AMU Medical

Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl3. It is one of the four chloromethanes. The colorless, sweet-smelling, dense liquid is a trihalomethane, and is considered somewhat hazardous. Several million tons are produced annually as a precursor to PTFE and refrigerants, but its use for refrigerants is being phased out.  Chloroform reacts with 2 atoms of hydrogen to give methylene chloride and similarly chloroform reacts with multiple hydrogen atoms to produce the desired products.  Reduction of Chloroform is a very important topic in chemistry and in this video Mr. Lalit Sardana (IIT-JEE AIR 243) will help you clear your doubts. He has taken up all the related information that is required to help students understand the reduction process. These videos are useful in the JEE mains, JEE Advanced, EAMCET, KCET, WBJEE, etc. Watch the videos now and if you want to see more of these videos subscribe our channel. Reduction more...

When chloroform reacts with nitric acid, nitrochloroform (chloropicrin) and water are formed. Nitration: The hydrogen of the chloroform is replaced by nitro group when it is treated with concentrated nitric acid. The product formed is chloropicrin or trichloronitro methane or nitro chloroform. It is a liquid, poisonous and used as an insecticide and a war gas.   CHCI3 + HONO2    ————→      CNO2 CI3  +  H2O                                      Nitric acid                    Chloropicrin (Tear gas)  Chloropicrin, also known as PS, is a chemical compound currently used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, fungicide, herbicide, insecticide, and nematicide. Its chemical structural formula is Cl3CNO2. In agriculture, chloropicrin is injected into soil prior to planting a crop in order to clean the soil of a broad spectrum of fungi, microbes, insects, and other harmful pests. It is commonly used as a stand alone treatment or in combination / co-formulation with methyl bromide and 1,3-Dichloropropene. Mr. Lalit Sardana(IIT-JEE AIR 243) is going to more...

Alkylation of ammonia The reaction of ammonia with an alkyl halide leads to the formation of a primary amine. The primary amine that is formed can also react with the alkyl halide, which leads to a disubstituted amine that can further react to form a trisubstituted amine. Therefore, the alkylation of ammonia leads to a mixture of products.    Mr. Lalit Sardana(IIT-JEE AIR 243) is an IIT-JEE tutor at Sardana Tutorials and he has been bringing up a number of IIT-JEE selections from the city. Many of the students are from Sardana tutorials itself. He owes a million of thanks from his students, as he gave them the strength, to make their dreams come true!.....This video is helpful to the students of 11th CBSE, 12th CBSE, JEE Mains, JEE Advanced, VITEEE, AIPMT, WBJEE, AFMC.   Watch the video now on this link http://www.studyadda.com/videos/jee-chemistry-lectures/amines/preparation-of-mixture-of-amines/1436 If you have more...

Amines are organic compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are derivatives of ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl or aryl group. Important amines include amino acids, biogenic amines, trimethylamine, and aniline. Inorganic derivatives of ammonia are also called amines, such as chloramine (NClH2); Compounds with the nitrogen atom attached to a carbonyl of the structure R–CO–NR′R″ are called amides and have different chemical properties from amines. An aliphatic amine has no aromatic ring attached directly to the nitrogen atom. Aromatic amines have the nitrogen atom connected to an aromatic ring as in the various anilines. The aromatic ring decreases the alkalinity of the amine, depending on its substituents. The presence of an amine group strongly increases the reactivity of the aromatic ring, due to an electron-donating effect. Amines are organized more...

Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (the most notable being carbon tet in the cleaning industry, and as Halon 104 or Freon 10 in HVAC), is the organic compound with the formula CCl4. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants, and as a cleaning agent. It is a colourless liquid with a "sweet" smell that can be detected at low levels. Both carbon tetrachloride and tetrachloromethane are acceptable names under IUPAC nomenclature. Carbon tetrachloride was originally synthesised by the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault in 1839 by the reaction of chloroform with chlorine, but now it is mainly produced from methane: CH4 + 4 Cl2 → CCl4 + 4 HCl The production often utilizes by-products of other chlorination reactions, such as from the syntheses of dichloromethane and chloroform. Higher chlorocarbons are also subjected to "chlorinolysis:" C2Cl6 + Cl2 → 2 CCl4 Prior more...

Chloroform reacts with oxygen in the air to form phosgene (COCl2), a poisonous gas, according to the equation: 2CHCl3 + O2 ---> 2COCl2 + 2HCl In order to prevent this oxidation, ethanol or methanol should be added if you were planning to store it for an extended period of time. You should ensure that the chloroform contains 1-2% ethanol. Ethyl carbonate is produced and is harmless. COCl2 + 2CH3CH2OH ---> (C2H5O)2CO + 2HCl Phosgene is the chemical compound with the formula COCl2. This colorless gas gained infamy as a chemical weapon during World War I.  It is also a valued industrial reagent and building block in synthesis of pharmaceuticals and other organic compounds. In low concentrations, its odor resembles freshly cut hay or grass. In addition to its industrial production, small amounts occur naturally from the breakdown and the combustion of organochlorine compounds, such as those used in refrigeration systems. more...

India is a democratic nation whose strength lies in the quality of its citizens. To make our democracy continue to grow and flourish in the right direction, its citizens must be vigilant towards their votes. This vote is extremely very important because it determines the kind of government that comes in power. The electorate must remember that it is his/her duty towards the nation to vote wisely. He or she must exercise his or her right to vote without fear or favour to have a real democracy. The vote rightly cast can help in rooting out corruption from public life. The candidates elected must have charismatic personality, character and merit. But unfortunately our country lacks these types of leaders or politicians. At present it is facing political corruption as well as crime at every level. The leaders have become self-seeking. They have no moral, they have no honesty, they have more...

The development of pastes designed to clean teeth and freshen the breath began in Egypt as early as 5000 B.C.E. Myrrh, volcanic pumice, and the burned ashes of ox hooves were mixed with crushed eggshells, oyster shells, and other fine abrasives, then applied with a finger to scour teeth and help remove food and bacterial deposits. In China around 300 B.C.E. a nobleman named Huang-Ti claimed that toothaches could be cured by inserting pins into certain areas of a patient's gums. Huang-Ti's theories grew to become the world's first recorded and systematic approach to oral hygiene. Generally, however, the composition of what people used as toothpaste remained an intriguing mix of practicality, myth, and superstition until well into the seventeenth century. In the first century C.E., for example, it was thought that toothaches could be avoided by removing animal bones from wolves' excrement and wearing them in a band around more...

7 Ways to Prevent the Spread of Infection  1. Wash Your Hands!                           2. Clean and Disinfect!            3. Handle Food Safely            4. Get Immunized!           5. Don’t over-use antibiotics!         6. Keep Pets Healthy         7. Stay Away From Wild Animals! more...

VACCINATION Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified; for example, the influenza vaccine,the HPV vaccine,and the chicken pox vaccine.Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases;widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio,measles, and tetanus from much of the world. The active agent of a vaccine may be intact but inactivated (non-infective) or attenuated (with reduced infectivity) forms of the causative pathogens, or purified components of the pathogen that have been found to be highly immunogenic (e.g., outer coat proteins of a virus). Toxoids are produced for immunization against toxin-based diseases, such as the modification of tetanospasmin toxin of tetanusto remove its toxic more...