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General Organic Chemistry

General Organic Chemistry  
  • Wohler prepared the first organic compound urea while preparing ammonium cyanate.
  • Classification of organic compounds:
  The existence of two or more chemical compounds with the same molecular formula but having different properties owing to different arrangement of atoms within the molecule is termed as isomerism  
  • Hydrocarbons: All those compounds which contain just carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons.
  • Functional group: The atom or group of atoms which determine the properties of a compound is known as functional group. e.g. \[-OH\] (alcohol), -CHO (aldehyde), > C = C < (alkene), \[-C\equiv C-\] (alkyne), etc.
  • Homologous Series: A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitute’s hydrogen in a more...
Catgeory: SSC

Diversity in Living Organisms

  Introduction  
  • Biodiversity refers number and types of wide variety of plants and animals present on earth.
  • In 1773, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus formulated the system of Binomial Nomenclature in his book 'Species plantarum''. In binomial system, each name is expressed in two parts i.e., generic name and specific name.
  • Taxon is the branch of biology that deals with the framing of laws and principles for classifying the organisms on the basis of their characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
  • The hierarchial system of classification was introduced by
Kingdom \[\to \] Phylum or Division\[\to \] Class\[\to \] Order\[\to \]Family\[\to \] Genus\[\to \]Species
  • Species is defined as "the smallest real basic unit of taxonomy which is reproductively isolated from other group of individuals".
  • Genus is a group of closely related species that are alike in broad features of their organization.
  • Family is a group of related genera more...
Catgeory: SSC

Cells and Tissues

  Introduction  
  • Cell is a basic structural and functional unit of life.
  • Robert Hooke in 1665 coined the word 'cell'.
  • Anton von Leeuwenhoek first saw and described a live cell.
  • Robert Brown later had discovered the nucleus.
  • Cell theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann in 1855 to explain the concept of the cellular nature of living organism.
 
  • Prokcaryotic Cells
  • Prokaryotic cells are morphologically most primitive.
  • Prokaryotic cells are devoid of membrane bound organelles like plastids, mitochondria and advanced (9+2) flagella.
  • Prokaryotic cells are represented by bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue green algae) mycoplasma and PPLO (pleuropneumonia like organisms).
 
  • Eukaryotic Cells:
A eukaryotic cell consists of the following components:  
  • Cell Wall
  • The cell wall is a non-living, semi-rigid, external protective covering of the more...
Catgeory: SSC

Plant Physiology

  Means of Transport  
  • Diffusion is a random movement of individual molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion rates are affected by concentration gradient, membrane permeability, temperature and pressure.
  • The substance that have a hydrophilic moiety, find it difficult to pass through membrane. The movement of such molecules are facilitate, for which proteins provide site at which such molecule cross membrane. This is called as facilitated diffusion.
  • Active transport uses energy to pump molecules against a concentration gradient.
  Plants-Water Relations
  • Water Potential: The potential energy of water is referred to as water potential. It is measured in term of pressure.
\[{{\psi }_{w}}={{\psi }_{s}}+{{\psi }_{p}}\]
  • Osmosis: It is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane. It depends on two factors
(i) Concentration of dissolved solutes more...
Catgeory: SSC

Human Physiology

  Introduction  
  • The food that we consume must be broken down into simpler absorbable forms so that they can be easily absorbed and transported to various parts of our body through blood. This task is accomplished by the digestive system.
 
  • Dental formula for adult human
\[\frac{Upper\,\,jaw}{Lower\,\,jaw}=\frac{IC\,PmM}{IC\,PmM}=\frac{2123}{2123}\]  
  • Digestion of Food
more...
Catgeory: SSC

Genetics and Evolution

  Introduction  
  • Study of heredity and variation is called genetics.
  • Term genetics was given by - Bateson.
  • Father of genetics - Gregor Johann Mendel.
  • Father of experimental genetics - Thomas Hunt Morgan.
  • Father of human genetics - Archibald Garrod.
 
  • Some Terms in Genetics
  • Gene: It is segment of DNA. It is basic unit of heredity
  • Back cross: It is cross which is performed between hybrid and one of its parents.
  • Test cross: Test cross is crossing of offspring with unknown dominant phenotype with the individual homozygous recessive for the trait.
  • Monohybrid cross: It is a cross between two organisms of a species which is made to study the inheritance of a single pair of alleles or factors of a character.
  • Monohybrid ratio: Monohybrid ratio is usually 3:1 (phenotypic ratio) or 1: more...
Catgeory: SSC

Biology in Human Welfare

  Introduction  
  • The strategies for enhancement in food production aim at
-   increasing the amount of food obtained from animals. -   increasing the yield of agricultural crops.  
  • Animal Husbandry
  • Animal husbandry deals with the care, breeding & management of domesticated animals that are useful to humans.
 
  • Poultry Farming
  • Poultry is a rearing of domesticated fowls (chickens), ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea fowls and pigeons.
  • Poultry birds exclusively grown for meat are called broilers, layers are for egg production, and cockerel for young male fowls and rooster are mature male fowls.
 
  • Fisheries
  • Pisciculture is the rearing, breeding and catching of fishes.
  • Aquaculture is rearing and management of useful aquatic plants and animals like fishes, oysters, mussels and prawns, etc.
 
  • Bee keeping or Apiculture
  • Apiculture is rearing more...
Catgeory: SSC

Diseases and their Defence Mechanism

  Introduction  
  • Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
  • Disease is any condition which interferes with the normal structure and function of the body that is manifested by a characteristics sets of symptoms and sign.
   
  • Bacteriol Diseases
  • Typhoid: Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi. Typhoid spreads through food, milk and water contaminated with intestinal discharges either directly or through flies and personal hygiene. Typhoid is diagonsed with widal test.
  • Pneumonia: It is caused by Streptococcus pneumonia or Haemophilus influenza. It infects alveoli of lungs and spread by coughs, sneezes, by sharing drinking glasses and eating utensils with an infected person and contact with used tissue or handkerchiefs.
 
Catgeory: SSC

Ecology and Environment Awareness

  Introduction  
  • The idea about ecology was first started by Reiter.
  • The term ecology was given and defined by Haeckel as Ecology is the study of the interactions between the organism and their environment.
  • Population: The collection of individuals of a given species is called population.
  • Community: The interacting groups of populations of various species constitute a community.
  • Ecosystem: A biological community and the physical environment associated with its constitute ecosystem.
  • Biome: A major ecological community or complex of communities that extends over a large geographical area.
  • Species is a group of organisms that resembles each other more than they resemble to any other organism, and that can breed among themselves and produces fertile offspring.
  • Habitat: It is a specific place or locality where an organism lives.
  • Ecotone: more...
Catgeory: SSC

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Name of the Digestive Name of the enzymes Substrate End product