10th Class

  Print Culture and the Modern World     CHAPTER COVERAGE ·                     Importance of Print Media ·                     Development of Printing Through Ages ·                     Contribution of China and Japan in this Process ·                     Emergence of New Technology more...

  Novels, Society and History   IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS   1.            Commonality. Sharing of an attribute, common features.   2.            Serialised Novel. A novel whose story is published in instalments in a magazine or a journal.   more...

  Novels, Society and History       CHAPTER COVERAGE   ·                     The Print Culture created a Possibility of a New Form in Literature?The Novels ·                     History of the Growth of Novel Writing in Europe as well as in India · more...

  The Rise of Nationalism in Europe         CHAPTER COVERAGE  

• Emergence of Nationalism in Europe
• French Revolution in 1789
• Napoleonic Code
• Spread of Nationalism to Other Parts of Europe
• Congress of Vienna 1815
• Conservatism versus Nationalism
• Age of Revolutionaries
• Revolution in 1830 and 1848
• Frankfurt Parliament
• Unification of Germany and Italy
• Visualising a Nation
• Beginning of Imperialism
• Conflicts in the Balkans
• Emergence of Balkan Nationalism

  The Rise of Nationalism in Europe    

Nationalism. A sense of belonging to one nation. Feeling or pride and patriotism towards the country one belongs.

Absolutist. Unrestricted, despotic and authoritarian often refers to a centralized repressive monarchical government.

Utopian. An ideal situation, a vision too good to be realised in practice.

Nation-state. A state having a common and contiguous boundary with inhabitants/people sharing common language, race and religion. Majority of its citizens develop a sense of common identity and share a common history ruled by a strong government.

Plebiscite. A direct vote by which the people of a region, themselves decide to accept or reject a proposal.

Sovereignty. Supreme power.

Monarchy. Form of government headed by a monarch or a hereditary or dynastic ruler.

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  The Rise of Nationalism in Europe         CONTENT OUTLINE   Till the middle of 19th century Europe was divided into many monarchical absolutist states with diverse people speaking different languages and belonging to different racial and ethnic groups. There was no collective identity among them. A common allegiance to the ruler was the only binding force. Nineteenth century, however, saw the emergence of nationalism as a new force which brought about sweeping changes in political and mental world of Europe. This resulted in the cowering of nation-states in place of multinational dynastic empires. The concept of a modern state with more...

  The Rise of Nationalism in Europe   IMPORTANT DATES AND LANDMARKS   1789                -           French Revolution.   1804                -           Napoleonic Code was introduced abolishing privileges based on birth. Upheld equality before law.   1815                -           Congress of Vienna. Representatives of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met at Vienna to draw up a          settlement for Europe.   1830                -           Revolution in France.   1834                -           Zollverein or the customs union was formed in Prussia (largest state in Germany) abolishing tariff barriers.   1848                -           Great revolution in France and Formation of French republic and abdication of French monarch Louis Phillipe.   1848                -           Frankfurt Parliament in Germany was convened to set up an all-German national assembly to draft a German constitution.   1861                -           Victor Emmanuel more...

  Analogy   Analogy means similarity. It can exist between any two objects in a particular manner or it may be the case that the two objects are realted to each other in the same way as the other given objects are related. Some important types of relations are as follows.   1.            Disease and Cause relationship: Disease                        Cause Poliomyelitis                   Virus Typhoid                         Bacteria   2.            Study and topic relationship: Topic                           Study Pedology                       Soil Ontology                       Reality   3.            Worker and tool relationship: Worker                         Tool Sculptor                         Chisel Jockey                           Tack   4.            Tool and action relationship: Tool                             Action Auger                            Bore Spanner                         Grip   5.            Quantity and unit relationship: Quantity                      Unit Conductivity                  Mho Luminosity                     Candela   6.            Product and raw more...

  Comprehensions Based on Stories   Study the following examples.   ·                     Example 1   Every child is born, with some inherited characteristics, into a specific socio-economic and emotional environment, and trained in certain ways by figures of authority. I inherited honesty and self-discipline from my father, from my mother, and inherited faith in goodness and deep kindness and so did my three brothers and sister. I had three close friends in my childhood- Ramanadha Sastry, Aravindan and Sivaprakasan. All these boys were from orthodox Hindu Brahmin families. As children, none of us ever felt any difference amongst ourselves because of our religious differences and upbringing. In fact, Ramanadha Sastry was the son of Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the high priest of the Rameswaram Temple. Later, he took over the priesthood of more...

  Comprehensions Based on General Topics   Study the following examples.   ·                     Example 1   Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:   Today every major anthology of nineteenth-century poetry includes examples of the work which Christina Rossetti produced during her long literary career. Born in 1830, she began composing verse at the age of eleven and continued to write for the remaining fifty-three years of her life. Her brother, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, himself a poet and painter, soon recognized her genius and urged her to publish her poems. By the time of her death in 1894, Rossetti had written more than eleven hundred poems and had published over nine hundred of them. Although this work has earned her recognition as the greatest woman poet of the Victorian Age, there is still no authoritative edition of her poetry. more...