4th Class

Generally dreams are the results of our thoughts which we have in our mind. The things or ideas that strike our minds which we cannot display in the day appear in form of dream when we sleep. Generally we see dreams when we sleep at night. During the examination days a student dreams of papers and results. Sometime, we dream of those things which have no relation with our profession or day to day matters. Last night, I also saw a dream. It is still fresh in my memory. In the dream I saw that one day I was going to Agra to see the Taj Mahal in the company of my friends. Near the bus stand of Agra I was attracted by some persons selling lottery tickets. Much against .the will of my firm I bought a lottery ticket of Haryana government. I never thought that I would win more...

“I couldn't reduce the explanation to a freshman level. That means we really don't understand it." Richard Feynman on the behavior of electrons The first spectrometer was devised by Martin Deutsch (1917-2002) and Robley D. Evans (1907-1995) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Electrons are a by-product of nuclear reactions and the first electron spectrometers were used to monitor the radiation from the nuclear tests that took place toward the end of World War II. They have since become a "must have" instrument on scientific space missions. The fourth state of matter is plasma, where some of the outer electrons of the atoms have been knocked away, and move off freely in space. Electrons are relatively simple fundamental particles. Their mass, charge, and collision cross-section are well known. That leaves their speed and direction of motion as unknowns. An electron spectrometer measures their kinetic energy by registering the way more...

Change in life is like spices in food. Change makes life worth- living. The desire of change is human instinct. One fashion today is declared as outdated by another tomorrow. They are always moving. Changing in fashion is a universal process. No race, nationality is a hindrance in its move. Mostly in oriental countries fashions infiltrate from western countries where fashions are born and brought up. The most significant role is played by film industry in changing fashions. Common masses  wears the dresses that actors and actresses wear as they are the models for the people. The change of fashions in dress is very old. It changes from time to time. Sometimes it is body tight fitting fashion. On the other time it is very loose fitting fashion. Sometimes considerable parts of the body are exposed to the viewers and sometimes they are covered with sufficient clothes. Everywhere we can more...

The first manned helicopter flight was achieved by the Frenchman Paul Cornu who lifted his twin-rotor craft off the ground fortwenty seconds in 1907; his machine unfortunately broke up on landing. In 1909 Igor Sikorsky (1889-1972) built two helicopters but these could lift very little more than their own weight. The first practical helicopter was the German Focke-Wulf FW 61, which flew in 1936. By 1939 the British had built the two-seater Weir W.6, which was powered by a pair of rotors mounted independently, one on each side of the fuselage. The Weir W.6's prototype was the first helicopter in the world to carry three occupants. Many control problems had to be solved, the main ones being unsymmetrical lift, which caused the craft to flip over on takeoff, and the fact that the body's natural tendency was to spin in the opposite direction to the rotors. However, one big advance more...

“... the sewing machine was as awe-inspiring as the space capsule [was to twentieth-century people]" Grace Rogers Cooper, writer The history of the sewing machine begins in 1790, with a patent by British inventor Thomas Saint for a device (never built) to puncture leather and repeatedly pass a thread through the holes. In 1830 Frenchman Barthelemy Thimonier successfully built a machine that also used this "chain stitch" method. Within a dozen years he had built eighty machines, but they were destroyed by a mob of angry tailors. The first person to develop the sewing machine as we know it was American Walter Hunt (1796-1859), in 1834. His crucial innovation was to use two spools of thread (on an upper spindle and a lower bobbin) and an eyed needle to create "lockstitch"—the two threads lock together when they pass Through the hole. Hunt, also the inventor of the safety pin, failed more...

"The principle of this burner is simply that city gas is allowed to issue under such conditions." Robert Bunsen Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-1899) was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Medicine at the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg in 1852. Before accepting the position, he negotiated the construction of a new laboratory building equipped with pipes for coal gas, which the city had begun to use to light the streets. Bunsen was not happy with the equipment he had for heating samples in the laboratory. In 1827 Michael Faraday had written about a burner that used coal gas, but the flame produced too much soot as well as more light than heat. Bunsen's idea was to mix the coal gas with air before the flame rather than at the flame. Because the oxygen and gas would be well mixed at the point of combustion, the resultant flame would be hot rather more...

The performance of marriages is different in different states. Every religion has its own ways and customs. The marriage is a pious affair.  India is a country full of noise. A marriage ceremony is a noisy affair in our country. Lots of money is spent on this occasion. Preparations for a marriage in India have to be made several days in advance. Very recently, I attended the marriage of my cousin. All the members of our family were invited to the wedding. We got new clothes stitched for this occasion. We reached the house of my cousin three days before the actual ceremony. We found a lot of hustle and bustle in the house. A halwai had been engaged to prepare sweets and other eatables. A day before the marriage, a shamiana was put up in the open space before their house. Chairs and tables were also arranged in the more...

Democracy in any country means the rule by elected representatives. It has been defined as the government "of the people, by the people, for the people." Democracy rests on the principle of representation. The people elect their representatives by vote in an election. These representatives attend the legislature and act on behalf of the citizens. If the citizens are not satisfied with their representatives, they may not re-elect them in the next elections. Democracy is said to be a better form of government. It is the government of the people as distinguished from the government of an individual or of a class of people. It makes all the citizens interested in the affairs of the country by sending their representatives in legislatures. Democracy is also a safeguard against revolution. Since people themselves elect the members of government, the need for a revolution does not arise. A democratic government guarantees freedom more...

"[Odysseus] fumigated the hall, house and court with burning sulfur to control pests." Homer, The Odyssey Civilization was founded on agriculture. The earliest cities grew up around 9,000 years ago when nomadic hunter-gatherers settled in Mesopotamia, herding animals and growing crops for the first time. But relying on the success of an annual crop was risky. poor weather, an infestation of insects, or crop diseases could ruin the harvest and starve a population. Humans are still unable to control the climate, but solutions to the other problems were proposed in the most ancient of times. Early attempts to limit damage by pests were mostly physical interventions, such as crop rotation and the manual removal of grubs. The first evidence for a chemical agent comes from Sumeria in 2500 B.C.E., where elemental sulfur was used to ward off insects. The Sumerians had developed a sophisticated agriculture, employing irrigation and mass labor more...

Mother Teresa's real name was Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhin. She was born in Yugoslavia on 27th August, 1910 of Abanian parents.  hen she was 18 years old she went to Ireland and entered the congregation of Loretto at the institute of Blessed Virgin Mary. Then  she came to India for teaching in the congregation's schoof and convents. She became Principal of St. Augustin's day School for Bengali Girls near Calcutta. After 20 years of teaching she was baptised in 1929 and made Calcutta her home. To serve the down trodden and poor persons living in the slum areas of Calcutta she sat up a missionaries of charity in 1949. In West Bengal, a leper colony called Shanti Nagar was set up under her guidance. She became well-renowned throughout the world with the passing of time. She opened schools, dispensaries, a TB clinic and Nirmal Hriday. In her opinion lack of love more...