Measurement
Introduction
Measurement is the elementary information about everything. The term measurement is derived from the Latin word measure. Length, weight and volume are measured in appropriate units. SI unit stands for International system for units. Conversion of Measuring Units Length, weight and Volume
Geometrical Shapes
Introduction
Lines, angles and rays are the basic concept of geometrical figures. Basic geometrical figure was first introduced in text by great mathematician Euclid.
Lines and Its Characteristics
Point
A precise location or place on a plane. Point is usually represented by dot.
\[\bullet \xrightarrow{{}}A\]
A is a point
Line
Line is a geometrical figure formed by points moving along a fixed direction and the reverse direction. Line may be straight or curved.
Line Segment
A straight line which links two points without extending beyond them.
Ray
A ray extends infinity in one direction, but ends at a single point in the other direction.
Intersecting Point
The point where two lines meet or cross.
In the pictures above points J, K, L, M and 0 are intersecting points.
To Draw a Line Segment of a given Length.
The following are the steps used to draw the line segment
For example: Line segment of 6 cm.
Step 1: place the ruler on the plane paper.
Step 2: Mark a point A on the paper against 0 mark of ruler
Step 3: Mark another point B on the same paper at the length of 6 cm.
Step 4: Draw a line between A and B.
AB is the required length of 6 cm.
Example
AO = 4 cm and OB = 5 cm. Find the length of AB
(a) 9 cm (b) 5 cm
(c) 8 cm (d) 7 cm
(e) None of these
Answer (a)
Explanation: Length of AB = \[\left( 4+5 \right)\text{ }cm=9\text{ }cm.\]
Example
Identify the line from the figures given below:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) All the above
(e) None of these
Answer (c)
Explanation: A line is extended from both the ends.
Angles
When two or more lines meet at a point then angle is formed. A complementary of an angle is obtained by subtracting the angle from a right angle. A supplementary angle is obtained by subtracting the angle from a straight angle.
A Right Angle
An angle whose measure is exactly \[90{}^\circ \]is a right angle.
An Acute Angle
An angle whose measure is less than \[90{}^\circ \]is an acute angle.
An Obtuse Angle
An angle whose measure is greater than \[90{}^\circ \] but less than \[180{}^\circ \]is obtuse angle.
more...
Data Handling
Introduction
Pictograph is referred as the representation of data in picture form. In ancient time pictograph was the method for writing the information. Numbers were also represented in picture form.
Pictograph and Its Use
Information about anything in the form of picture is called pictograph. There are different types of graphs which are used for the representation of data. These are bar graph, line graph, Venn diagram.
A picture of a house represents one house.
Pictures of two house represent 2 house.
If one picture of a house represents 6 house then
The pictures of 2 house will represent \[6\times 2=12\]houses.
Example
Cricket match played by Australia during the year 1998:
Cricket match played by India during the year 1998:
Cricket match played by South Africa during the year 1998:
Which one country played maximum match during the year 1998?
(a) India (b) Australia
(c) South Africa (d) All of these
(e) None of these
Answer (a)
Explanation: There are more balls in front of India.
Representation of Information Using Pictograph
Following are the distribution of students in different sections in a school:
Increasing interest about this segment of reasoning.
Improving the general awareness.
Increasing the word power.
Introduction
In these types of questions different characters/numbers/letters are arranged in a matrix with one term missing or characters are arranged in a wide range of geometrical figures. The characters in such arrangement follow a certain pattern and you are required to identify that pattern so that you can substitute the question mark (?) with a suitable character.
Let us see some examples to understand this concept properly.
Example-1
1.Find the number which replaces the question mark (?).
(a) 39 (b) 42
(c) 45 (d) 55
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: The number obtained by adding the numbers is written inside the figures.
13 + 12 + 9 + 1 = 35.
15 + 13 + 8 + 5 = 41.
16 + 17 + 9 + 3 = 45.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
2.Find the missing number in the given number pattern below.
(a) 25 (b) 21
(c) 19 (d) 14
(e) None of these
Answer (d) is correct.
Explanation: In this pattern, the middle term is the sum of difference between the Left and Right, top and bottom numbers.
(12 - 3) + (10 - 5) = 9 + 5 = 14
(15 - 5) + (17 - 8) = 10 + 9 = 19
Similarly, in the third pattern the missing number is (17 - 9) + (15 - 9) = 8 + 6 = 14
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (d).
3.Find the missing number in the given number pattern below.
(a) 76 (b) 88
(c) 100 (d) 120
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: Centre number is double the sum of numbers given in outside circles.
1 + 6 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 14 + 7 + 9 = 49 and
Similarly: 2 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 3 + 9 + 8 + 12 = 50 and
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
4.Find the missing number in the given number pattern below.
Increasing interest about this segment of reasoning.7
Improving the general awareness.
Increasing the word power.
Introduction
Analogy means similarity, likeness or comparison between two objects which have some relationship between them, but in all other respect is dissimilar or different. In questions based on analogy, a particular relationship is given and another similar relationship has to be identified from the alternatives provided. Some of them are given below.
Profession
In these types of questions, two words are given. These words are related to each other in profession. The student is required to find out the relation between the two words and has to choose the correct option from the given alternatives.
Farmer: Field
Warrior: Battlefield
Engineer: Site
Sailor: Ship
Pilot: Cockpit
Beautician: Parlour
Artist: Theatre
Actor: Stage
Mechanic: Garage
Lawyer: Court
Scientist: Laboratory
Teacher: School
Doctor: Hospital
Clerk: Office
Servant: House
Driver: Vehicle
Grocer: Shop
Painter: Gallery
Waiter: Restaurant
Worker: Factory
Umpire: Pitch
Gambler: Casino
Example-1
Doctor is related to Patient in the same way Lawyer is related to _____.
(a) Customer (b) Accused
(c) Magistrate (d) Client
(e) None of these
Answer (d) is correct.
Explanation: Lawyer is related to Client.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (d).
Chef is related to Restaurant in the same way Druggist is related to _____.
(a) Medicine (b) Pharmacy
(c) Store (d) Chemist
(e) None of these
Answer (a) is correct.
Explanation: Druggist is related to Medicine.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (a).
Dwelling Place
In these types of questions, two words are given. These words are related to each other's dwelling. The student is required to find out the dwelling relation between the two words and has to choose the correct option from the given alternatives.
Bee: Apiary
Cattle: Shed
Lion: Den
Poultry: Farm
Horse: Stable
Example-2
Horse: Stable :: Fish : ?
(a) Stable (b) Den
(c) Aquarium (d) Aviary
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: Fish lives in Aquarium.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
Lion: Den :: Monks : ?
(a) Monastery (b) Den
(c) Aquarium (d) Kennel
(e) None of these
Answer (a) is correct.
Explanation: Monks live in Monastery.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (a).
Product
In this type of questions, two words are given. These words are related to each other in products they are associated with. The student is required to find out the relation between the two words and has to choose the correct option from the given alternatives.
Increasing interest about this segment of reasoning.
Improving the general awareness for solving problems.
Increasing the word power for solving problems.
What is Classification?
We take an element out of some given elements and the element to be taken out is different from the rest of the elements in terms of common properties, shapes, sizes, types, nature, colours, traits etc. In this way the remaining elements form a group and the element that has been taken out is not the member of that group as this single element does not possess the common quality to be possessed by rest of the elements.
Types of Classification
(a) Letter Based Classification
Such classification is based on letters of English alphabet. So many groups of letters are given in the question in which one group is different from remaining group and hence, the different group will be our answer.
Example 1:
Find the odd one out of the following options.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: It is clear, except option (c), all the other options have a consecutive order while in case of option (c), there is reverse order.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c)
Example 2:
Given group of letters form a particular pattern. Find out the option which does not fit into this group.
(a) P R T V (b) K M O Q
(c) F H I K (d) D F H J
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: (a)
(b)
(c)
(d) Above presentation makes it clear that (c) does not fit into the group. Hence, option (c) is correct.
Commonly Asked Question
Find the odd one out.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) None of these
Answer (d) is correct.
Explanation: It is clear, except option (d) all the other options have a consecutive order while in case of option (d), there is a reverse order.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (d).
2.Which of more...
Blood Relation
Blood relations are biological relations. Remember, a wife and a husband are not biologically related but they are biological parents of their own children. Similarly, brother, sister, paternal grandfather, paternal grandmother, maternal grandfather, maternal grandmother, grandson, grandmother, niece, cousin etc. are our blood relatives.
Types of Blood Relations
There are mainly two types of blood relations:
(i) Blood relations from paternal side.
(ii) Blood relations from maternal side.
Now, we will discuss both kinds of relations one by one.
(i) Blood Relation From Paternal Side
These types of blood relations can be further subdivided into three types:
(a) Past generations of father
Examples: Great grandfather, great grandmother, grandfather, grandmother etc.
(b) Parallel generations of father
Examples: Paternal Uncles, Paternal aunts etc.
(c) Future generations of father
Examples: Sons, daughters, grandsons, granddaughters etc.
(ii) Blood Relations From Maternal Side
These types of blood relations can also be subdivided into three types:-
(a) Past generations of mother
Examples: Maternal great grandfather, maternal great grandmother, maternal grandfather, maternal grandmother etc.
(b) Parallel generations of mother
Examples: Maternal uncles, maternal aunts etc.
(c) Future generations of mother
Examples: Sons, daughters, grandsons, granddaughters etc.
Some Important Blood Relations
Son of father or mother Brother
Daughter of father or mother Sister
Brother of father Uncle
Brother of mother Maternal uncle
Sister of father Aunt
Sister of Mother Maternal Aunt
Father of father Grandfather
Father of father of father Great grandfather
Father of grandfather Great grandfather
Mother of father Grandmother
Mother of mother of father Great grandmother
Mother of grandmother Great grandmother
Father of mother Maternal grandfather
Father of father of mother Great maternal grandfather
Father of maternal grandmother Great maternal grandfather
Mother of mother Maternal grandmother
Mother of mother of mother Great maternal grandmother
Mother of maternal grandmother Great maternal grandmother
Increasing interest about this segment of reasoning.
Improving the logical ability.
To be perfect in solving problems.
Coding-Decoding
In yet another manner of coding/ particular words are assigned code names which are further coded. The questions on this pattern may appear meaningless but the codes must not be confused with the basic properties of reality.
Example-1
If 'red' is called 'blue’, blue' is called 'pink', 'pink' is called 'green' and 'green' is called 'yellow', then what is the colour of sky?
(a) Red (b) Blue
(c) Pink (d) Green
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: Colour of sky is blue but blue is called pink.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
If 'book' is called 'pen', 'pen' is called 'sky', 'sky' is called 'water' and 'water' is called 'chair', then what do we drink?
(a) Book (b) Water
(c) Pen (d) Chair
(e) None of these
Answer (d) is correct.
Explanation: We drink water and water is called chair.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (d).
If 'May' is called 'February', 'February' is called 'January', 'January' is called 'December' and 'December' is called 'August', then first month of the year is ____.
(a) January (b) February
(c) December (d) August
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: First month of the year is January and January is called December.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
If 'teacher' is called 'driver', 'driver' is called 'shopkeeper', 'shopkeeper' is called 'postman' and 'postman' is called 'police', then who brings letters for us.
(a) Teacher (b) Driver
(c) Police (d) Postman
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: Postman brings letter for us and Postman is called Police.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
5.If is called is called and is called then, Which one has five sides?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: has 5 sides and is called .
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
6. more...
Increasing interest about this segment of reasoning.
Improving the logical ability.
To be perfect in solving problems.
Direction Test
The concept behind the directions is same that we use in our daily life. To solve the direction sense test, first we need to make a sketch of the data provided. Remember, four main Directions are: North (N), South (S), East (E), West (W).
Four Cardinal Directions are: North-East (N-E), North-West (N-W), South-East (S-E), South-West (S-W).
Direction Facts:
At the time of sunset, the shadow of an object (or a man facing East) is always ii the East.
At the time of sunrise, the shadow of an object is always in the West.
III. If a man stands facing the North at the time of sunrise, his shadow will be toward his left and at the time of sunset, it will be towards his right.
At 12: 00 noon, the rays of the sun are vertically downward, hence there will b no shadow.
Clockwise and Anticlockwise Turn
If you move in direction which is same as the moving direction of a clock hands, you movement is called clockwise turn.
If you move in the opposite direction of the clockwise direction, your movement is called anticlockwise turn.
Commonly Asked Question
Direction (Q. No l to 5):
Look at the picture below and answer the following questions:
Kunal has to take _______ turn from bus stop to reach hospital.
(a) Left (b) Right
(c) Forward (d) Backward
(e) None of these
Answer (b) is correct.
Explanation:
2.Kunal's house is towards which direction of hospital?
(a) South-West (b) South-East
(c) North-East (d) North-West
(e) None of these
Answer (d) is correct.
Explanation:
3.Kunal goes to bus stop from hospital. If he has to return to the hospital, in which direction will he come?
(a) East (b) West
(c) South (d) North
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation:
4.If Kunal goes to hospital and then returns to the house, then which directions will he follow?
(a) East, North (b) North, East
(c) South, West (d) North, West
(e) None of these
Answer (d) is correct.
Explanation: more...
Number Series
A number series is a sequence of many elements made of numbers only. Such sequence is formed by putting the numbers one after another from left to right.
Properties of Number Series
(1) A number series can be in forward or reverse order.
(2) A number series can be in random order.
(3) A single number series can have more than one series.
Example-1
Find the missing number in the following series.
(a) 9 (b) 8
(c) 7 (d) 5
(e) None of these
Answer (d) is correct.
Explanation: Option (d) is correct because the series goes as following:
1 + 1 = 2
2 + 1 = 3
3 + 1 = 4
4 + 1 =
5 + 1 = 6
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (d).
2.Find the next number.
(a) 6 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 4
(e) None of these
Answer (a) is correct.
Explanation:
Let us see:
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (a).
3.Find the missing number in the following series.
(a) 12 (b) 11
(c) 13 (d) 15
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation:
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
4.What will come in place of the blank space?
(a) 26 (b) 25
(c) 23 (d) 24
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: Option (c) is correct because the series goes as following:
21 + 2 =
23 + 2 = 25
25 + 2 = 27
27 + 2 = 29
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
5.Find the missing number in the series given below.
(a) 8 (b) 7
(c) 6 (d) 4
(e) None of these
Answer (b) is correct.
Explanation: Option (b) is correct because the series goes as following:
15 – 2 = 13
13 - 2 = 11
11 – 2 = 9
9 – 2 =
7 – 2 = 5
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (b).
more...
Line Segment
A straight line which links two points without extending beyond them.
Ray
A ray extends infinity in one direction, but ends at a single point in the other direction.
Intersecting Point
The point where two lines meet or cross.
In the pictures above points J, K, L, M and 0 are intersecting points.
To Draw a Line Segment of a given Length.
The following are the steps used to draw the line segment
For example: Line segment of 6 cm.
Step 1: place the ruler on the plane paper.
Step 2: Mark a point A on the paper against 0 mark of ruler
Step 3: Mark another point B on the same paper at the length of 6 cm.
Step 4: Draw a line between A and B.
AB is the required length of 6 cm.
(a) 9 cm (b) 5 cm
(c) 8 cm (d) 7 cm
(e) None of these
Answer (a)
Explanation: Length of AB = \[\left( 4+5 \right)\text{ }cm=9\text{ }cm.\]
(b) 
(c) 
(d) All the above
(e) None of these
Answer (c)
Explanation: A line is extended from both the ends.
Angles
When two or more lines meet at a point then angle is formed. A complementary of an angle is obtained by subtracting the angle from a right angle. A supplementary angle is obtained by subtracting the angle from a straight angle.
A Right Angle
An angle whose measure is exactly \[90{}^\circ \]is a right angle.
An Acute Angle
An angle whose measure is less than \[90{}^\circ \]is an acute angle.
An Obtuse Angle
An angle whose measure is greater than \[90{}^\circ \] but less than \[180{}^\circ \]is obtuse angle.
represents one house.
Pictures of two house 
represent 2 house.
If one picture of a house 
represents 6 house then
The pictures of 2 house 
will represent \[6\times 2=12\]houses.
Cricket match played by India during the year 1998: 
Cricket match played by South Africa during the year 1998: 
Which one country played maximum match during the year 1998?
(a) India (b) Australia
(c) South Africa (d) All of these
(e) None of these
Answer (a)
Explanation: There are more balls in front of India.
Representation of Information Using Pictograph
Following are the distribution of students in different sections in a school:
(a) 39 (b) 42
(c) 45 (d) 55
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: The number obtained by adding the numbers is written inside the figures.
13 + 12 + 9 + 1 = 35.
15 + 13 + 8 + 5 = 41.
16 + 17 + 9 + 3 = 45.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
2.
(a) 25 (b) 21
(c) 19 (d) 14
(e) None of these
Answer (d) is correct.
Explanation: In this pattern, the middle term is the sum of difference between the Left and Right, top and bottom numbers.
(12 - 3) + (10 - 5) = 9 + 5 = 14
(15 - 5) + (17 - 8) = 10 + 9 = 19
Similarly, in the third pattern the missing number is (17 - 9) + (15 - 9) = 8 + 6 = 14
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (d).
3.
(a) 76 (b) 88
(c) 100 (d) 120
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: Centre number is double the sum of numbers given in outside circles.
1 + 6 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 14 + 7 + 9 = 49 and 
(b) 
(c) 
(d) 
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: It is clear, except option (c), all the other options have a consecutive order while in case of option (c), there is reverse order.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c)
(b) 
(c) 
(d) 
(b) 
(c) 
(d) 
(e) None of these
Answer (d) is correct.
Explanation: It is clear, except option (d) all the other options have a consecutive order while in case of option (d), there is a reverse order.
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (d).
2.
is called 
is called 
and 
then, Which one has five sides?
(a) 
(c) 
(d) 
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: 
has 5 sides and 
Four Cardinal Directions are: North-East (N-E), North-West (N-W), South-East (S-E), South-West (S-W).
Direction Facts:
If you move in the opposite direction of the clockwise direction, your movement is called anticlockwise turn.
2.
3.
4.
(a) 9 (b) 8
(c) 7 (d) 5
(e) None of these
Answer (d) is correct.
Explanation: Option (d) is correct because the series goes as following:
1 + 1 = 2
2 + 1 = 3
3 + 1 = 4
4 + 1 = 
5 + 1 = 6
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (d).
2.
(a) 6 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 4
(e) None of these
Answer (a) is correct.
Explanation:
Let us see:
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (a).
3.
(a) 12 (b) 11
(c) 13 (d) 15
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation:
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
4.
(a) 26 (b) 25
(c) 23 (d) 24
(e) None of these
Answer (c) is correct.
Explanation: Option (c) is correct because the series goes as following:
21 + 2 = 
23 + 2 = 25
25 + 2 = 27
27 + 2 = 29
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (c).
5.
(a) 8 (b) 7
(c) 6 (d) 4
(e) None of these
Answer (b) is correct.
Explanation: Option (b) is correct because the series goes as following:
15 – 2 = 13
13 - 2 = 11
11 – 2 = 9
9 – 2 = 
7 – 2 = 5
Rest of the options is incorrect because of the correctness of option (b).
