8th Class

Pollution of Air and Water   Pollution Our environment is our surrounding. It comprises all living and non-living things. Any undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological characters of air, water and soil leads to environmental pollution which is harmful to human beings directly or indirectly.   Pollutant A pollutant is a substance that may be added to the environment directly or indirectly by man or natural events, to an extent which adversely affects humans, animals, vegetation and other materials.   Air Pollution Air pollution is defined as the addition of undesirable materials into the atmosphere either due to human activities which adversely affect the quality of the air and hence life on earth or through natural process like volcanic eruptions.   Causes of Air Pollution

Burning of fossil fuels 2. Motor vehicles

Thermal power plants 4. Industries

Human activities 6. Volcanic eruptions

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Reasoning and Aptitude     Learning process is dependent on ones ability to think logically and reason quickly and effectively. So Reasoning and logic skills are an important part in our progress as these skills are very useful in our day to day lives. In this chapter, we will learn various problems related to reasoning and aptitude.   Problems Based on Blood Relations The efficiency in doing the problems of blood relations depends upon the knowledge of the blood relations. Some of the important relations are given below,   Relations of Paternal Side  

• Father's father \[\to \] Grandfather
• Father's mother \[\to \] Grandmother
• Father's brother \[\to \] Uncle
• Father's sister \[\to \] Aunt
• Children of uncle \[\to \] Cousin
• Wife of uncle \[\to \] Aunt
• Children of aunt \[\to \] Cousin
• Husband of aunt \[\to \] Uncle

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  Notice, Message and Report   NOTICE   1.            Your are secretary of school cultural club.   There is a farewell function organised by school. Write a notice for school notice board to inform all the students. Sign yourself as Seema/Sumant.  

G.S. Public School A FAREWELL FUNCTION   NOTICE August 15, 2008   All the students are informed that our school has organised a farewell function on 21st August, 2008 at 3.00 p.m. at school auditorium. You all are invited to attend this function.   Seema Secretary

  2.            Write a notice for school notice board giving all the details of a historical building. You are Bharani/Bhanu, head student of your school.   more...

  Letters   1.            Suresh Kumar of 42, Lawrence Road, Keshav Puram, Delhi saw an advertisement in the ?Times of World? and decided to apply to the job of Sales Executive, Write an application to the Recruitment Manager, ?New Horrizon?, Cannaught Place, Delhi.   42, Lawrence Road, Keshav Puram, Delhi   To   The Recruitment Manager New Horrizon, Cannaught Place New Delhi-110002   05th April, 2008   Subject: Application for Sales Executive   Dear Sir, With reference to the opening advertised in ?Times of world? on 4th of April, 2008. I want to apply for the post of Sales Executive. I am enclosing my resume with application. I assure you that I am right candidate for this post. I can add value to this post in your esteemed organisation. Feel free to contact me, if you wish to know anything about me. more...

  Essay   GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE   On 26th January 2001 when India was celebrating its Republic Day, one of its states, Gujarat, felt nature?s wrath in the form of an earthquake. It was of a very high intensity measuring 7.9 on Richter Scale. Thousands of people lost their lives, lakhs became homeless and penniless. The preliminary tremors were followed by the main shocks which rocked the whole of Gujarat But the worst affected areas areas were Bhuj, Anjar, Ahmedabad, etc. Within few seconds, the buildings came trembling down and people were buried alive under the rubble. Many people lost their near ones on this fateful day. The school building collapsed and four hundred students celebrating republic day, died. The cries were heard everywhere, the cries of pain, of death, of separation. It seemed everyone was caught in the traps of death. There was horror more...

  Paragraph   CORRUPTION   Corruption is the biggest curse to our society. Corruption has taken over all the status of our society. It is present in schools, in colleges, in work places and even with medical facility providers. The citizens have become blind with the glitter of gold. The moral and ethical values are eroding. The species called honesty is getting extinct. Corruption can be eradicated from our society if we open our eyes towards the future and became selfless.   A DAY IN A JUNGLE (CLOSE TO NATURE)   Being face to face with nature is really a very pleasant experience of life. It thrills us. Fills our heart with happiness. Me and my friends were going to a picnic place, but in between the bus got out of order. We were forced to leave the bus. We saw all around us was more...

  Judging Story Logic   In this chapter, we will learn to make a logical story from the given sentences or incidents in jumbled form. First two are solved as an example for you.   ·                     Example 1     1.            Arrange P,Q,R and S between A and B in order to make a sensible story A: Many people know that instead of soap, Gandhiji used a stone to scrub himself Very few people, however, know how precious this stone, given by Miraben, was to Gandhiji.   R: On reaching the village she went straight to the weaver's house that had been their last halt. An old woman lived there. And she had thrown the stone away. When Manuben found it after a difficult search her joy more...

  Judging Logic of Actions   In this section we have to arrange the actions in a sequence. Some examples are solved to develop your understanding.   ·                     Example 1   Arrange P, Q, R and S in order to find the correct logical sequence of actions. P: A saintly monk was leading a life of meditation near a village. The villagers used to give him food and respect his words of wisdom. One day the villagers rushed into his hermitage in a rage. They pushed a girl to his front and accused him of raping the girl as she had confessed before them that the monk was responsible for her pregnancy.   Q: Twelve years passed. Then, one day the villagers came tearfully to the monk and begged his pardon for suspecting his sanctity. They more...

  Judging Completeness of Process   ·                     Example 1    Arrange P, Q, R, S in order to describe the completeness of process.   P: By 7 o'clock I got ready and left for the examination centre though the examination was to start at nine. When I reached the examination centre, my friends, Simran and Sahil, had already arrived there.   Q: I got up at 4 a.m. and had a cup of tea. I studied till 6 o'clock and, thus, gave a quick revision to all topics.   R: We discussed the important topics. Then we had a cup of tea in the school canteen. Then we entered the examination centre. We were full of confidence and had no fear of the examination.   S: Many students were enthusiastically preparing for more...

  Inferring Information   Study the following examples.   Directions: Read the following information carefully and answer the questions that follow. Three girls Joan, Rita, and Kim and two boys Tim and Steve are the only dancers in a dance programme, which consists of six events in this order: one a duet, two a duet, three a solo, four a duet, five a solo, and six a duet. None of the dancers is in two consecutive numbers or in more than two numbers. The first number in which Tim appears is the one that comes before the first number in which Kim appears. The second number in which Tim appears is one that comes after the second number in which Kim appears.   1.            Which more...