Introduction
Blood relation test Is Information about blood Relation among the members of a family. In blood these questions, a chain process of two persons is given. On the basis of this the relations of the others are to be found out.
Type of Blood Relation
The relations may be divided into two types as given below:
(i) Blood relation from paternal side.
(ii) Blood relation from maternal side.
Now, we will discuss both kind of relations one by one.
Blood Relation From Paternal Side
This type of blood relation can further be subdivided into three types:
(a) Past generations of father
Example: Great grandfather, great grandmother, grandfather, grandmother etc.
(b) Parallel generations of father
Example: Uncles (Brothers of father), aunts (Sisters of father) etc,
(c) Future generations of father
Example: Sons, daughters, grandsons, grand daughters etc.
Blood Relation From Maternal Side
This type of blood relations can also be subdivided into three types:"
(a) Past generations of mother
Example: Maternal great grand father, maternal great grandmother, maternal grandfather, maternal grandmother etc.
(b) Parallel generations of mother
Example: Maternal uncles, maternal aunts etc.
(c) Future generations of mother
Example: Sons, daughters, grandsons, grand daughters etc.
Some Important Blood Relations
Concept of Direction
In general we make our concept of direction after seeing the position of the Sun. it is an universal truth that Sun rises in the East and goes down in the West. Thus, when we stand facing sunrise our front is called East, and our back is called West. At this position our left hand is in the northward and the right hand is in the southward. Let us see the following direction map to make the concept more clear.
Direction Map:
Note: On paper North is always on the top while South is always at the bottom.
Concept of Turn
Left turn = Anti clockwise turn
Right turn = Clockwise turn
Let us understand it through pictorial presentation:
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
Important Points Regarding Directions
If our face is towards North, then after (left turn our face will be towards West while after right turn it will be towards East.
If our face is towards South, then after left turn our face will be towards East and after right turn it will be towards West.
If our face is towards East, then after left turn our face will be towards North and after right turn it will be towards South.
If our face is towards West, then after left turn our face will be towards South and after right turn it will be towards North.
If our face is towards North-West, then after left turn our face will be towards South-West and after right turn it will be towards North-East.
If our face is towards South-West, then after left turn our face will be towards South-East and after right turn it will be towards North-West.
If our face is towards South-East, then after left turn our face will be towards North-East and after right turn it will be towards South-West.
If our face is towards North East, then after left turn our face will be towards North West and after right turn it will be towards South East.
Concept of Minimum Distance
Minimum distance between initial and last point
\[{{\operatorname{h}}^{2}}= {{b}^{2}}+{{p}^{2}}\], where
h = Hypotenuse
b = Base
p = Perpendicular
AB = BA is the minimum or shortest distance to reach A from B or to reach B from A.
Remember this important rule is known as ‘Pythagoras Theorem’.
Example 1
Naveen starts moving from a point P towards East. more...
Introduction
In Coding and Decoding test means “Secret messages” are given in code and they have to be decoded. Another words, “we can say that this is a method of transmitting a message between the sender and the receiver, which third person cannot understand easily”. This test is given to judge the students, candidate’s ability to decipher the rule which is applied for coding a particular message and break code to reveal the message.
How to Decode
In reasoning, words, letters and numbers are coded according to a certain rule. While solving problems, student has to identify that particular rule 1st and then the same rule is applied to decode other coded words, letters, number etc. The types of coding decoding problems will give you more clear concept about it. But before coming to the actual problems, we must remember the positions of letters in English alphabet in forward order that will help you in solving problems of coding-decoding.
Let us see the positions:
Table 1:
Positions of letters in forward order (Left to Right)
Introduction
In a verbal series, words, letters or digits are given in a specific sequence or order. This section deals with questions in which series of numbers or letters are given. The term follows a certain pattern throughout. Find out the next word, letter or digit to complete the given series. As it is, there is no set pattern and each question may follow a different pattern or sequential arrangement of letters or digits. Which you have to detect using common series and reasoning ability.
There are mainly three types of verbal series completion patterns.
Letter series
Number series
3. Letter and Number mixed series letter
Type -1Letter Series
Letter Series
This type of question usually consists of a series of small Setters which follow a certain pattern. However some letters are missing from the series. These missing letters are given in a propel sequence as one of the alternatives.
Example:
(i) C D E F G H I
(ii) F E D C B A
(iii) ABC BCD CDE DEF
Note: An element of a series is a single member (identity) of that particular series. For example, in a letter series 'ABCD', each A, B, C and D is a single element. Point to be noted that an element can be made with more than one letter in a series of 'AB LE BE' each AB, LE and B is a single element.
Properties of Letter Series
This is a basic fundamental knowledge of letter series.
A letter series can be in forward order.
A letter series can be in reverse or backward order
A letter series can be in random or jumbled order
A letter series must have more than one element.
Letters can be repeated in a letter series.
A single letter series can have more than one series.
Example:
Direction: in each of the following series determine the order of the letters and select the one from the given options which will complete the given series.
B Y C X D W E ?
(a) S (b) T
(c) U (d) V
(e) None of these
Answer (d)
Explanation: Option (d) is correct. There are two alternate series.
Series I: BCDE (natural order)
Series II: YXWV (reverse order)
Introduction
In this section; question pattern is based on basic fundamentals of simple mathematical operations, it is divided into four types. Problems In this type of reasoning questions may be on the symbols used in basic mathematical operations, such as:
Addition: \[(+)\]
Subtraction: \[(-)\]
Multiplication: \[(\times )\]
Division: \[(\div )\]
Also \[\left( >,\,\,<,= \right)\] ‘greater than’ less than' and ‘equal to etc.
Case -1st
Basic BODMAS rule is applied to solve simple mathematical operations.
B = Brackets [firstly solve big bracket, middle and small
O = Of
D = Division
M = Multiplication
A = Addition
S = Subtraction
Note: This chapter will also help the students to solve the problems of quantitative aptitude along with that of the reasoning.
Example:
\[\left( 64-14 \right)-\text{ }5+10-2\times 3\]
\[=\text{ }30-\left( 2\times 6+15\div 3 \right)=12+5=17\]
Now, \[30-17+\,\,8\times 3\div 6=30-17+8\times \frac{1}{2}=30-17+4=17\]
If \[+\] means \[\div \] , \[\] means \[\times \], \[\div \] means + and \[\times \]means\[\], then the value of \[36\times 12+4-6+2-3\] when simplified is
(a) 12 (b) 38
(c) 42 (d) 56
(e) None of these
Answer: (c)
Explanation: Option (c) is correct. Using proper signs in the given expression we get \[36-12\div 4+6\div 2\times 3\]
\[=36-3+3\times 3=36-3+9=42\].
If P denotes \[\div \], Q denotes \[\times \], R denotes + and S denotes -, then 18Q12 P4 R5 S6 =?
(a) 46 (b) 53
(c) 64 (d) 75
(e) None of these
Answer: (b)
Explanation: Option (b) is correct: Using correct symbols, we get \[18\times 12\div 4+5-6=18\times 3+5-6\]
\[=54+5-6=53\]
If \['+'\] means ‘minus’, \['\times '\] means ‘divided by’, \['\div '\] means ‘plus’ and \['-'\] means ‘multiplied by’, then which of the following will be the value of the expression \[252\times 9-5+32\div 92\]?
(a) 95 (b) 168
(c) 192 (d) 200
(e) None of these
Answer (d)
Explanation: Option (d) is correct. Putting the proper signs in the given expression \[252\div 9\times 5-32+92\]
\[=28\times 5-32+92=140-32+92=232-32=200.\]
If L stands for +, M stands for - , N stands for \[\times \], p stands for \[\div \], then
14 N 10 L 42 P 2 M 8 =?
(a) 153 (b) 216
(c) 248 (d) 251
(e) None of these
Answer (a)
Explanation: Option (A) is correct. Using the proper signs, we get-
Given expression \[=14\times 10+42\div 2-8=14\times 10+21-8\]
\[=140+21-8=161-8=153.\]
If \['+'\] means ‘divided by’, \['-'\]means ‘added to’, \['\times '\]means ‘subtracted from’ and \['\div '\]means ‘multiplied by’, then what is the value of \[24\div 12-18+9\text{ }?\]
(a) - 25 (b) 0.72
(c) 15.30 (d) 290
(e) None of these
Answer (d)
Explanation: Option (d) is correct. Using the correct more...
Introduction
As you learned from studying the uses of language, sentences can be used to express a variety of things. We will now center our attention on one use of language, the informative, and that which is expressed by it, statements, in everyday English, an argument is a dispute or debate, in logic, the term has a more technical meaning. An argument is a set of at least two statements, one of which is the conclusion of the argument, and the rest of which are premises offered in support of the conclusion.
Statement
A statement is defined as that which is expressible by a sentence and is either true or false. A statement is something that makes a claim: typically expressed with a declarative sentence (not a question, exclamation, imperative etc.). Statements are logical entities; sentences are grammatical entities.
Types of Statements
Two kinds of statements.
(i) Simple statement
(ii) Compound statement
Simple Statement
The statements that have no parts are called simple statements.
Example:
The rabbit ran down the left trail.
The rabbit ran down the right trail.
Compound Statement
Combination of two or more simple statements is a compound statement,
The weather is nice. It is very breezy.
Compound Statement: The weather is nice and breezy.
It is not necessary. It is not desirable.
Compound Statement: It is neither necessary nor desirable,
Argument
Argument is an exchange of diverging or opposite views.
An argument must consist of at least two statements. One, and only one statement will be the conclusion. The rest of the statements will be the premises of the argument. The expression of an argument will often contain indicator words that help to identify the premises and conclusion.
In 'Reasoning' an 'Argument' means a set of two or more propositions related to each other
In such a way that all but one of them (the premises) are supposed to provide support for the remaining one (conclusion).
Types of Arguments
There are two types of arguments.
(i) Deductive
(ii) Inductive
Deductive
Premises are taken to provide complete, watertight support for the conclusive (may or may not be successful).
Example:
If I file my taxes I will get a refund.
I will file my taxes.
I will get a refund.
Inductive
Premises are taken to provide probable support for the conclusive, but not watertight support (may or may not be successful).
Example:
South park has always been closed on Wednesday at 10 pm.
It is now 10 pm on Wednesday.
Therefore, South Park is (probably) closed now.
Commonly Asked Questions
Directions: Each question given below consists of a statement, followed by two arguments numbered I and II. You have to decide which of the arguments a ‘strong’ more...
Introduction
“Syllogism” is a Greek word that mean inference or deduction.
In 'Reasoning', syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion, based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.
The problems of syllogism is based on two parts:
(i) Proposition
(ii) Conclusions/conclusions drawn from given proposition/propositions,
What is a Proposition?
A proposition is a sentence which affirms or denies a predicate of a subject.
"All men are mortal" In this example the subject is "All men" and the predicate "are mortal"
Just consider the sentences given below:
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
(iv)
All the sentences mentioned above give a relation between subject & predicate. Here, it is clear from the sentences that a subject is the part of sentence of which something is said about, while a predicate is the term in a sentence which is related to the subject.
Now, let us define the proposition:
A Proposition is a sentence that makes a statement give a relation between two terms. St has three parts:
(A) The subject (M)
(B) The predicate (P)
(C) The relation between subject & predicate
What is a Categorical Proposition?
Let us see the sentences given below:
(i) "All M are P"
(ii) "No M are P"
(iii) "Some M are P"
(iv) "Some M are not P"
What we notice in all above mentioned sentences that they are condition free. These type of sentences are called categorical propositions. In other words a categorical proposition has no condition attached with it and it makes direct assertion, it is different from no-categorical proposition which is in the format “If M then P”.
Types of Categorical Proposition
It can be understood by the diagram given below:
Therefore, it is clear, that universal propositions either completely include the subject (A type) or completely exclude it (E type). On the other hand, particular propositions either only partly include the subject (I type) or only partly exclude the subject (O type).
Now we can summarize the four types of proposition to be used while solving the problems of syllogism:
Introduction
This section comprises of questions put in the form of puzzles involving a certain number of items, be it persons or things. The candidate is required to analyse the given information.
Type of Puzzle Test
The question on puzzle test may be of three types.
Classification type question
Seating or arrangement problems
iii. Family based problems
Classification Type Question
Classification question plays an important role in question answering. Features are the key to obtain an accurate question classifier. The question classification is by no means trivial: Simply using question wh-words cannot achieve satisfactory results. The difficulty lies in classifying the what and which type questions.
Example:
Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given below:
Five cities A, B, C, D and E are famous for their lovely garden, fancy jewellery, educational institute, blue pottery and scents but not in the same order.
(i) A and C are neither educational institutes nor have gardens.
(ii) B and E are not famous for jewellery or pottery.
(iii) Scents and jewellery have nothing to do with A.
(iv) D is not famous for educational institutes.
Which one of the following cities is famous for gardens?
(a) A (b) C
(c) D (d) B
(e) E
Answer: (d)
Blue pottery is available in which of the following cities?
(a) A (b) C
(c) E (d) B
(e) D
Answer: (a)
City E is famous for which of the following?
(a) Jewellery (b) Educational institutes
(c) Blue pottery (d) Scent
(e) Garden
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
These questions can be solved easily with the help of a truth table. Truth table is an arrangement of the components given in a matrix form with one component in row and other component in column, incur question, components given are city and the feature for which each city is famous.
The first arrange the components in matrix form with cities in column and features in row.
From (i), cross the possibility of garden and educational institute in front of cities A and C.
Also the possibility of jewellery and pottery is ruled out or cities B and E, from information
(ii). similarly, city A is crossed for scent and jewellery as given in information (iii).
After using first three information in the table, we see that only block uncrossed in front of city A is the one related with blue pottery. So we know from here that city A is famous for blue pottery. In this block mark (v) and cross the row and column of this block because one city is famous only for one feature.
Introduction
This chapter includes three types of problems based on word problems Ages and Venn-diagrams.
In other words this part of reasoning deals with arithmetical problems common nature the common sense with slight amount of logical reasoning is required for solving these general arithmetical problems.
The Arithmetical reasoning subtest asks you to read a word problems.
Types of Arithmetical Reasoning
There are three types of arithmetical reasoning.
(i) Calculation on Word Problems
(ii) Problems on Ages
(iii) Venn-diagrams Problems
Calculation on Word Problems
In word problems, apply mathematical principles to the real life phenomena.
Example
The number of boys in a class is three times the number of girls. Which one of the following numbers represents the total number of students in the class?
(a) 35 (b) 50
(c) 64 (d) 78
(e) None of these
Answer: (c)
Explanation: Option (c) is correct. Suppose the number of girls in the class = X. i.e; the number of boys in the class =\[3\times X=3X\]
Thus, the total number of student =\[3\times X\]. Number of boys + No. of girls \[~=\text{ }X+3X=4X.\] Thus, the number of students in the class must be multiple of 4. Out of the given options only 64 is the multiple of 4. So answer is (C).
The first bunch of bananas has \[\frac{1}{4}\] excess to as many as bananas in the second bunch.
If the second bunch has 3 bananas less than the first bunch then what is the number of bananas in the first bunch?
(a) 9 (b) 10
(c) 12 (d) 15
(e) None of these
Answer: (d)
Explanation: Option (d) is correct. Suppose the number of bananas in second bunch = ‘a’
Therefore, the number of bananas in first bunch \[=a+\frac{a}{4}=\frac{4a+a}{4}=\frac{5a}{4}\]
Thus, \[\frac{5a}{4}-a=3\Rightarrow 5a-4a=12\Rightarrow a=12\]
Then, number of bananas in the first bunch \[=\frac{5\times 12}{4}=15.\]
Commonly Asked Questions
There are some benches in a classroom. If 4 students sit on each bench, then 3 benches are left unoccupied. However, if 3 students sit on each bench, 3 students are left standing. How many students are there in the class?
(a) 36 (b) 48
(c) 56 (d) 64
(e) None of these
Answer: (b)
Explanation: Option (b) is correct. Let there be x students in the class.
When 4 students sit on each bench, number of benches \[=\left( \frac{x}{4}+3 \right)\]
When 3 students sit on each bench, number of benches \[=\left( \frac{x-3}{3} \right)\]
\[\therefore \]\[\frac{x}{4}+3=\frac{(x-3)}{3}\Leftrightarrow 3x+36=4x-12\Leftrightarrow x=48\].
Hence, number of students in the class = 48. So, the answer is (B)
In an examination, a student scores 4 marks for every correct answer and loses 1 mark for every wrong more...
Introduction
The interpretation of data is the process through which Inferences are drawn on the data available for analysis.
In other words, the process of drawing inferences and conclusion through the interpretation of data is all about Dl.
Type of Data Interpretation
There are three types of data interpretation.
(i) Pie Chart
(ii) Bar Graph
(iii) Line Graph
Pie Chart
A Pie Chart is a pictorial representation of a numerical data by non-intersecting adjacent sectors of the circle, such that, area of each sector is proportional to the magnitude of the data represented by the sector
(a) The whole circle represents the total and the sectors, individual quantities.
(b) The sectors, are made considering the fact that the central angle is \[360{}^\circ \].
(c) The central angle, \[360{}^\circ \]can be divided in the ratio of quantities given.
(d) Central angle or Angle of the sector is:
Central angle or angle of the sector \[=\,\left( \frac{\text{Value}\,\text{of}\,\text{the}\,\text{component}\,}{\text{Total}\,\text{Value}\,}\,\times \,360{}^\circ \right)\]
Example:
The number of students studying in different faculties in the years 2010 and 2011 from state
A is as follows:
Total % of students for year 2010
Total students – 35000
Arts - 12%
Commerece - 22%
Science - 24%
Agriculture - 7%
Engineering - 18%
Pharmacy - 6%
Medicine - 11%
Total % of students for year 2011
Total students 40000
Arts - 11%
Commerece - 24%
Science - 22%
Agriculture - 5%
Engineering - 198%
Pharmacy - 9%
Medicine - 10%
Example:
In which faculty there was decrease in the number of students from 2010 to 2011Rs.
(a) Arts (b) Agriculture
(c) Pharmacy (d) All of these
(e) None of these
Answer: (b)
Explanation: For Arts, Number of students in 2010 and 2011
\[35000\times \frac{12}{100}=4200.\] \[42000\times \frac{11}{100}=4400\]
For Agriculture Number of students in 2010 and 2011
\[35000\times \frac{7}{100}=2450,\] \[40000\times \frac{5}{100}=2000,\]
For pharmacy % is already more and total number of students are already more in
2011, so correct option will be for Agriculture, option (b) is true.
What is the ratio between the number of students studying pharmacy in the years 2010 and 2011 respectively?
(a) \[4:3\] (b) \[3:2\]
(c) \[2:3\] (d) \[7:12\]
(e) None of these
Answer (d)
Explanation: Ratio between the number of students studying pharmacy in the years 2010 and 2011
\[=\frac{35000\times \frac{6}{100}=\frac{7}{12}\,}{40000\times \frac{9}{100}}\]
Option (d) is correct.
What was the approximate percentage increase in the number of students of Engineering from the year 2010 to more...
Note: On paper North is always on the top while South is always at the bottom.
Concept of Turn
Left turn = Anti clockwise turn
Right turn = Clockwise turn
Let us understand it through pictorial presentation:
(i) 
(ii) 
(iii) 
(iv) 
Important Points Regarding Directions
\[{{\operatorname{h}}^{2}}= {{b}^{2}}+{{p}^{2}}\], where
h = Hypotenuse
b = Base
p = Perpendicular
AB = BA is the minimum or shortest distance to reach A from B or to reach B from A.
Remember this important rule is known as ‘Pythagoras Theorem’.
Example 1
Naveen starts moving from a point P towards East. more... 
(ii) F E D C B A 
(iii) ABC BCD CDE DEF 
Note: An element of a series is a single member (identity) of that particular series. For example, in a letter series 'ABCD', each A, B, C and D is a single element. Point to be noted that an element can be made with more than one letter in a series of 'AB LE BE' each AB, LE and B is a single element.
Properties of Letter Series
This is a basic fundamental knowledge of letter series.
Series I: BCDE (natural order)
Series II: YXWV (reverse order)
(ii) 
(ii) 
(iv) 
All the sentences mentioned above give a relation between subject & predicate. Here, it is clear from the sentences that a subject is the part of sentence of which something is said about, while a predicate is the term in a sentence which is related to the subject.
Now, let us define the proposition:
A Proposition is a sentence that makes a statement give a relation between two terms. St has three parts:
(A) The subject (M)
(B) The predicate (P)
(C) The relation between subject & predicate
What is a Categorical Proposition?
Let us see the sentences given below:
(i) "All M are P"
(ii) "No M are P"
(iii) "Some M are P"
(iv) "Some M are not P"
What we notice in all above mentioned sentences that they are condition free. These type of sentences are called categorical propositions. In other words a categorical proposition has no condition attached with it and it makes direct assertion, it is different from no-categorical proposition which is in the format “If M then P”.
Types of Categorical Proposition
It can be understood by the diagram given below:
Therefore, it is clear, that universal propositions either completely include the subject (A type) or completely exclude it (E type). On the other hand, particular propositions either only partly include the subject (I type) or only partly exclude the subject (O type).
Now we can summarize the four types of proposition to be used while solving the problems of syllogism:
