organizations.  

• Characteristics of Marketing Research
• Marketing research has a very wide scope which includes product research, packaging research, sales research, etc.
• It is a scientific method of solving the marketing problems.
• It is an important tool for decision-making.
• It is a commercial intelligence-gathering activity.
• It is a component of Marketing Information System (MIS).
• It reduces the gap between the producers and the consumers.
• It gives much importance more...

  Introduction   Consumer protection means safeguarding the interests and rights of consumers. In other words, it refers to the measures adopted for the protection of consumers from unscrupulous and unethical malpractices by the business and to provide them speedy redressal of their grievances. The most common business malpractices leading to consumer exploitation are given below

• Sale of duplicate goods.
• Sale of sub-standard goods.
• Sale of spurious goods.
• Sale of adulterated goods.
• Use of false weights and measures leading to underweight.
• Hoarding and black-marketing, leading to scarcity and rise in price.
• Charging more than the Maximum Retail Price (MRP) fixed for the product.
• Misleading advertisements, i.e., advertisements falsely claiming an inferior product or service to be of superior quality, grade or standard.
• Supply of inferior services, i.e., quality of more...

  Introduction   This technique understands the needs and desires of the customer and product is designed accordingly. Its main motive is customer satisfaction that is building a relationship with customer and is achieved through an integrated, corporate wide set of marketing activities. Modern marketing can be explained as getting the right goods, at the right time, at the right place, with the right communication, to the right people, at the right price.  

• Fields of Modern Marketing System

            Following fields are involved in modern marketing system

• Traditional Fields

Public welfare services like electricity and water supply, transport, education, hotel, entertainment, banking, hospital, accounting, etc.

• Modern Fields

Travel agency, real estate, advertisement, public relations, market research, courier services, credit card services, etc.

• Newly Developing Fields

Computer training, vocational service, Internet, recruitment more...