Teaching

  Agriculture   LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Understand agriculture as a profession
• Explore and understand the various kinds of agricultural systems
• Become aware about various types and forms of cultivation
• Know about the necessary conditions needed to grow a particular crop
• Familiarise the cropping patterns in India

  INTRODUCTION Agriculture is the primary occupation of India, and it is the main source of food. It is defined differently in different parts of world. It includes production of crops and animal husbandry. Animal husbandry includes caring and management of farm animals. Farming is the primary economic process and depends upon the climatic and environmental conditions of a particular place. Soil, humidity, and temperature also play a significant role in the development of farming. Tropical region is the most favourable and developed region in agriculture because of the climatic conditions and the easily and more...

  Resources   LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Develop understanding about various kinds of resources
• Understand the importance of resources for mankind
• Know the various kinds of categories and sub-categories of resources
• Become aware of the energy resources

  INTRODUCTION The things around us with which we fulfil our needs and which have utility values are called resources. All the resources used by mankind have the potential to produce energy which is useful for us. Resources are needed for the vital infrastructural facilities that are used extensively by all the sectors of human activities such as industries, agriculture, transportation, households, and service sectors. We need resources such as electricity, cooking gas, oils, and so on to meet our daily needs at our home. We cannot imagine cooking without energy that comes directly from resources such as fire, kerosene, cooking gas, or electricity. Similarly, more...

  When, Where and How   LEARNING OBJECTIVES                  

• Understand the importance of studying history
• Know the importance of time and space in history
• Become aware of various kinds of sources to know history
• Analyse the present on the basis of past events

  INTRODUCTION We know that history is a part of social science, but the question is: 'Is it only a subject of some- thing from the past? Why the study of history is so important for us? Why do we include this as a subject in our school curriculum? How do we know about our past?' These are some of the questions that will be discussed in this chapter, and we should try to understand history as a discipline. Social science has a specific nature, which is based on the principle of understanding of society. As a subject, more...

  Earliest Human Civilization and Processes   LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Understand the primitive lives of human beings and their associated activities
• Become aware about the shift from food gatherers to cultivators in human history
• Understand about the Harappan civilisation
• Explore the reasons of decline of Harappan civilization

  INTRODUCTION This chapter focuses on the earliest human activities, life of hunters and gatherers, first site of farming, and the civilisations. The purpose of this chapter is to understand the processes of human settlement in India. In this chapter, we will focus on first human civilisation in India. We will try to understand how people started farming and how they settled and built well-planned cities in the Indian subcontinent. Why hunting and gathering were important? Why did not they stay at one place? There are four major points for not staying at one place. Less availability of more...

  State Formation and Social Change   LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Explore the journey that led to the formation of states and rise of the states Magadha and Vajji
• Understand the later Vedic phase with reference to transition of state and social order
• Know the diffusion of iron technology and agriculture
• Recognise the relationship between technological development and social change
• Be familiar with Buddhism and Jainism
• Explore the diffusion of iron technology and political organization

  INTRODUCTION The chapter leaps into the period of 6th century BCE that is marked by significant political, social, economic, and religious developments. Let us explore all those developments that make this period so distinct from the rest.   POST-VEDIC PERIOD Transition to State and Social Orders (1000 BCE-500 BCE) The history of later Vedic period is based mainly on the Vedic texts compiled after the age of Rig Veda. The more...

  Empires, Social, and Cultural Exchange   LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Understand the emergence of Magadha as empire
• Explore the Mauryan Empire with reference to its kings and administration
• Know the Ashoka Empire and Ashoka's dhamma
• Be aware of the Gupta empire and economic prosperity in this empire
• Know the social and cultural changes took place from 600 BCE to 600 CE

         INTRODUCTION The time period of 600 BC-600 AD, almost 1000 years, was a crucial era in the Indian history. In this time period, many changes happened that gave shape to every aspect of the Indian society. These changes not only happened in political aspect but also in social and religious aspects. In these 1000 years, many changes happened in the subcontinent. In 600 BC, we saw the emergence of Mahajanapcidas. While most of the Mahajanapadas were ruled more...

  Change and Continuity   LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Understand the emergence of new kingdoms with their nature
• Familiarise the concept of change and continuity with reference of political and social aspects
• Explore the process of establishment of empire with examples such as Chola Empire
• Know and understand the administration of Chola empire

  INTRODUCTION The time period from 7th century to 12th century CE was the time era of continuity. These changes and continuities happened in every aspect of life such as social, political, and economic. These changes played important role in the social, political, and economic life. This five-century period created the base for further social and political changes. Let us try to understand these changes and try to understand their importance in the Indian history.   In the 7th century CE, after the decline of Harshavaradhana empire, many new kingdoms emerged in all more...

  Emergence of New Power and Social Change   LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Understand the establishment of Delhi Sultanate
• Be aware of Sayyid and Lodhi sultans of Delhi
• Understand the emergence of empire of The Mughal empire
• Know the time period of Akbar, Humayun, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan
• Explore the social changes that took place during the new emerged powers

  INTRODUCTION In 1192 CE, the Second Battle of Tarain was the turning point in the Indian history. India had a long history of foreign invaders; however, this time, India was invaded by new powerful rulers. Most of the invaders came India and they merged with the Indian society. Even if we try to differentiate between them, it is not possible. Muhammad Gori invaded and established his states in India. Before Gori, Delhi was under Rajputs, Tomars, and Chauhans (Chahamanas) of Ajmer. more...

  Era of Rapid Changes                 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Understand the changes happened in empires
• Explore the raising of local and economic powers such as Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad, Mysore, and Maratha kingdom
• Be aware of the origin and decline of various Mansabdars, Subahdars, Jats, and Sikhs as a strong power
• Know the entry of Portugal and Britishers in India and development and decline of their empires
• Identify the development of the empire of East India Company and later how it had been taken over by British political powers

             MUGHAL EMPIRE             Mughal empire was the greatest empire of its time but it started declining in the first half of 18th century. There are many reasons behind this declination. Few reasons are rise of new powers, European entry in Indian subcontinent, policies of Aurangzeb, and attacks of Middle eastern more...