Current Affairs 8th Class

   Kinds of Clauses   Clauses are of three kinds. (i) Principal Clause (ii) Coordinate Clause (iii) Sulpordinate Clause          Principal Clause   A clause which does not depend on any other clause is called a Principle Clause.      

•   I am not aware where he is going.
•   Don't interrupt while I am doing my work.

In the above given sentences, 'l am not aware' and 'don't interrupt' are Principal Clauses as they make a complete sense. We should remember one thing that a Principal Clause doesn't start with a connective.          Coordinate Clause   This clause is totally independent as it does not depend on any clause for its meaning. These are simple sentences which are joined together with coordinate conjunctions. But it becomes a helper after which this clause comes.   For example:

•   Steve will go and Smith will come.

In this sentence, 'Steve will go' and 'Cyrus will come' are two independent Clauses but the first one is called a Principal Clause and the second one is called a Coordinate Clause connected by 'and'         Subordinate Clause   This clause is not independent as it does not make complete sense on its own. It is dependent on Principal Clause to express its meaning.

•   The teacher asked the student why she came so late.

In the above given sentence, the clause 'why she came so late' is unable to make a complete sense, thus it is a Subordinate Clause.  

  Introduction   An important aspect of English grammar is to understand the mutual relationship among the component parts of a sentence. For this, a sentence has to be broken into various parts. This breaking up of a sentence into its component parts in order to show their mutual relationship is called Analysis.         The Sentences   As we already know, a group of words which makes a complete sense is called a sentence, and every sentence has a Finite Verb. For example:

•   He ate a sumptuous dinner.
•   She admires his courage.

Here ate and admires are Finite Verbs, thus they are sentences.         The Clause   The part of a sentence which has a subject and a Finite Verb is called a clause. For Example: The teacher told me that she would guide me. In the above given sentence, 'that she would guide me' is a part of the whole sentence in which there is one subject 'she' and one Finite Verb 'would guide'. The entire part 'that she would guide me' is a clause.  

      Change the following Direct speech into indirect speech.      The teacher says, "The examinations will begin on Monday.   Answer: he teacher says that the examinations will begin on Monday.        Jhonson will say, "Books have become very costly."   Answer: Jhonson will say that books have become very costly.        Mother said, "The breakfast is ready"   Answer: Mother said that the breakfast was ready.        He said, "Stephen needs a new uniform."   Answer: He said that Stephen needed a new uniform.       Change the following Direct speech into indirect speech.      Stephen said, "Mrs. Bajaj works in a school" (A) Stephen said that Mrs. Bajaj is working in a school. (B) Stephen said that Mrs. Bajaj worked in a school. (C) Stephen said Mrs. Bajaj works in a school. (D) Stephen is working in a school (E) None of these   Answer: (b) Explanation: Stephen said that Mrs. Bajaj worked m a school.        The manager said, "Mathew is working sincerely." (A) The manager said that Mathew has worked sincerely. (B) The manager said that Mathew is working sincerely. (C) The manager said that Mathew was working sincerely. (D) The manager said that Mathew has been working sincerely. (E) None of these   Answer: (c) Explanation: The manager said that Mathew was working sincerely.    

   General Rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech     There are three general rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, which are as follows: (i) Change of tense (ii) Change of person (iii) Change of other parts of speech.           Change of Tense (i)    When the reporting verb is in present or future, the tense of the verb in the reported speech does not change. Direct                    :              She says, "He has reprimanded me". Indirect                :               She says that he has reprimanded her. Direct                    :              They will say, "We should not cheat anyone." Indirect                :               They will say that they should not cheat anyone.     (ii)    When the reporting verb is in the post, the tense of the verb in the reported speech is changed into the corresponding past tense as per the following table:   Direct Speech                                                    Indirect Speech Simple Present                                                 Simple Past Present Continuous                                        Past Continuous Present Perfect                                                Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous                           Past Perfect Continuous Simple Past                                                        Past Perfect Past Continuous                                             Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect                                                     No Change - remains same Past Perfect Continuous                               No Change - remains same Shall/Will                                                            Should/Would Can / May                                                           Could / Might Is/Am/Are                                                          Was/Were Have/Has                                                           Had Was / Were                                                        Had been       Direct                    :               He said to me, "You have done your job." Indirect                :               He told me that I had done my job. Direct                    :               I said to them, "You are doing your job." Indirect                :               I told them that they were doing their job. Direct                    :               She said, "He was carrying a sack of rice." Indirect                :               She said that he had been more...

    Indirect Speech   When the substance or meaning of a person's speech is presented, it is called indirect Speech. In Indirect Narration or Speech, the words of speaker may be said in our own words.

•   Amit said, "I work as a civil engineer in that firm."
•   Amit said that he worked as a civil engineer in that firm.

The above given two sentences refer to the two ways of reporting the words of a speaker. In sentence 2, the actual or exact words of the speaker are not presented. But the substance or meaning of the speech is presented. This speech is called Indirect Speech.   Points to keep in mind:

•   In Indirect Speech the words of the speaker are not put within inverted commas.
•   A conjunction is introduced after said. The comma and inverted commas are omitted.
•   The tense of the actual words of the speaker may or may not change.
•   Word denoting person used within inverted commas may or may not change.

 

   Direct Speech   It induces repetition of the words of the speaker as they have been said. These words are kept in inverted commas ????????  

•   John said to me, "I will help your sister."
•   John told me that he would help my sister.

The above given two sentences refer to the two ways of reporting the words of a speaker. In sentence 1, the actual or exact words of the speaker are presented. This speech is called Direct Speech.   Points to keep in mind:

•   In Direct Speech the actual words of the speaker are put within Inverted Commas. (" ")
•   The sentence within Inverted Commas begin with a Capital Letter.

  There are two parts of a sentence in Direct Speech          Reporting Verb   The first part of the sentence in Direct Speech is called Reporting Verb. For Example: John said to me          Reported Speech   The actual words of the speaker put within inverted commas are called Reported Speech. For Example: "I will help your sister."  

     Introduction   Definition: Narration is the art of reporting the words of a speaker. There are two ways of expressing the speech of the speaker: (i) Direct Speech (ii) Indirect Speech  

      Fill in the blanks with suitable modals.    You ___________ obey your parents.   Answer: should    We ___________ win this match easily. Answer: can    I ____________ play cricket with my friends when I was young.   Answer: used to    You _____________ have won the prize. Answer: could       Fill in the blanks with suitable modals.    If we had scored well then we __________ have won the match. (A) Should                                                           (B) Can (C) Would                                                            (D) Will (E) None of these   Answer: (c) Explanation: If we had scored well then we would have won the match.    _____ I ask you a question? (A) Should                       (B) May (C) Could                        (D) Must (E) None of these   Answer: (b) Explanation: May I ask you a question?

    Modal   The following are the modal verbs in English grammar:

(i) Shall	(ii) Will	(iii) Should	(iv) Would
(v) Can	(vi) Could	(vii) May	(viii) Might
(ix) Used to	(x) Ought to	(xi) Need to	(xii) Dare

                  Use of 'shall' / 'will' Generally shall is used with "I and we" and will is used with the rest. In another words we can say that shall is used with first person and will is used with second and third person.    

•   We shall take this initiative.
•   They will prosecute him in the court of law.

                 But If a sentence refers to (i) Promise (ii) Willingness (iii) Certainty (iv) Determination and (v) Threat in that case "shall" is used in the place of "will" and "will is used in the place of "shall".    

•   I will go to Mumbai tomorrow anyhow. (Certainty)
•   You shall not move out of this house without my permission. (Threat)
•   I shall achieve my goal. (Determination)

                  Use of 'Should' (i)          Should is used for active suggestion You should work sincerely I don't think you should smoke so much. (ii)         Should is used for opinion What should I wear? John should initiate this through proper channel. (iii)        Should is used for duty or obligation You should reach on time. Smith should have been more careful. (iv)       Should is used for probability or expectation They should have reached Mumbai. Steve should have submitted the report.                     Use of 'Would' (i)          Would is used for past For Example: He would go for a walk when he was young. (ii)         Would is used for polite request For Example: Would you like to take a cup of coffee or tea? (iii)        In indirect sentence 'would' is used in place of will Direct: He said, "He will come". Indirect: He said that more...

      Change the active into passive         The Chief Minister attended the meeting.   Answer: The meeting was attended by the Chief Minister.         Rajiv will write a new book.   Answer: A new book will be written by Rajiv.         What has he done   Answer: What has been done by him?         Rita gives Pankaj a mobile.   Answer: Pankaj was given a mobile by Rita.               Change the active voice into passive voice       Who had written this book? (A) By whom this book was written. (B) By whom this book was being written. (C) By whom had this book been written. (D) All of these (E) None of these   Answer: (c) Explanation: By whom had this book been written.         Please complete your work. (A) Let they our work be completed.      (B) You are requested to complete your work. (C) Your work should be completed.       (D) All of these (E) None of these   Answer: (b) Explanation: You are requested to complete your work.