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Database Concepts

  Database Concepts   A database is a collection of logically related information in an organised way so that it can be easily accessed, managed and updated. Some other operations can also be performed on database such as adding, updating and deleting data. A database could be simple as a single text file with a list of names or it could be complex as a large bunch of text files including some data.   Fundamentals of Database For defining database, two terms, which are used frequently with database, should be known.
  • Data These are raw and unorganised facts that need to be processed such as digital representation of text, numbers, graphical images or sound, e.g. a student's test score is one piece of data.
  • Information When data is processed, organised, structured or presented in a given context to make it more...
    • Catgeory: SSC

    Data Communication and Networking

      Data Communication and Networking   The term communication means sending or receiving information. When we communicate, we share information or data. A communication system can be defined as the collection of hardware and software that facilitates intersystem exchange of information between different devices.   Data Communication It is the exchange of data between two devices using some form of transmission media. It includes the transfer of data or information and the method of preservation of data during the transfer process. Data is transferred from one place to another in the form of signals. There are three types of signals
  • Digital Signal In this signal, data is transmitted in electronic form of data, i.e. binary digits (0 or 1).
  • Analog Signal In this signal, data is transmitted in the form of radiowaves like in telephone line.
  • Hybrid Signal These signals more...
    • Catgeory: SSC

    Internet and Its Services

      Internet and Its Services   The Internet has gained popularity and emerged as an important and efficient means of communication. The idea of introducing the Internet was to allow millions of people to share information and ideas, sound, video clips using their computers across the world. The Internet is a worldwide network of networked computers those are able to exchange information with each other. It consists of thousands of separately administered network of various sizes and types.   Internet Internet stands for International Network, which began in 1950's by Vint Cerf known as the 'Father of Internet. Internet is a 'network of networks' that consists millions of private and public networks of local to global scope. Basically, network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. The data move around the Internet is controlled by protocols. more...
    Catgeory: SSC

    Computer Security

      Computer Security   Computer security is also known as cyber security or IT security. Computer security is a branch of information technology known as information security, which is intended to protect computers. It is the protection of computing systems and the data that they store or access.   Methods to Provide Protection There are four primary methods to provide protection
  • System Access Control It ensures that unauthorised users do not get into the system by encouraging authorised users to be security conscious.
  • Data Access Control It monitors who can access what data, and for what purpose. Your system might support mandatory access controls with these. The sytem determines access rules based on the security levels of the people, the files, and the other objects in your system.
  • System and Security Administration It performs offline procedures that makes or breaks more...
    • Catgeory: SSC

    Mechanics

      Introduction  
    • Physical Quantities
    Those quantities which can describe the laws of physics and possible to measure are called physical quantities. The physical quantities which do not depend upon other physical quantities are called fundamental quantities. In Standard International (S.I.) system the fundamental quantities are mass, length, time, temperature, luminous intensity, electric current and amount of substance. The physical quantities which depend on fundamental quantities are called derived quantities e.g. speed, acceleration, force, etc.  
    • Units
    The unit of a physical quantity is the reference standard used to measure it. Types of Units
  • Fundamental Units
    • The units defined for the fundamental quantities are called fundamental or base units. more...
    Catgeory: SSC

    Properties of Matter

      Elasticity and Plasticity   The property of the body to regain its original configuration (length, or shape) when the deforming forces are removed is called elasticity. On the other hand, if the body does not have any tendency to regain its original configuration on removal of deforming force the body is called plastic body and this property is called plasticity.
    • Perfectly elastic body: A body which regains its original configuration immediately and completely after the removal of deforming force from it, is called perfectly elastic body. Quartz and phosphor bronze, are closed to perfectly plastic body.
    • Perfectly plastic body: A body which does not regain its original configuration at all on the removal of deforming force, however small the deforming force may be is called perfectly plastic body. Putty mid mud are closed to perfectly plastic body.
    • Stress
    The internal restoring force acting more...
    Catgeory: SSC

    Heat

      Introduction  
    • Temperature and Heat
    Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. It is a scalar quantity Its S.I. unit is kelvin (K). Heat is a form of energy -which causes sensation of hotness or coldness. The flow of heat is always from higher temperature to lower temperature. No heat flows from one body to other, when both the bodies are at the same temperature. The two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium. The SI unit of heat is joule. Its CGS unit is calorie, 1 cal = 4.2 joule
    • Measurement of Temperature
    A branch of science which deals with the measurement of temperature of a substance is called thermometry. Thermometer is a device used to measure the temperature. Thermometer used for measuring very high temperatures are called pyrometer.
      more...
    Catgeory: SSC

    Sound

      Introduction  
    • Periodic Motion
    Any motion that repeats itself in equal intervals of time is called periodic motion. Aperiodic motion can be represented in terms of sines and cosines, so it is called a harmonic motion. The uniformly rotating earth represents a periodic motion that repeats itself at every 24 hours.  
    • Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M.)
    Oscillatory motion in which the acceleration of the particle is directly proportional to the displacement and directs towards a fixed point in a direction opposite to displacement is called simple harmonic motion abbreviated as S.H.M. If a particle performs oscillatory motion such that its acceleration (a) and displacement (x) are related as below\[a\propto -x\], then the motion of particle is simple harmonic. An oscillatory motion is always periodic but a periodic motion may not be oscillatory. Examples of S.H.M. (i) clock pendulum, (ii) more...
    Catgeory: SSC

    Optics

      Introduction  
    • Optics
    The branch of physics which deals with the propagation, nature and behaviour of light is known as optics.  
    • Light
    Light is a form of energy -which enables human beings and creatures to 'see' things. When light emitted from an object or reflected from the object enters our eyes we are able to see the object. We can't see an object in dark even if we are in light because there is no light coming from the object to our eyes. Light is an electromagnetic radiation which exhibits properties like a wave as well as a particle. It always propagates in a straight line. Light travels with a speed nearly equal to\[3\times {{10}^{8}}m/s\]According to current theories, no material particle can travel at a speed greater than the speed of light.   more...
    Catgeory: SSC

    Electricity

      Introduction  
    • Electric Charges
    Charge is something associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electric and magnetic effects. The study of charges at rest is called static electricity or electrostatics while the study of charges in motion is called current electricity. There are two types of electric charge: (i) Positive charge and (ii) Negative charge. The magnitude of elementary positive or negative charge is same and is equal to. \[1.6\times {{10}^{-19}}C\] Charge is a scalar quantity its SI unit is ampere second or coulomb.
    • Basic Properties of Electric Charge
    (1)  Similar charges repel and opposite charges attract. (2)  A charged body attracts light uncharged bodies. (3)  Accelerated charge radiates energy.  
    • Conductors and Insulators
    The materials which allow electric charge (or electricity) to flow freely through them are more...
    Catgeory: SSC

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    Fundamental Physical quantity Mass (M) Length (L) Time (T) Temperature (\[\theta \]or k)