7th Class

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Rectilinear propagation of light

Reflection of light

       - Laws of reflection

Image formation

     - Plane mirror      - Concave mirror      - Convex mirror

Refraction of light

     - Concave lens     - Convex lens

Dispersion of light

      - Rainbow

Recombination of the colors of the spectrum

     - Newton’s disc   INTRODUCTION Light is a form of energy which creates sensation of vision. Sun is the main source of light. The objects that have their own light are known as luminous objects. Eg. Sun, stars, candle, bulb, etc. The objects that do not have their own light are known as non-luminous objects. Eg. Table, more...

Learning Objective

Introduction

Electric circuit and symbols for electrical components

Heating effect of electric current

- Electric fuse - Electric bulb - CFL

Magnetic effect of electric current

- Electromagnet - Electric bell

Hazards, safety measures and conservation of electricity

    INTRODUCTION Electricity is one of the most versatile forms of energy. Electric current is the flow of negatively charged particles called electrons. Depending on whether the electrons remain stationary or move, electricity is classified as static or current electricity. The electric current is generated when electrons are in excess in an electrified object and are free to move towards an object which is less charged. The difference in charge between one object and another object creates potential difference when connected through a conducting wire. Potential difference is the amount of work done per unit charge moved.   Do you know? Both electron and proton have same amount of more...

Learning Objectives

What is respiration

Respiration in different organisms

Cellular respiration

Respiration in plants

Types of respiration- aerobic and anaerobic respirations

Cellular respiration

  Do you know? The right lung is slightly larger than the left. The highest recorded sneeze speed is 165 km/hour.   RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS Respiration The biological process in which food is utilized to produce energy is called respiration. Respiration is necessary for survival of the living beings. A living being cannot survive even for a few seconds, without respiration. During respiration, it is mainly the carbohydrate which is oxidized to produce energy. This can be shown by following equation: Carbohydrate + Oxygen\[\to \]Carbon dioxide + Water + more...

Learning Objectives

Importance of water

Availability of water

Sources of water

Depletion of water table

Scarcity of water

Water management

Water conservation

  INTRODUCTION About 3000 million years ago the first life form originated in Oceans that covered the Earth. Water is essential for life. We cannot imagine life without water. Not only is water necessary for carrying out the various reactions that occur inside our bodies, it is also required by the industries and laboratories.   Availability of Water on Earth Nearly 71 percent of the earth is covered by water in the form of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, ice, ground water and moisture in the air. However, most of it is not fit for human consumption. Water that is fit more...

 TENSES   The concept of time can be split into:

The Present - What you are currently doing.

             I eat, I am eating

The Past - What you did some time back.

             I ate, I was eating

The Future - What you will do later.

             I will eat, I will be eating In the English language, tenses play an important role in sentence formation. The tense of a verb shows the time of an event or action. There are four types of tenses. Simple, Perfect, Continuous and Present Perfect Continuous and each of these has a present, past and future form.   PRESENT TENSES SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE In Simple Present, the action is simply mentioned and there is nothing being said about its completeness.

• I eat.
• I sleep.
• I play

  PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE In Present Continuous, the action is on-going/ still going on and more...

 COLLOCATIONS   The knowledge of Collocations is very important for proper use of English Language. If we cannot use right collocations, a grammatically correct sentence will stand out awkward. English Collocations fall into the category of Phraseology which means a particular mode of expression, especially one characteristic of a particular speaker or subject area. It is the study of set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units (often collectively referred to as phrasemes). In this type of use the component parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than or otherwise not predictable from the sum of their meanings when used independently. We can say Collocation is the way words are habitually used together to produce a specific meaning. This includes, among others, verbal phrases, verbs compounds, noun compounds, compounds with particles and adjective-noun collocates. In addition to producing specific more...

 COMPREHENSION (PROSE & POETRY)   READING COMPREHENSION Being an area that tests a candidate's understanding of the language, comprehension consists of questions based on given text (a passage, one or more paragraphs). Questions may even be based on certain real-life situations to test how good a candidate is at fact-finding, sifting through information, interpreting text, concluding from given information and discerning between stated and implied meanings of the given information. Understanding of vocabulary, rhetorical tools, hunting for the required information while keeping the holistic picture in mind, etc., are essential comprehension skills at play in this area. Poetry comprehension requires deeper understanding of the poetic devices and literary expressions. You have to be acquainted with these areas practising small passages first.   TIPS FOR POETRY COMPREHENSION

Realize complete understanding, as with any poem, will not come after one reading.

Use clues from the poem's title to identify the topic. Often more...

 ADVERTISEMENTS GRAPHS/IMAGES   DEFINITION Advertising brings a product (or service) to the attention of potential and current customers. Advertising is focused on one particular product or service. Thus, an advertising plan for one product might be very different from that for another product. Advertising is typically done with signs, brochures, commercials, direct mailings or e-mail messages, personal contact, etc. Advertising is the activity of drawing public attention to a product or service in order to encourage people to buy it.   CREATING AN ADVERTISEMENT It seems very difficult to craft a perfect advertisement to entice potential consumers or influence public opinion. But the right way to make a good advertisement is to keep simple. An ad sums up everything that is smart, innovative, and distinguished about your brand, and is almost indispensable in today's economic marketplace.   WRITING THE ADVERTISEMENT Advertisers create ads for an intended audience. They have a more...

 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES   DEFINITION When we read a text, the author does not always tell us everything. The author may leave out details on purpose. He may also depend on the reader’s general knowledge to fill in the blanks. Inference: an idea that is suggested by the facts or details in a passage. Conclusion: a decision about what may happen or about the result an event may have Making an inference and drawing a conclusion are very similar skills. Ach requires the reader to fill in the blanks left out by the author. An author may not include information for several reasons: they may think you already know it, it may not seem important to them, or they may want you to find the result.   How to make an inference or draw a conclusion

• Observe all the facts, arguments, and information given by the more...

 PARA JUMBLES   DEFINITION The section deals with the problems of Jumbled paragraph and sentences and sentence and phrase arrangement of the given phrases or sentences. The student has to choose a logical sequence to make a meaningful sentence or paragraph. This form of exercise tests the student's ability to (a) Figure out the logic of the events (b) Sequence of different parts of a combination according to correct grammatical usage. In either sentence or paragraph structuring, the student has to check which part follows the other according to the logical theme of the sentence/paragraph. (a) Phrase arrangement or Jumbled Sentence. (b) Sentence arrangement or Jumbled Paragraph. In a jumbled sentence, a sentence is broken into four parts and the student has to figure out, the right sequence to form a logical, sensible sentence. Consider the following example.   Example I. P: by her indulgent parents Q: the child was more...