Current Affairs 7th Class

    The Run Command   The Run command provides a single-line command interface that allows opening an application or document whose path is known directly. The main advantage of run command is: While opening a file or a picture, it automatically starts the corresponding application too. The main disadvantage of run command is: You need to enter the complete file name along with the path of the file to open a particular file.

     Finding Files or Folders   Windows enables to search a particular file or folder from any location of the hard disk easily.   To search for a file or folder:

• Click Start and then click Search to open Search window, as shown in the following figure:
• Click All tiles and folders.
• Type a part or full name of the file or folder or type a word or phrase that is in the file.
• In the Look in box, click drive or drives, folder or network location that you want to search.      

         You can select one of the following options: (A) Click When was it modified to look for files that were created or modified on or between specific dates. (B) Click What size is it to look for files that are specific size. (C) Click More advanced options to specify additional search criteria. (D) Click Search.  

     Creating a Shortcut   Accessing a file or folder from its original location takes more time. Shortcut allows accessing a file easily. Using shortcut you can save time to open a file.       Keyboard Shortcuts       To create a keyboard shortcut:

• Open any application, such as Paint. Select Paint from the start menu and open it.
• Right-click on the application name, Paint. The short cut menu appears.
• Click Properties to open it, as shown in the following figure:
• Click Shortcut tab and move the insertion point to the shortcut key text box
• Type a letter of your choice, such as P. The word 'None' will remain until you click Apply.
• Now the text box will display Ctrl +Alt +P, which means you need to press all the three keys simultaneously to open Paint.
• Click OK.  

       Desktop Shortcuts   A desktop shortcut allows you to open an application directly from desktop. You do not need to go exact location of the application. To create a desktop shortcut for paint:

• Open the Windows Explorer\ My Computer and locate the Paint application.
• Right-click the application to open the shortcut menu.
• Click create shortcut.  

   Managing File and Folder            File File is collection of meaningful information, pictures and objects. There are various types of file, such as text file, picture file and sound file. For example, notepad file will be collection of text, an image file, such as -gif, Jpeg file is collection of picture. Shortcut for text file is .txt. We can save files into a folder. The file name must be unique in a folder. A file name can contain up to 255 characters.        Folder Folder works similar to a directory in DOS. It is a collection of files and other folders. Windows allows you to rename, move or delete the folders. One folder does not have duplicate name file. File name must be unique in single folder.            Creating a File and a Folder        To create a file and a folder: 

• On the Desktop, double-click My Computer to open the My Computer window.
• Double-click the disk drive or folder in which you want to create a folder. The drive or folder opens.
• On the File menu select New and then click File / Document to create a file or Folder.
• Type the folder name and then press Enter.
• The new folder will appear on selected location.  

        Copying a File or Folder        To copy a file or folder: 

• Open My Computer and click file or folder you want to copy.
• On the Edit menu in the Menu Bar, click Copy or press Ctrl + c key.
• Open the folder or disk where you want to put the copy.
• On the Edit menu, click Paste or press Ctrl + v key.

If you want to copy more than one file or folder then you need to hold down the Ctrl key on your Key Board, and click the items you want to copy. Press the Ctrl + v key.                 Deleting a File or Folder          To delete a file or folder:   

• In My Computer or Windows Explorer, click file or folder you want to delete.
• On the File menu, click Delete.

When you click delete option the file is stored in Recycle Bin simultaneously. If you want to delete a file permanently you need to:

• Select the file
• Press Shift + Delete key.  

     Renaming a File or Folder The file name must be unique in a folder. A file name can contain up to more...

      Data Organization   Data is the row fact. A set of meaningful data is called information. You can store data in excel file, word file, text file and database file. According to shape of data you select file format, such as if you have numerical data you select excel file. Data must be stored properly. A proper storage makes data accessible and secure. It also reduces redundancy factors. Data is stored in files. There are different types of files, such as text file, picture file and word file. Similar types of files can be put into a folder. Folder is same as a directory. A folder can contain more than one folders and files.  

     Introducing Windows   Windows OS brings new resolution in computer world. Due to Windows, a common man can use computer easily. It does not require any kind of expertise to perform basic operations. Today, in the world of computer Windows Operating System is one of the largest selling GUI (Graphical User Interface) based operating system. In order to suit the requirement of various kinds of users, the Windows operating system is available in various versions. The different types of versions are Windows95, Windows98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 as well. While installing Windows XP you need minimum hardware requirements, which are the following:   Processor: 1.6 GHz Pentium M, Intel Core 2 Duo, Celeron M or AMD Mobile Athlon for Windows XP Laptop. And 233 MHz or higher series including Intel Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron or AMD Athlon D for Window- XP Desktop. Memory: 64 MB of RAM or higher. Networking : 10/100 Ethernet Hard Disk: 1.5GB or more         

        High Level Languages   High level programming language is an object oriented programming language. It is also an advanced computer programming language. FORTRAN, C, COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language), Prolog and PASCAL are some of the common examples of high level language. FORTRAN is mostly used for scientific calculation and COBOL is used for business purpose.   Main features of high level language are the following: 

• Helps in development of large programs faster.
• Provides OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) features.
• Provides string handling routines.
• Provides file Input / Output also.

  High level languages are further divided into three parts. These are: 

• OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) Language: C++ and Java are the examples of OOP language.
• Procedural Language: FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL and ADA are the examples of procedural language.
• Non-Procedural Language: SQL (Structured Query Language) and RPG (Report Program Generator) are the examples of non-procedural language.

       Computer instructions are written in a language called computer programming language. Which one of the following level languages is directly understood by microprocessor? (A) High level                                                                     (B) Low level (C) Middle level                                                                (D) All of these (E) None of these   Answer: (b) Explanation Correct Option: (B) Low level languages: are directly understood by microprocessor because they are written in 0's and 1's form. There is no need to any translator. Incorrect Options: (A) High Level languages: require translators, such as interpreter to converts high level language to machine level language. This machine code is understood by microprocessor. (C) Middle Level languages: also require translators, such as interpreter and compiler to converts machine level language. This machine code is understood by microprocessor.      OOP language is based on class and object terminology. Which one of the following level languages provides OOP features? (A) High level                                                     (B) Low level (C) Middle level                                                (D) All of these (E) None of these   Answer: (a) Explanation Correct Option: (A) High level languages: such as C++ provides OOP features. Incorrect Options: (B) Low level languages: do not provide OOP features. (C) Middle level languages: do not provide OOP features.      High Level Programming language is a type of advanced computer programming language, ...................is an example of high level language.   (A) Prolog                                                           (B) Machine language (C) Assembly language                                  (D) All of these (E) None of these   Answer: (a) Explanation Correct Option: (A) Prolog is an example of high level language. Incorrect Options: (B) Machine language is an example of low level language. (C) Assembly language is an example of low level language.    

• An algorithm is a group of logical instruction that generates the output according to given input.
• Only a single flow line comes out from more...

   Low Level Languages   A type of programming language that provides little or no abstraction from computer microprocessor is known as low level language. The low level languages are very close to machine code (Os and Is). All programming instructions of this language are written in binary form. Assembly language and Machine language are the common examples of low level programming language.        The following are the features of low level programming language:

• The CPU (Central Processing Unit) which is the "brain" of computer understands easily.
• A low level program needs time and clear understanding of inner working of the processor.
• This programming language is mainly used for very small programs or for segments of code which are highly critical.      

     Low - level programming languages are sometimes divided into two categories: 

• First Generation (IGL): Is a machine language. This language is directly processed by microprocessor. There is no need to any translator.
• Second Generation (2GL): is assembly language. This language is not directly processed by microprocessor. A translator namely Assembler converts it into machine language. That machine code is directly understood by microprocessor. Assembly language also includes macros. Basically macros are used as program instructions. They work like built in functions.

      Developing Flowchart   Flowchart is a technique that allows you to represent computer program graphically. Using flowchart you can easily understand the logic of a program. A flowchart represents the logical and operational steps to be performed within the system for transforming the input process into output. Flowchart serves as a basis for discussion and communication between the system analysts and the programmers.        To create a flowchart, you need to use the following symbols:

• Start and Stop symbol
• Processing symbol
• Flow Line symbol
• Input /Output symbol
• Decision Making symbol  

     The following table describes all the symbols:    

SYMBOL	DESCRIPTION
	This symbol is used to represent the start and the end of an algorithm or process.
	This symbol is used to represent the logic used in a process or algorithm.
	This symbol is used to represent the input/output steps of a process.
	This symbol is used to represent the conditional situation of a process.
	This symbol is used to represent the flow of control in a process.

      While creating a flow chart you need to keep the following points in mind: 

• While creating a flow chart only a single flow line comes out from a process symbol.
• Flow direction of a process will always indicate either from left to right or from top to bottom, as shown in the following figure:

     

• In decision box only one flow line enters and multiple flow lines can come out, as shown in the following figure:  

   

• Only a single flow line comes out from starting process and enters single flow line in stop process, as shown in the following figure:

Start Stop

• Every flowchart contains a logical start and a logical end.        

           An algorithm is a group of logical instruction that generates the output according to given input. Which one of the following techniques allows you to represent an algorithm in a graphical way? (A) Flowchart                                     (B) Pseudo code (C) Computer program                                  (D) All of these (E) None of these   Answer: (a) Explanation Correct Option: (A) Flowchart is a technique that allows you to more...

   Introducing Computer Programming     Computer programs are set of instructions that enable a computer to interact with the user, peripherals and information. These instructions are written in a language called computer programming language. The process of writing computer programs is called computer programming. Before writing a computer program first you develop an algorithm. An algorithm is a group of logical instruction that generates the output according to given input. These algorithms are written in Pseudo code. Pseudo code is an informal description of a computer program that is written in simple English. While writing a program using a computer programming language, such as C, you need to follow the syntax of that language. A programming language also provides operators that enable you to perform various tasks, such as computing and manipulating values of variables, comparing values of different variables of same data types and testing multiple conditions. After developing algorithm you need to develop flowchart.