Haryana PMT

During the second half of the nineteenth century, more than a hundred patents for milking machines were applied for in the United States alone. The proliferation of people trying to develop this device, as with any that sees development across countries, makes it difficult to attribute the modern product to one person or organization. The problem with all kinds of automatic milking processes is that there is potential for damage to the cow's teats. A viable milking machine needs to strike a balance between producing a good yield of milk and safeguarding the cow, either from injury or infection caused by the equipment. Many inventors made contributions to the field. Foremost is the DeLaval Company of Gustaf de Laval, famous for inventing a device for separating milk and cream through centrifugal force, which researched almost every type of automatic milker in existence, including ones that simulated the action of the more...

Most inventions are remarkable because they appear to be ahead of their time, revelatory events that transform the world into which they appear. The horse collar seems to be somewhat the opposite, for it is difficult to see why it was not invented earlier. The problem to be solved is obvious: A horse wearing a simple harness can pull a load weighing about 135 pounds (60 kg), but any heavier load forces the harness on to the horse's windpipe, and restricts its ability to breathe. Therefore, while horses had been domesticated, mounted, saddled, and harnessed by around 100—and so could be ridden for pleasure, work, or warfare—their role as a beast of burden was necessarily limited, and was to remain so for another 400 years. It was not until circa 500 that a Chinese camel driver had the bright idea of devising a padded collar, which was quickly used also more...

Linnaean taxonomy is the system of classification of living organisms that is used throughout the biological sciences. Its inventor, Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), spent most of his career in Uppsala, Sweden. Starting with the plant kingdom, Linnaeus created a hierarchy in which plants are grouped, according to similarities in their appearance, into twenty-five phyla, and then each phylum into classes, and these in turn into orders, families, genera, and species. The first description of this system was published by Linnaeus in 1753, in a two-volume work, Species Plantarum. He later applied the same principles toanimals and minerals. The most important feature of Linnaean taxonomy is a system known as binomial (or two-name). nomenclature. The first name identifies the genus-to which the organism belongs; the second name, its unique species: for example, the common daisy is Bellis perennis. If necessary, the family, order, and phylum to which a genus belongs can be more...

The market of my town is very important. There is no other place of grain market in the area having so much brisk business as this market. The market itself is in the centre of the town. All important bazaars of the town lead to this market. It has a square shape. There is an open ground in the middle of the shops. There are shops on the four sides of the big square. The main shopkeepers are regents. Their trade is chiefly export and import of grains. There are a few shops which meet needs of the people who visit the market for purchase   The crowd scene in the market is very interesting. It is a centre of attraction for both buyers and sellers. I always find a Dig crowd there Businessmen come from far and wide for purchasing or selling their produce. The market is always crowded more...

"And you shall have an implement  [and] you shall dig with it and turn and cover your refuse." Deuteronomy 23:1 on camp sanitation Without the toilet system, disease would be widespread and water undrinkable. It is an invention that is taken for granted in the modern world, but where would we be without it? Even though they began only as holes in the ground, toilets in various forms have been used since Babylonian times. A defining step in the long and complex history of the toilet was the S-trap system developed by Alexander Cummings, a watchmaker by trade. (Thomas Crapper is often given credit for the invention of the modern toilet; although he was involved in toilet production, it was Cummings who held the patent.) Cummings's design incorporated an S-shaped bend in the drainage pipe that created a water seal between flushes. This meant that foul odors were trapped below more...

"Drinking and driving: there are stupider things, but it's a very short list." Author unknown In 1954 Robert Borkenstein (1912-2002), of the Indiana State Police, invented the breathalzyer, a portable device that provided scientific evidence of alcohol intoxication. After the consumption of alcohol, blood flows through the lungs and some of the alcohol evaporates and moves across the membranes into the air sacs. The breathalyzer shows a direct relationship between the concentration of alcohol found in the air sacs and that in blood. Subjects blow up a balloon (ensuring a deep air lurag sample is taken), the contents of which are released over a chemical solution, resulting in a color change detected by a monochromatic light beam. The extent of the color change relates to the percentage of alcohol in the breath. The breathalyzer replaced the drunk-o-meter, an earlier device developed by Rolla Harger and patented in 1936. It relied more...

Although the first patent application for a composting toilet was filed by Thomas Swinburne in 1838, the idea of recycling human waste was by no means new at this time. The Chinese had already been composting human and animal waste for use as fertilizer for thousands of years. However unattractive this process may seem, it is certainly more environmentally viable than a modern sewage system. Composting cuts down on water pollution, and human excreta contain valuable nutrients that can help farmers reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers they use on crops. Swinburne's "earth closet" was the first device that can be described as a composting toilet, that is, one that deposits earth or peat onto feces to kick start the composting process. But it was not until Henry Moule established the Moule Patent Earth-Closet Company in the 1860s that they became more commonly used. Some schools and military camps reportedly more...

"We owe to the Middle Ages the two worst inventions of humanity —romantic love and gunpowder." Andre Maurois, novelist and writer Few inventions can have instigated as much misery to humankind as that of the seemingly innocuous gunpowder. Created by Chinese alchemists in the ninth century, gunpowder consists of a mixture of ground saltpeter (potassium nitrate), charcoal, and sulfur in approximate proportions of 75, 15, and 10 by weight. Known as "black powder," its exposure to an open flame produces an explosion that can propel an object great distances when contained in a tube closed at one end. The Chinese experimented with different levels of saltpeter content to design rockets. Arab chemists acquired knowledge of gunpowder in the thirteenth century, rapidly employing it for military purposes, including the production of a gun made from a bamboo tube reinforced with iron. The spread of information arrived in Europe, where gunpowder was more...

During a period spanning the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Slovakian mining town of Banska Stiavnica rose to fame both as a major source of gold and silver and as a center of excellence in the technologies needed to extract those precious metals. The area became synonymous with advances in ore extraction and processing. Fundamental among the many problems that mining engineers had to overcome at that time was the removal of water from shafts several hundred yards deep. Human and animal power played its part in no small measure; by the end of the seventeenth century, close to a thousand men and hundreds of horses were toiling around the clock to keep the existing pumping systems working. Steam-powered systems were put to the test. However, it was asked that if an abundance of water was the problem, why not work with water, exploit its energy potential, and turn it more...

"The band saw created a special era in American architecture... the gingerbread house was born." 200 Years of Woodworking (1976) Greek legend suggests that the first saw was made by Perdix, the nephew of the inventor Daedalus. He was inspired to create a cutting tool on observing the ridges on a fish's backbone. However, saws were probably, in use well before this; ancient Egyptians used serrated copper saw blades. The handsaw is limited by the need for people to power it. The circular saw, patented in the eighteenth century, helped alleviate that problem but also had its limitations, namely that it could cut no deeper than the radius of its disc. The band saw—a fast-moving cutting "strip" mounted in a machine—potentially solved both problems and has many advantages over the handsaw and the circular saw. William Newberry of London, England, was granted a patent for the first band saw in more...