Application
The principal Date (dd/mm/yy)
ABC School
Delhi
Respected Sir/ Madam
(Body in two or three paragraph)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Yours Obediently
XYZ
1. Write an application to the principal for 5 days leave that you have already taken due to illness.
The principal October 5, 2011
Ring Bell school
Delhi
Subject: Leave application
Respected Madam,
With most humbly and respectfully I beg to state that I am a student of your school of class Xth B.
I had been suffering from fever for 5 days. The doctor had advised me complete bed rest. Thus I was absent from school from 2/ 10/ 2011 to 6/ 10/ 2011. Therefore, I am requesting you to kindly grant me leave for five days.
I shall be obliged to you.
Yours obediently
Neeraj
The body of a letter to the Editor is given with four blanks I, II, III and IV which should be filled by statements P, Q, R and S:
Through the column of your esteemed newspaper ________I ______ of terrorism. Present world has been facing many problems, _____________ II_______________ Almost every day there is a blast or attack taking place all over the world. People are afraid of coming out of their houses. Once they come out, they don't know whether they will be return back safely or not. It is a big challenge in front of us. __________lll______.
I hope that the governments and the civilized people of the world will work Collectively _____IV______ so that this beautiful world can be made much safer place to live in. Yours faithfully Smith
P: We need to address its root cause to eradicate it
Q: to solve this problem
R: I would like to express my views on the issue
S: terrorism is one of them
Choose your answer from the given options:
I II III IV
(A) S R Q P
(B) R S P Q
(C) P S R Q
(D) Q R P S
Answer: (B)
The body of a letter to the Editor is given with four blanks I, II, III and IV which should be filled by statements P, Q, R and S:
________I _________ I would like to express my views on the issue of law and order problem in our area. The crime graph in our area has been increasing day by day. _________ II ________ have been rapidly increasing. We are feeling insecure in our own houses. We are confused and terrified over the prevailing situation. __________ III _____________ but no action has been taken yet. Therefore on the behalf of all the residents I am requesting you to pay attention ________IV____________.
Yours faithfully
Sushma more... 
Types of Letter
Letters can be divided into two types, which are as follows:
Informal Letters
Are written to
(i) Friends
(ii) Parents
(iii) Relatives
Formal Letters
(i) Official Letter
(ii) Letter to the Editor
(iii) Business Letter
(iv) Application
Format (Informal Letter)
Self Address :
Date (dd/mm/yy)
Dear ABC
(i) Introduction
(ii) Main content
(iii) Closing
Yours lovingly / sincerely
XYZ
C-35 27th August, 2011
Thomsan Street
London
Dear Abhinav,
I hope this letter will find you in the best of your health and high spirits. As you know that our annual exam is approaching/ so through this letter. I am going to inform you about my preparation for the exam. From the very beginning, I have been paying proper attention towards my studies. So my preparation for the exam is very good. I have almost completed all the subjects. I need to revise properly. This time my expectation is high for the exam.
You also tell me about your preparation.
Rest is ok.
Please convey my regards to elders and love to younger’s.
Yours Sincerely
Rita
Format (Formal Letter)
Self Add: Date (dd/mm/yy)
Designation and address of the Receiver
Subject:
Dear/ Respected Sir,
(Body in 3 paragraphs)
(i) Introduction
(ii) Content
(iii) Closing
Yours Faithfully
XYZ
Sample Letters
(i) Write a letter to the manager of electricity board complaining about irregular supply of electricity in your area.
C-35 18th July, 2011
Cedar Avenue
London
The Manager
Electricity Board
James Street
London
Subject: Complaining against irregular supply of electricity.
Respected Sir,
With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards irregular supply of electricity in our area. The electricity supply is very irregular more... 
Introduction
The art of writing a letter takes practice, knowledge about proper form and the ability to put into words your feelings, thoughts, and/or ideas. If you learn the basics parts of a letter, it will help you to create letters for a variety of occasions. 
Introduction
Definition: In the following questions, sentences have been divided into six parts. The first and the last parts are numbered 1 and 6 and the remaining four parts are named P, Q, R and S. While parts 1 and 6 are in order, the remaining parts are jumbled. Rearrange the parts P, Q, R and S to form meaningful sentences while remaining parts 1 and 6 are the beginning and end of the sentence respectively:
First, we shall determine the wage costs
P. Minimum wage for agriculture
Q. On the basis of the statutory
R. Labour notified by the
S. State or the actual wages paid
6. Whichever is higher
(A) P R S Q
(B) Q P R S
(C) P R Q R
(D) S R P Q
Answer: (b)
I would, therefore, now
P. My unqualified
Q. And request the next
R. Support to their views
S. Like to express
6. Speaker to take floor.
(A) S P R Q
(B) S R P Q
(C) S Q P R
(D) S R Q P
Answer: (A)
The Government of India in view of the Western rivals
P. Jewellery-manufacturing units in the
Q. Zones, the duty free import of gold and
R. Country engaged in export-processing
S. Encouraged this trust, allowing small
6. Any other precious material for export production.
(A) P S R Q
(B) S R P Q
(C) S P R Q
(D) R Q S P
Answer: (c)
Even one year after the
P. Some politicians and
Q. Death of Rajiv Gandhi
R. Open their mouth without
S. Journalists are unable to
6. Mentioning the Bofors deal.
(A) Q P S R
(B) Q R S P
(C) Q P R S
(D) P Q R S
Answer: (A)
There are elements in the police
P. Terrorists but who are incorrigibly
Q. Force who may be fighting the
R. Money, harass and even torture people
S. Corrupt and who/to make
6. Without the fear of law.
(A) Q P S R
(B) Q S P R
(C) R S P Q
(D) S Q P R
Answer: (A)
Rearrange the words and make a meaningful sentence.
Indirect Speech
When the substance or meaning of a person's speech is presented, it is called Indirect Speech.
Change of Tense
(i) When the Reporting Verb is in Present or Future, the tense of the verb in the Reported Speech does not change.
Direct : Steve says, "He should work hard."
Indirect : Steve says that he should work hard.
Direct : James will say, "There is no point in going to movie."
Indirect : James will say that there is no point in going to movie.
(ii) When the Reporting Verb is in the Past, the tense of the verb in the Reported Speech is changed into the corresponding Past Tense as per the following table:
| Direct Speech Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Shall/Will Can/May Is / Am / Are Have/Has Was / Were | Indirect Speech Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Past perfect Continuous No Change-remains same No Change - remains same Should/Would Could / Might Was / Were Had Had been |
Direct : Smith said, "I will argue with him."
Indirect : Smith said that he would argue with him.
Direct : Teacher said to the students, "You made noise."
Indirect : Teacher told the students that they had made noise.
Direct : Steve said, "The horse more... 
Direct Speech
Repeating the words of the speaker as they have been said. These words are kept in inverted commas "-----------"
My mother told me that she should go to the market that day.
Reporting Verb
The first part of the sentence in Direct Speech is called Reporting Verb.
For Example: My mother said to me
Reported Speech
The actual words of the speaker put within Inverted Commas are called Reported Speech.
For Example: "I am going to Ahmadabad today." 
Introduction
Definition: Narration is the art of reporting the words of a speaker. There are two ways of expressing the speech of the speaker: 
Use of Shall/Will
Generally 'shall' is used with "I and we" and 'will' is used with the rest. In another words we can say that 'shall' is used with first person and 'will' is used with second and third person.
But
If a sentence refers to
(i) Promise
(ii) Willingness
(iii) Certainty
(iv) Determination and
(v) Threat, in that case "shall" is used in the place of "will" and "will is used in the place of "shall".
Use of Should
(i) 'Should' is used for any suggestion.
You should prepare for examination.
I don't think you should smoke so much.
(ii) 'Should' is used for opinion.
What should we do to deal with this problem?
Nitish should initiate this through a proper channel.
(iii) 'Should' is used for duty or obligation.
You should reach on time.
Ajay should have been more careful.
(iv) 'Should' is used for probability or expectation.
He should have met to them.
Amar should have submitted the report.
Use of Would
(i) 'Would' is used for past
Example: He would go for a walk when he was young.
(ii) 'Would' is used for polite request.
Example: Would you like to take a cup of coffee or tea?
(iii) In indirect sentence 'would' is used in place of will.
Direct: He said, "He will come".
Indirect: He said that he would come.
(iv) 'Would' is used to express opinion or hope.
Example: I would like to talk to them regarding this matter.
(V) 'Would' is used for wish.
Example: I wish I would be a successful man.
Use of Can
(i) 'Can' is used to show power.
The government can allow him to go abroad.
(ii) 'Can' is used to show ability.
I can lead the team.
(iii) 'Can' is used to show possibility.
She can come any moment.
(iv) 'Can' is used to take/ give permission.
Can I sit here?
You can go now.
(V) 'Can' is used for polite request.
Can you tell me about this?
Can I talk to Mr. Prakash?
(VI) 'Can' is used to show nature
He can speak lies.
Introduction
Definition: Modals are used before ordinary verbs and express meanings such as permission, possibility, certainty and necessity. Need and dare can sometimes be used like modal verbs.
The following are the modal verbs in English grammar:
(i) Shall (ii) Will (iii) Should (iv) Would
(v) Can (vi) Could (vii) May (viii) Might
(ix) Must (x) Used to (xi) Ought to (xii) Need to
(xiii) Dare 
Kinds of Voice
There are two kinds of voice:
Active Voice
In active voice, the object receives the action of the verb.
Example: You play cricket.
Passive Voice
In passive voice the subject receives the action of the verb.
Example: Cricket is played by you.
Rules how to change active to passive:
1. Subject changes into object and object changes into subject.
2. Use of helping verb according to Tense.
3. Use of third form of the verb.
4. Use of 'by' before a subject which changes into object.
Active: He (subject) + writes (verb) + a + letter (object)
Passive: A letter (subject) + is (helping verb) + written by (3rd) + him (object)
Remember
I changes into me
We changes into us
They changes into them
He changes into him
She changes into her
Who changes into by whom
Changing of active into passive as per tense
Simple Present
In simple present tense, use is/ are/ am as helping verb.
Affirmative
Active : You bring a book
Passive : A book is brought by you.
Negative
Active : You do not bring a book
Passive : A book is not brought by you
Interrogative
Active : Do you bring a book?
Passive : Is a book brought by you?
Interrogative with 'wh' family
Active : What do you bring?
Passive : What is brought by you?
Active : Who brought a book?
Passive : By whom is a book brought?
While changing into passive
Note: Use helping verb according to object in Active Voice.
Present Continuous Tense
In present continuous tense use is/ are/ am + being as a helping verb.
Affirmative
Active : He is making noise.
Passive : Noise is being made by him.
Negative
Active : He is not making noise.
Passive : Noise is not being made by him.
Interrogative
Active : Is he making noise?
Passive : Is noise being made by him?
Interrogative with 'wh' family
Active : What is he doing?
Passive : What is being done by him.
Active : Who is making noise?
Passive : By whom is noise being made?
Present Perfect Tense
In present perfect tense use has/ have + been as helping verb.
Affirmative
Active : He has won the match.
Passive : The match has been won by him.
Negative
Active : more... 
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