Current Affairs 3rd Class

  Embedded Figures       OBJECTIVE     ·         Students will learn to manipulate their mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion. ·         They will constitute a noticeable feature of something.         Introduction     Embedded figure is a part of a non-verbal reasoning and it is used to evaluate cognitive skills in children.     Definition Embedded figure means to find out the hidden figure/shape in a given figure.         Type I: Identify the small part hidden in given figure.     Direction (Examples 1 & 2): In which of the following figures, Figure (X) is exactly embedded as one of its part?     Example - 1 (a)                  (b)           (c)                 (d)     Ans. (b)       Example - 2 (a)                    (b)   (c)                   (d)   Ans. (c)                   Example - 3 Find out the option figure which contains figure (X) as its part. (a)                  (b)        (c)                     (d)   Ans. (b)       Type II: Identify the figure in which given part is hidden.       Direction (Examples 4 & 5): Select the option figure which is embedded in the given figure (X).                Example 4 (a)                  (b)           (c)                  (d)   Ans. (b)       Example 5 (a)                   (b) (c)                   (d)   Ans. (d)  

  Mirror Images       OBJECTIVE   ·         Students will learn how different objects are soon when they get reflected in mirror.       Introduction   The image obtained by putting a mirror in front of the real image is known as mirror image or mirror reflection. The right side of an object appears on the left side and the left side of an object appears on the right side. Phenomenon of Getting a letter inverted in its mirror image is called the lateral inversion. It is obtained by inverting an object laterally. If we combine the original figure and mirror image together, they form symmetry. Now look at these figures:     If we combine both the figures (a) and (b), we get a new figure in shape of the heart.       Mirror Images of Capital Letters                 Note- The letters which have the mirror images same as their original form are - A,H,I,M,0,T,U,V,W,X,Y     Mirror images of small letters   Note- The letters which have the mirror images same as their original form are - i, 1, o, v, w, x     Mirror images of Numbers   Note- 0 and 8 numbers have the mirror images. Same as their original form.       Types of Mirror Images     Type I: Letter/Number Images Here, we are given a combination of letters/words/numbers. We have to find their mirror images out of the given alternatives.     Direction (Examples 1 & 2): In each of the following questions, you are given a combination of alphabets and/ or numbers followed by four alternatives (a), (b), (c), and (d). Choose the alternative which most closely resembles the mirror image of the given combination.     Example - 1   (a)               (b) (c)             (d)     Ans. (d) If we put a mirror in front of the word, we will get the image like     Example - 2 8195 (a)              (b) (c)               (d)   Ans. (b) If we put mirror in front of the number, we will get the image like     Type II: Geometrical linages   In more...

  Visual Reasoning     OBJECTIVE    

• To identify relationships, similarities and differences between shapes and patterns.
• To recognize visual sequences and relationships between objects and remembering these.

      Introduction     Visual reasoning is the process of manipulating one's mental image of an object to reach a certain conclusion.     Example - 1 Which figure will complete the figure (X)?                           (a)              (b)   (c)         (d)   Ans. (a)       Example - 2 Which of the following figure will complete the pattern? (a)              (b) (c)               (d)     Ans. (c)       Example - 3 Find out the missing image of the box no. 4. (a)              (b) (c)               (d)     Ans. (c)         Example - 4 Group the given figures into three classes using each figure only once. (a) 1, 5; 2, 6;   4, 3         (b) 1, 4; 2, 3;   5, 6 (c) 1, 6; 2, 3;   4, 5         (d) 1, 2; 3, 6;    4, 5   Ans. (b) Here, figures (I and 4) are similar, Figures (2 and 3) are similar and figures (5 and 6) are similar So, option (b) is correct.       Example - 5 Select a suitable option that would complete the figure matrix. (a)           (b)   (c)            (d)   Ans. (c) One shaded triangle is increasing in each step.

  Analogy     Objective                    Student will be able to study the similar pattern and completer the given series with the suitable terms.                    They will be able to sort to out objects on the basis of similarity     Introduction It is a similarity or comparability between like features of two things on which a comparison may be based. In these types of questions, a series of numbers or alphabetical letters or combinations of both are given. The students are required to identify the relationship between two or more things and find out the alternative based on that relationship.     Types of Analogy Relationships     Type I: Completing the Analogous Pair   In these types of questions, three words are given and two words are related to each other in some way. The candidates required to find out the relationship between the third and fourth word on the basis of the relationship of the first two words     Picture Based Analogy     Directions (Examples 1 & 2):   There is a certain relationship between the pair of figures given on either side of:: Identify the relationship of given pair and find the missing term.     Example 1 (a)               (b) (c)               (d)     Ans. (a) Explanation: Sum of dots on visible face of cube is 8.       Example 2 (a)            (b) (c)           (d)         Ans. (b) Explanation: First figure of the pair can be put in the second figure.   Type II: Number Based Analogy   Direction (Example 3): Two numbers written in the arrow are related to each other. Find the missing term in the second arrow following the same rule.   Example 3 (a) 35                            (b) 42           (c) 40                            (d) 28     Ans.(d) Explanation: As, \[5\times 4=20.\] Similarly, \[7\times 4=\text{ }28.\]So, the missing number is 28.     Type III: Letter Based Analogy     Direction (Example 4): Identify the relation between the given pair of either side of: : and find the missing term.   Example 4 (a) Z                              (b) Y              (c) V                             (d) W     Ans. (d) Explanation: As, 'B' is second letter from the starting in the English alphabet and 'Y' is second letter from the end. Similarly, 'D' is fourth letter from the starting and 'W more...

  Patterns     OBJECTIVE  

• Students will identity patterns in pictures/shapes, numbers and letters.
• Students will develop an understanding extend given patterns.
• Students will be aware of the patterns in their daily surroundings.
• Students will be sort and group objects.
• Patterns serve as the foundation of algebraic thinking.

    Introduction A pattern is a repeated design or recurring sequence. It is a set of pictures/ shapes, letters or numbers arranged according to a certain rule.   Type-I Find the missing term or next term in (number or letter) series to continue the given series. ·         Identify the order of series (descending or ascending order). Observe the pattern using operations: addition, subtraction, skip counting and reverse counting. ·         Identify the order of alphabetical series either A to Z or Z to A. ·         Numbering of alphabets series either A to Z or Z to A. ·         Skipping letters/numbers.   Type II Find the missing term in the pattern. ·         Identify the missing term in the pattern by observing the rule followed in rest of the given terms.   Type III Find the missing part in the figure pattern,                             ·         Complete the figure pattern by drawing its incomplete part in the pattern     Type I. Picture Based Pattern     Example - 1 How many smiling faces will be there in Pattern 5?   Pattern 1           Pattern 2                  Patterns 3   (a) 10                            (b) 12         (c) 15                            (d) 16   Ans. (c) Explanation: Smiling faces in pattern 1=3                                         Smiling faces in pattern 2=6 Smiling faces in pattern 3=9 So, the Pattern is as follows       Example - 2   Joshua is weaving a pattern into a rug. What would most likely come next? (a)   (b)  (c) (d)     Ans. (a) Explanation: Each pattern repeats itself at every fourth step.       Example - 3 Which of the following options will complete the figure (X)? (a)             (b) (c)             (d) Ans (d)     Type II: Number Based Pattern     Example - 4 Complete the more...

Type I: How to find the missing term or next term in (number or letter or figure) series to continue the given series?

• Identify the (descending or ascending) order of series. Observe the pattern using operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, skip counting and reverse counting.
• Identify the order of alphabetical series either from A to Z or Z to A.
• Numbering of alphabets either starts from A or starts from Z.
• Skipping letters.                                                      

  Type II: How to find the missing term in the pattern?

• To find the missing term in the pattern, identify the rule followed in rest of the given terms in pattern using mathematical operations (+, -, x), skip counting and reverse counting.                                 

  Type III: How to find the missing part in the figure pattern?       

• Complete the figure pattern by drawing its incomplete part in the pattern.

    EXAMPLE   1.          Find the missing number in the given number pattern below. (a) 2                             (b) 3                             (c) 4                             (d) 5   Explanation (b):     First we carefully study the two given complete patterns. In the first pattern, the middle term is the sum of difference between the top and bottom number & left and right number. \[(11-5)+(8-7)=6+1=7\] Similarly, in second pattern \[(8-4)+7-6)=4+1=5\] Hence, in third pattern the missing number is \[(9-7)+(9-8)=2+1=3\].     2.           Find the missing number in the series below: 3, 6, 11, 18, 27____?____, 51,_____?____ (a) 30, 55                     (b) 34, 60                     (c) 38, 66                     (d) 42, 71   Explanation (c):           Rule followed in the series is: Difference between consecutive terms are consecutive odd numbers.     more...

In this topic, two pair of figures is given on either side of: There is a certain relationship between each pair. The student has to identify the relation and find the missing figure.   CLASSIFICATION   How to classify or find the odd figure/different figure/similar figure amongst the others? Observe the figures in questions on the basis of their shapes, size, shadings, their parts, their mirror images, number of sides, curved an straight characteristics etc., to find the odd figure, different figure or similar figure amongst the given figures.      EXAMPLE   1.         Which of the following options is different from others? (a)             (b)           (c)        (d)   Explanation (d):   In options A, B & C pair or figure are related to each other as corresponding shape can be made from the solid figure.      2.       There is a certain relationship between the pair of figures given on either on either side of :: identify the relationship of given pair and find the missing term.     (a)                 (b)                  (c)                  (d)   Explanation (a): Number of dots on visible faces of cubes is 9.  

Type I: How to arrange the numbers given to the corresponding letter so that they form a meaningful word? Arrange the letters in the different combinations given in options to find meaningful word.   Type II: Finding the word from the options that can/cannot be formed from the given letters. Students have to observe carefully all the letters given in the question and find the combination of letters from the given options that contains or does not contains letters.   Type III: How to form a meaningful word and find the category of word? Arrange the given jumbled letters in meaningful word and identify the category in which formed word lies.   Type IV: How to identify the combination of letters that has same number of skipped letters between the adjacent letters? Write the alphabetical series in order, then observe carefully all the options.                                                                  EXAMPLE   1.           From a meaningful word by arranging given numbers corresponding to the letters given below.   S          E          W         N (a) 2, 1, 3, 4                             (b) 2, 3, 4, 1                             (c) 4, 2, 3, 1                             (d) 2, 3, 1, 4   Explanation (c):      From (a): 2 1 3 4 = E S W N From (b): 2 3 4 1= E W N S From (c): 4 2 3 1 = N E W S From (d): 2 3 1 4 = E W S N Only in option (c), a meaningful word is formed.     2.           From a meaningful word from given jumbled letters and find its category. (a) colour                                    (b) Fruit                                   (c) vegetable                             (d) shape   Explanation (a):  Word formed from CLKBA is BLACK which is a name of colour.   more...