Indicator | Acid | Base |
Litmus Paper | Turns blue litmus red | Turns red litmus blue |
Methyl Orange | Gives red colour | Gives yellow color |
Phenolphthalein | Remains colorless | more...
Effect of Oxidation Reactions in Daily Life
Many oxidation reactions take place in our daily life. Some of them are useful while others are harmful. The two such common oxidation reactions are:
Types of Chemical Reactions
The chemical reactions are of following types
Balancing of Chemical Equations
The chemical equations must be written in accordance with the law of conservation of mass. The law of conservation of mass states that:
"The matter can neither be created nor destroyed".
OR
"In a chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants is equal to the total mass of products".
We always have to represent a chemical reaction by balancing the equation.
"A balanced chemical equation is the one in which the atoms of each element must be equal on both sides of the equation".
\[{{N}_{2}}+3{{H}_{2}}\to 2N{{H}_{3}}\]
In the above equation we see that the number of atoms of each elements is same on both side of the reaction and hence it can be said as balanced. To make the atoms of each element equal on both sides of the equation is called balancing of chemical equation.
Steps to be followed for balancing chemical equation
Chemical equations
Symbolic representation of chemical reaction with the help of symbols and formula is called a chemical reactions.
Sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride salt and water. So, the above statement can be written in the form of chemical equation as below:
\[NaOH+HCl\to NaCl+{{H}_{2}}O\]
Introduction
In this chapter we will study about chemical reactions and equations, balancing of equations, types of chemical reactions, effects of oxidation in daily life and many more.
Chemical Reactions
Let us consider the two process:
Nuclear Energy
Nuclear potential energy is the potential energy of the particles inside an atomic nucleus. The nuclear particles are bound together by the strong nuclear force. Weak nuclear forces, provide the potential energy for certain kinds of radioactive decay, such as beta decay. Nuclear particles like protons and neutrons are not destroyed in fission and fusion processes, but collections of them have less mass than if they were individually free, and this mass difference is liberated as heat and radiation in nuclear reactions. The energy from the Sun is an example of this form of energy conversion. In the Sun, the process of hydrogen fusion converts about 4 million tones of solar matter per second into electromagnetic energy, which is radiated into space. Nuclear power provides about 6% of the world's energy and 13-14% of the world's electricity. Nuclear fusion reactions have the potential to be safer and generate less radioactive waste than fission.
These reactions appear potentially viable, though technically quite difficult and have yet to be created on a scale that could be used in a functional power plant. Fusion power has been under intense theoretical and experimental investigation since the 1950s. Nuclear power plants convert the energy released from the nucleus of an atom, typically via nuclear fission.
Disposal of nuclear waste is often said to be the Achilles' heel of the industry. Presently, waste is mainly stored at individual reactor sites and there are over 430 locations around the world where radioactive material continues to accumulate. Experts agree that centralized underground repositories which are well-managed, guarded, and monitored, would be a vast improvement. There is an "international consensus on the advisability of storing nuclear waste in deep underground repositories", but no country in the world has yet opened such a site.
Which one among the following is a non renewable sources of energy?
(a) Wind Energy
(b) Solar Energy
(c) Biomass
(d) Petrol
(e) None of these
Answer: (d)
Which among the fuel given in options has highest calorific value?
(a) Hydrogen
(b) LPG
(c) Petrol
(d) Wood
(e) None of these
Answer: (a)
Which among the following is a nuclear fuel?
(a) H
(b) U
(c) N
(d) C
(e) None of these
Answer: (b)
The main constituent of petroleum gas is:
(a) Methane
(b) Ethane
(c) Propane
(d) Butane
(e) None of these
Answer: (d)
Which country use highest percentage of wind energy for generation of electricity?
(a) Germany
(b) Denmark
(c) India
(d) Perth
(e) None of these
more...
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is energy that determines the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the original formation of the planet, from radioactive decay of minerals, from volcanic activity, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface. The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heats from the core to the surface. Geothermal power is cost-effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. Recent technological advances have dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for applications such as home heating, opening a potential for widespread exploitation. Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels. As a result, geothermal power has the potential to help mitigate global warming, if widely deployed in place of fossil fuels. Geothermal electric plants were traditionally built exclusively on the edges of tectonic plates where high temperature geothermal resources are available near the surface. The thermal efficiency of geothermal electric plants is low, around 10-23%, because geothermal fluids do not reach the high temperatures of steam from boilers.
The laws of thermodynamics limit the efficiency of heat engines in extracting useful energy. Exhaust heat is wasted, unless it can be used directly and locally, for example in. greenhouses, timber mills, and district heating. Geothermal power requires no fuel except for pumps, and is therefore immune to fuel cost fluctuations, but capital costs are significant. Drilling accounts for over half the costs, and exploration of deep resources entails significant risks. A typical extraction and injection wells in Nevada can support 4.5 megawatts (MW) and costs about $10 million to drill, with a 20% failure rate. Geothermal power is considered to be sustainable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.
The Earth has an internal heat content of 1031 joules (3-1015 TW-hr). About 20% of this is residual heat from planetary accretion, and the remainder is attributed to higher radioactive decay rates that existed in the past.
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