Current Affairs 6th Class

Learning Objective   To find overage speed of a vertical. To find time to cover a given distance.   TIME AND DISTANCE Motion / Movement occurs when a body of any shape and size changes its position with respect to any external stationary point. The mathematical equation that describe the motion has three variables Speed, Time and Distance, which are connected by the following formula Distance = Speed x Time From the above equation, we can have the following conclusions: (a)  If speed is constant then distance and time are directly proportional to each other, i.e. Distance \[\propto \] Time. (b) If time is constant, then distance and speed are directly proportional to each other i.e Distance \[\propto \] Speed. (c) When distance is constant then speed and time are inversely proportional to each other i.e. Speed c\[\propto \,\frac{1}{Time}\] Normally speed is measured in km/hr or m/s. \[1\,km/hr=\frac{1000\,m}{3600\,s}=\frac{5}{18}\,m/s\] or            \[1\,m/s\,=\frac{18}{5}km/hr\]   AVERAGE SPEED: It is defined as the ratio of total distance covered to the total time taken by an object. If an object travels \[{{d}_{1}},{{d}_{2}},\,{{d}_{3}},\,....{{d}_{n}}\] metres with different speeds \[{{s}_{1}},\,{{s}_{2}},\,{{s}_{3}},....{{s}_{n}}\] metres/ sec in time \[{{t}_{1}},\,{{t}_{2}},\,{{t}_{3}},......{{t}_{n}}\] seconds respectively, then average speed \[{{S}_{a}}\] is given by \[{{S}_{a}}=\frac{\text{Total}\,\text{Distance}\,\text{Travelled}}{\text{Total}\,\text{Time}\,\text{Taken}}\] A car can cover 350 km in 4 hours. If its speed is decreased by \[12\frac{1}{2}\] kmph, how much time does the car take to cover a distance of 450 km? Solution: \[\text{Speed}\,\text{=}\frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}}\,=\frac{350}{4}=87\frac{1}{2}\,\text{kmph}\] Now this is reduced by \[12\frac{1}{2}\] kmph. Hence, speed is 75 kmph. Travelling at this speed, the time taken == 450/75 = 6 hours.

Learning Objective  

• To identify different types of number series.
• To find missing numbers of the series.
• To find wrong numbers of the series.
• To learn how to complete the series.

  A series is a sequence of numbers/alphabetical letters or both which follow a particular rule. Each element of series is called 'term'. We have to analyse the pattern and find the missing term or next term to continue the pattern. Types of Series are explained in the following chart:   In number series, relationship between the terms is of any kind. For example. (a) Consecutive even numbers (b) Consecutive odd numbers (c) Consecutive prime numbers (d) Square of numbers (e) Cubes of numbers (f)   Square root of numbers (g)  Omission of certain number of letter in any consecutive order (h) Addition/subtraction/multiplication/ division by some number (For Ex. A.P & G.P) or any other relation.   TYPES OF QUESTIONS: (I) Complete the series (II) Find missing number of the series (III) Find wrong number of the series   EXAMPLES ON NUMBER SERIES   (I) COMPLETE THE SERIES   Example 1: 4, 6, 9, 13,.... (a) 17                                     (b) 18                (c) 19                                     (d) 20  Sol.        (b)  [Correct answer   Example 2: 64, 32, 16, 8, ? (a) 0                                       (b) 1                  (c) 2                                       (d) 4   Sol.        (d) Each number is half of its previous number.   Example 3: 4, 9, 16, 25,... (a) 32                                     (b) 42                  (c) 55                                     (d) 36   Sol.        (d) Each number is a whole square.   Example 4: 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, ... (a) 60                                     (b) 64               (c) 70                                     (d) 72 Sol.        (d) 1 x 2, 2 x 3, 3 x 4, 4 x 5, 5 x 6, 6 x 7, 7 x 8, 8 x 9 = 72   (II) TO FIND THE MISSING NUMBER OF SERIES:   Examples: 79, 87, ?, 89, 83 (a) 80,                                   (b) 81                 (c) 82                                     (d) 88 Sol.        (b)     Example 6: 37, 41, ?, 47, 53 (a) 42                                     (b) 43                 (c) 46               more...

Learning Objective   To learn about basic directions and cardinal directions. To understand the rules for directional sense.    INTRODUCTION: Direction sense test is a type of verbal reasoning in which student is required to have a good knowledge of direction. There are basically 4 directions namely North, East, West, and South. Four other combinations of them like North East (NE), South East (SE), South West (SW) and North West (NW) are cardinal directions. If a person is facing in East direction and he turns left by 45°, he will be facing North East (NE) direction. If he turns left by 90°, he would be facing North direction.     Fig. 1: Direction sense. Right Turn: Turn clockwise Left Turn: Turn anticlockwise   GENERAL RULES FOR DIRECTION SENSE: At the time of sunrise, if a man stands facing east, his shadow will be towards west. At the time of sunset, the shadow of an object is always towards east. If a man stands facing north, at the time of sunrise his shadow will be towards his left and at the time of sunset it will be towards his right. At 12 : 00 noon, the rays of the sun are vertically downward; hence there will be no shadow.   QUESTIONS ASKED INDIRECTION SENSE TESTAREOFFOURTYPES.                       Type 1:                                                                                           Starting from his house, Vasu goes 8 km in East direction, then turns to his left and goes 4 km. Finally he    turns to his left and goes 8 km. Now how far is he from his house and in what direction?                 (a) 4 km East                      (b) 20 km South       (c)  8 km west                    (d) 4 km North. Sol.        (d) 4 km North. From the third position, it is clear he is 4 km North from his house.   his house is in North direction.   Type 2: Deeksha goes 8 km to the East from her house, then she turns to her right and goes 6 km. What minimum distance will be covered by her to come back to her house. (a) 14km                              (b) 2km              (c)  10km                              (d) None of these Sol.        (c)           Minimum distance \[=\sqrt{{{(8)}^{2}}+{{(6)}^{2}}}\] \[=\sqrt{64+36}=\,\sqrt{100}\,=10\,\text{km}\] Type 3: One morning after sunrise Sangeeta, while going to school, met Poonam at Pacific Mall crossing. Poonam's shadow was exactly more...

Learning Objective

• To learn how to read a clock and find time.
• To understand the working of second hand, minute hand and hour hand.

  INTRODUCTION   MINUTE SPACES: The face or dial of a clock is a circle whose circumference is divided into 60 equal parts called minute spaces. HOURHANDAND MINUTE HAND: A clock has two hands, the smaller one is called hour hand or short hand while larger one is called minute hand or long hand.   TIME: (i) In 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour hand. (ii)  In every hour, both the hands coincide once. (iii) The hands are in a straight line when they are coincident or opposite to each other. (iv) When the two hands are at right angles, they are 15 minute spaces apart. (v) When the hands are in opposite directions, they are 30 minutes spaces apart. (vi) Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360° (vii) Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min = 360° (viii) If a watch or clock indicates 8:15 when the correct time is 8 : 00, it is said to be 15 min too fast. On the other hand, if it indicates 7 :45 when the correct time is 8:00, it is said to be 15 minutes too slow.   Example 1: Flights to Mumbai leave every 5 hours. At the information counter I learnt that the flight took off 25 min before. If the time now is 10 :45 a.m. what is the time for the next flight? (a) 4:10 a.m.                       (b) 2:20 a.m.         (c) 4:20 p.m.                       (d) 3:20 p.m. Sol.        (d) 3 : 20 pm. Earlier flight took off at 10.45 - 25 minutes = 10:20 a.m. The next flight will be after 5 hours i.e., at 3:20 P.M.   Example 2: For how many times in a day are the hour hand and minute hand in a straight line? (a) 20                                     (b) 22                  (c) 24                                     (d) None of these. Sol.        (b) In 12 hours both hands would be in a straight line 11 times; during 6: 00 - 7:00 both hands would not be in a straight line because at 5 : 55 and 7 : 05 they would be in a straight line. So during a day both hands will be in a straight line 22 times.

Learning Objective To understand how to solve the problems based on venn diagram.   INTRODUCTION: The main aim of this section is to test the students' ability about the relation between some items of a group by diagrams. In these questions some figures of circles and some words are given. You have to choose a figure which represents the given words.   Example 1: If all the words are of different groups then they will be shown by the diagram as given below.

Dog, Cow, Horse

  All these three are animals but of different groups; there is no relation between them. So they will be represented by three separate circles.   Example 2: If the first word is related to the second and second word is related to the third, then they will be shown as e.g. Units, Tens, Hundreds    Ten units together make one Ten or in one Ten, ten whole units are available and ten tens together make one hundred.   Example 3:                                                                                       If two different items are completely related to the third item but not to each other, they will be shown as below. e.g. Pen, Pencil, Stationery.   Example 4: If there is some relation between two items and these items are completely related a third item, they will be shown as given below e.g. Women, Sisters, Mothers.   Some sisters may be mothers and vice-versa. Similarly some mothers may not be sisters and vice-versa. But all sisters and all mothers belong to the women group.   Examples 5: Two items are related to a third item to some extent but not completely and first two items are totally different. e.g. Students, Boys, Girls.   The boys and girls are different items while some boys may be students. Similarly among girls, some may be students.   Example 6: All the three items are related to one another but to some extent, not completely. e.g. Boys, Students, Athletes.   Some boys may be students and vice-versa. Similarly some boys may be athletes and vice-versa. Some students may be athletes and vice-versa.   Example 7: In a town, 65% people read HT, 40% read ET and 25% read both HT and ET. What percentage of the people neither read HT nor ET? (a) 50%                                 (b) 10%              (c) 15%                                 (d) 20%   (d) Let the total number of people be 100. Let circle A but not to each other, represent people who read HT and circle B represent people who read ET.     Then x + y = 65 y + z = 40 y = 25 We get x = 40 y = 25 z = 15. Then the more...

FACE VALUE The face value of a number does not change regardless of the place it occupies. Therefore, the face value of a number is the number itself. For example: 781 face value of 7 = 7. Face value of 8 = 8, Face value of 1 = 1.   SUCCESSOR Successor of every number comes just after the number. It is obtained by adding 1 to the given number. For example: Successor of 28 = 28 + 1 = 29 Successor of 79 = 79 + 1 = 80.   PREDECESSOR Predecessor of every number comes just before the number. It is obtained by subtracting 1 from the given number. For example: Predecessor of 28 = 28 - 1 = 27 Predecessor of 30 = 30 - 1 = 29   ADDITION OF INTEGERS  

If two positive or two negative integers are added, we add their values without considering their signs and put common sign before the sum.

Examples: Add:  +36 + 27  + 36  + 27  + 63  

To add a positive and a negative integer, we calculate the difference in their numerical values regardless of their signs and put the sign of greater numerical value integer to the value of difference.

  Examples: Add: +36 - 27 +36 -27 + 9   PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF INTEGERS  

Closure property of addition: The sum of two integers is always an integer.

  Examples: (i) 4 + 3 = 7, which is an integer (ii) 4 + (-3) = 1, which is an integer (iii) - 4 + 3 = - 1, which is an integer (iv) - 4 + (-3) = -7, which is an integer  

Commutative law of addition: If x and y are any two integers, then,

x + y = y+ x Examples: (i) – 7 + 8 = 1 and 8 + (-7) = 1 \[\therefore \]   -7 + 8 = 8 + (-7) (ii) (-5) + (-8) = -13 and (-8) + (-5) = -13 \[\therefore \]   (-5) + (-8) = (-8) + (-5)  

Associative law of addition: If x, y and z are any three integers then

(x + y) + z = x + (y + z) Example:             {(-5) + (- 6)} + 7 = -11 + 7 = -4 (-5) + {(- 6) + 7} = -5 + 1 = - 4 \[\therefore \]  {(-5) + (- 6)} + 7 = - 5 + {(-6) + 7}   SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS For any integers x and y, we define. (i)   x - y = x + (additive inverse of y)\[=x+(-y)\] (ii) x - (- y) = x + {additive inverse of (- y)} = x + y   PROPERTIES OF SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS  

Closure property for subtraction: If x and y are any integer, then x - y is always an integer.

Examples: (i) 3 - 5 = - 2, which is an integer (ii) (-3) - 6 = - 9, which is more...

This test is mainly to judge a candidate's ability to use his presence of mind to tackle a given situation he may come across any time in life. The candidate is, thus, expected to choose the best response which will stand him in good stead.   TIPS FOR SITUATION REACTION TEST:

• Be calm and natural, give intelligent and fair reasons for you answers.
• Never try to attempt all (you actually can't do this), just try to give your best answers and proper reasons. An average of 40 - 45 questions is good.
• Never leave any questions in between as leaving a questions among attempted ones show that you were unable to think upon that situation.
• Always remember that you are a normal human being not Superman. You have limits and think wisely.

Example 1: In a bus you realize that someone has left his/her wallet. You would (a) Given the money to the beggar (b) Hand it over to the bus conductor (c) Try to find his/her contact number and infora the owner (d) Leave the wallet as it is Solutions: If you are an honest man then, you will try to find his/her contact number and inform the owner of the wallet. In this way, that wallet will be reached in right hands. So option (c) is our answer. Example 2: Do you think that one should change his job often and face new situation? (a) No, unless compelled one should not leave his old job (b) Yes, every new job is is challenging and one should accept the challenge (c) No, as it takes time to get adjusted (d) No, as the new situation may no suit you Solutions: Most appropriate answer will be option (b). Because every new job is challenging and one should accept the challenge. Unless you accept the challenges you cannot get different views of life, Example 3: You are a team leader and two of your collegues are having a strained relationship with each other. As a result, they are not contributing well in group activities. How will you handle such a situation? (a) How can I be bothered with such petty issues? At least the task is being done by other; so it is fine (b) You will make an explicit effort to help them shake hands (c) You will give them complementary tasks in which both have to work together (d) You will punish then for not contributing by keeping them cut of the team Solution: (b) As both you colleagues are having a strained relationship with each other, they are not contributing well in group activities. But you are a team leader. So, it is your responsibility that work should be done in good manner and in time. It can be possible is both your colleagues to works together. In this case, you should make an explicit effort to help them shake hands.

Passage Completion has been an important component of the verbal section. It refers to the question type where a paragraph is given and a sentence from the given paragraph is removed (In most of the cases, the last sentence is removed). All you have to do is to complete the paragraph i.e., you have to choose the option which completes the given paragraph in the best manner from the given options. Solving Passage Completion questions is all about how much one can comprehend from the given paragraph. The more you understand the paragraph, the easier it becomes for you to solve the question. It becomes easier for you to solve these types of questions if you are a good reader. Go through the paragraph and try to catch the essence of the paragraph. Figure out what the paragraph is all about. Try to understand the keywords used in the passage. Some Important Pointers to keep in mind while solving a passage completion question There are no pre-defined formulas to solve Passage Completion type questions. But there are some important points we need to remember while solving them.

• Find the essence of the passage

Once you are able to find it, Passage Completion would become an easy affair.

• Notice the tone of the passage

Think about it. If an author is being sarcastic in his writing, wouldn't it be logical to choose the option which has sarcasm in it? Remember however that there might be multiple options that comply with the author's tone. Hence, always keep in mind that Tone is Important but not the only criteria.

• Do not pick an option that brings an external idea

Never pick an option which talks about things that are not mentioned in the paragraph. The correct option will be the one which relates itself to the core information mentioned in the paragraph.

• Reject the options that are contradictory

Whenever you see an option which contradicts the idea of passage, eliminate it.

• Maintain the flow of the paragraph

Always make sure you are maintaining the flow of ideas in the passage. Never pick an option which breaks or suddenly changes the flow to some other direction.

• Pay Special Attention to the line before the blank

The line before the blank pays an important role in PC. Sometimes, the correct option is the one which is in agreement with that line. So it would be wise if one also pays close attention to what that line is talking about.

The chapter deals with the questions of Jumbled paragraph and sentences and sentence and phrase arrangement of the given phrases or sentences. The student has to choose a logical sequence to make a meaningful sentence or paragraph. This form of exercise tests the student's ability to (a) figure out the logic of the events (b) sequence of different parts of a combination according to correct grammatical usage. In either sentence or paragraph structuring, the student has to check which part follows the other according to the logical theme of the sentence/paragraph. (a) Phrase arrangement or Jumbled Sentence. (b) Sentence arrangement or Jumbled Paragraph.   In a jumbled sentence, a sentence is broken into four parts and the student has to figure out, the right sequence to form a logical, sensible sentence. Consider the following example. Example 1: P : by her indulgent parents Q : the child was so spoiled R: when she did not receive all of their attention S : that she pouted and became sullen (a) RQPS                              (b) QRPS (c) QPSR                               (d) QSPR In this question, a single sentence has been broken into four different parts and the student has to find out the logical sequence of the sentence. In order to do that, consider the following. Strategy I: Decide on the opening phrase, first. The opening part of the sentence will usually contain the subject of the sentence. So locate the subject and select that part as the first in sequence. Now, select all options in the answer that begin with the part you have chosen as the first. In example 1, the subject is the child and the opening part will be Q, thus, we can eliminate option (a). Now, since the subject is passive, the verb form will be followed by 'by9 and the doer. So, find the second part beginning with by and containing the doer of the action which in this case is P. Thus, we can reach the right answer, option (c). Strategy II: If the Subject is passive, mostly, the following part will begin with 'by and contain the doer of the action in the sentence. Example 2: Unsurpassed power (P)/modern society (Q)/in (R)/ women enjoy (S) (a) RQPS                              (b) SRPQ (c) SPRQ                             (d) PSRQ. The subject of the sentence is women so the opening part would be S. Thus, we have to choose between options (a) and (c). The subject in this sentence is active. So, we must find the object which will be the next part. In the given question, the object is unsurpassed power. Thus, the answer is (c). Strategy III: When the subject is active, follow the sequence- SUBJECT - VERB - OBJECT Strategy IV: Preposition is never the last part. If a preposition is given as one of the parts match it with other parts to find out what will follow the preposition. In Example III 'in' could only be followed by Modem society, so the last two parts of the sentence more...

When we read a text, the author does not always tell us everything. The author may leave out details on purpose. He may also depend on the reader's general knowledge to fill in the blanks. Inference: an idea that is suggested by the facts or details in a passage Conclusion: a decision about what may happen or about the result an event may have Making an inference and drawing a conclusion are very similar skills. Each requires the reader to fill in blanks left out by the author. An author may not include information for several reasons: they may think you already know it, it may not seem important to them, or they may want you to find the result. How to make an inference or draw a conclusion

• Observe all the facts, arguments, and information given by the author
• Consider what you already know from your own experiences
• When faced with multiple choice answers, determine whether each is true or false based on the information in the passage

Example The woman waited nervously in line. When the counter was empty, she carefully unloaded her items from her cart. Lines creased her forehead as if to show the calculations ringing up in her head. Finally, the cashier began ringing up the items as the woman clutched her purse. Inference/conclusion: The woman may not have enough money to cover the cost of her groceries.

• Think about the facts of the passage and what may result from them
• Think about causes and effects

The writer may only provide a list of effects, so you have to figure out the cause. The child stood on the sidewalk clenching her ice cream cone. Beads of sweat collected on her little nose as she furiously licked at the ice cream dripping down her hand. Inference/conclusion: It must be a hot day because her ice cream is melting, and she is sweating.

• Try saying "If...then"

If the girl is sweating, then it may be warm outside. Remember

• Mostly writing suggests more than they says
• By making inferences, you get more from the story
• Conclusions may be missing from the things you read, so you have to draw your own

PRACTICE ACTIVITIES Sujata almost wished that she hadn't listened to the radio. She went to the closet and grabbed her umbrella. She would feel silly carrying it to the bus stop on such a sunny morning.

Which probably happened?

(a) Sujata realised that she had an unnatural fear of falling radio parts. (b) Sujata had promised herself to do something silly that morning. (c) Sujata had heard a weather forecast that predicted rain. (d) Sujata planned to trade her umbrella for a bus ride. "Larry, as your boss, I must say that it's been very interesting working with you," Miss Sharma said "However, it seems that our company's needs and your performance style are not well matched. Therefore it makes mp more...