10th Class

Surface Area and Volume (Mensuration)   FUNDAMENTAL Volume of a Solid The amount of space enclosed by the bounding surface or surfaces of a solid is called the volume of the solid and is measured in cubic units. For e.g., the amount of water in litres (which is measured in cu.dm.) in a fully filled glass of water, represents volume of glass.   Note: To keep you familiar with NCERT (which is the base book for CBSE), we have included portions of NCERT, at a few places, with some modifications.                           We will basically be studying THREE categories of solids - PRISMS, PYRAMIDS and SPHERES. Lastly, we will touch little on POLYHEDRONS without going into much details.   What is a prism? A prism is a solid in which two congruent and parallel polygons form more...

TRIGONOMETRY   FUNDAMENTALS
  • Trigonometry is the study of relationship between the sides and an angle of a triangle.
  TRIGONOMETRY RATIO
  • Trigonometrically ratio of angle in a right angle \[\Delta ABC\] are defined as follows
\[sin\theta =\frac{AB}{AC}=\frac{P}{h}\] \[cos\theta =\frac{BC}{AC}=\frac{b}{h}\] \[tan\theta =\frac{AB}{BC}=\frac{p}{b}\] The ratio \[cosec\theta ,sec\theta \]and \[\cot \theta \]are respectively the reciprocals of the \[sin\theta ,cos\theta \] and \[tan\theta \]. i.e., \[\sin \theta =\frac{1}{\cos ec\theta }\text{ },cos\theta =\frac{1}{\cos ec\theta }\text{ }and\,tan\theta =\frac{1}{\cot \theta }\]   Trigonometric ratio of some specific angles
\[\angle \theta \] more...
TRIGONOMETRY   FUNDAMENTALS
  • Trigonometry is the study of relationship between the sides and angles of a triangle.
  Trigonometrical ratio
  • Trigonometric ratio of angle in a right angled AABC are defined as follows:
        \[\sin \theta =\frac{AB}{AC}=\frac{P}{h}\]             \[Cos\theta =\frac{AB}{AC}=\frac{b}{h}\]             \[\tan \theta =\frac{AB}{AC}=\frac{p}{b}\] The ratio \[\text{cosec}\theta ,\,\text{sec}\theta \] and \[\cot \theta \] are respectively the reciprocals of the \[sin\theta ,cos\theta \]and \[tan\theta .\] i.e., \[\text{sin}\,\theta =\frac{1}{\text{cosec}\,\theta },\text{cos}\theta =\frac{1}{\sec \theta }\text{and}\,\,\text{tan}\,\theta =\frac{1}{\cot \theta }\]   Trigonometric ratio of some specific angles
\[\angle \theta \] more...
Chemical Reactions and Acids, Bases and Salts   Chemical Reactions During a chemical reaction, new substances with new properties are formed chemical changes are involved during a chemical reaction. During a chemical reaction, rearrangement of reacting substances takes place to form new substances, which have different properties than the original one. In a chemical reaction, substances are divided into reactants and products. Recants are the substances that take part in a chemical reaction whereas products are the substances that are formed as a result of chemical reaction.   Endothermic and Exothermic Processes In all the chemical reactions transformation or change in energy is involved. On the basis of change in energy all the reactions are divided into two parts that are endothermic and exothermic reactions. The reaction in which heat is absorbed is call endothermic reaction. The reaction in which more...

Metals and Non - metals   There are about 118 elements, from which 92 are naturally occurring. Metals and non-metals are characterized by their physical and chemical properties.   Characteristics of Metals  
  • Metals have tendency to lose electrons.
  • Metals are strong and tough.
  • Metals have high melting and boiling point.
  • Most of the metals are malleable or can be changed into thin sheets. For example, aluminium can be drawn into thin sheets.
  • Metals are ductile or can be drawn out into thin wires. For example, copper can be drawn into wire.
  • Metals are good conductor of electricity and heat.
  • Metals are solids at room temp except mercury, which is a liquid.
  • Metals are lustrous.
  • Metals tend to have low ionization energies. In other words they gets oxidized when they undergo chemical reactions.
  • Metals from compounds with non – metals that are ionic more...

Carbon and Its Compounds   Carbon the 6th element in the periodic table. We all are familiar with the black js forms of carbon which are coal, charcoal and soot. Most of the things such as food, medicines, clothes, paper contain carbon. All living organisms contain carbon. Carbon is also present in small amount in the earth's crust and in the atmosphere. Carbon is a tetravalent element. It can occur either in free state as diamonds, graphite buck minster fullerene or in the combined state such as carbon dioxide, carbonates, coal Petroleum and organic compounds like carbohydrates, fats and proteins, etc. Carbon has large number of organic compounds as it can form long chains of its own atoms. This is a unique characteristic that carbon element have among all other elements. This Property to form long chains of its own atoms is called catenation. more...

Periodic Classification of Elements   At present about 115 elements are known. All the elements are divided into groups such that the elements in the same group have similar properties. The periodic classification of elements helps in systematic study of elements and makes it easy to understand the properties of elements.   Dobereiners’s Triads Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner, a German scientist, was the first to classify elements. He grouped the elements with similar chemical properties into groups of three called ‘Triads’. When elements were arranged in order of their increasing atomic mass, the atomic mass of the middle element was equal to the approximate arithmetic mean of the atomic masses of the other two elements of the triad. For example, Li, Na, K and Cl, Br, I.   Limitations of Triad Classification  
  • Large number of similar elements could not be grouped more...

Life Processes   Life Processes All the living organisms on this planet perform some basic functions to maintain their life on the earth. These functions are called life processes. It includes nutrition, respiration, excretion, control and coordination, growth, movement and reproduction. Food is the main source that provides energy to all the living things to carry out various life processes.   Nutrition Nutrition is the process of intake of nutrients by an organism and the utilisation of these nutrients. It is a substance that is obtained by an organism from its surrounding and used as a source of energy. Our body needs different types of nutrients in right amount. They are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and roughage.   Mode of Nutrition Different organisms obtained their food in different ways. Thus the mode of nutrition among organisms is different. The following are the two more...

Reproduction, Control and Coordination   All the organisms reproduce to continue their existence on the earth. The production of new organism from the existing organisms of the same species is called reproduction. It is a necessary process to maintain the life on the earth. There are several ways through which animals can produce offspring. The two main methods of reproduction are sexual and asexual.   Sexual Reproduction The production of new organism with the use of their sex gametes is called sexual reproduction. This type of reproduction requires two parents who donate genes to the young one, resulting in offspring with a mix of inherited genes. Humans, animals and many other organisms reproduce by this method. Many flowering plants also reproduce by this method.   Asexual Reproduction The production of new organism without the involvement of sex gametes is called asexual reproduction. In this more...

Heredity and Evolution     Heredity and Evolution   Heredity The transmission of traits from parents to their offspring is called heredity. It is the continuity of features from one generation to another generation.     Rules for the Inheritance of Traits: Mendel’s Contribution The transmission of genetically controlled traits from one generation to another is called inheritance. Mendelian laws of inheritance states about the way certain characteristics are transmitted from one generation to another in an organism. Mendel used pea plants for his experiments. He studied the colour of flowers, their location on the plant, the shape and colour of pea pods, the shape and colours of seeds and the length of plants stems. Mendel concluded that characteristics are transmitted from one generation to the next in pea plants.   Mendel’s Laws of inheritance: Law I: Law of dominance - It states that when more...


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