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  Software       Introduction   A computer is really a system of many parts working together. Each component of a computer is either called hardware or software. The physical parts, which we can see, touch md feel are collectively called hardware The computer and all the peripheral devices such as printer, scanner microphone, speakers and webcam etc. connected to it that are used to input and output the data are hardware. Peripheral devices are hardware devices that are connected to the motherboard but not part of the main computer system and were added later to the system   The program needs a kind of documentation that gives a comprehensive procedural description of a program. It shows as to how software is written Program documentation even has the capability to sustain any later maintenance or development of the program. The program documentation describes what exactly a program does by mentioning about the requirements of the input data and the effect of performing a programming task.   Software, on the other hand, refers to the set or series, of instructions or programs that tell the hardware what to do. It is the combination of Instructions and Data that forms the building blocks of applications such as Word Processor, Computer Game or Spreadsheet. The main purpose of software is to process the data into information. The interface between a human and a computer is called a user interface. Interfaces between hardware components are physical. Operating system provides interface between hardware and software. Compatibility, in regard to computers refers to the software being able to run on the computer.   The person who writes and tests computer program is called a programmer and a person who determines a buyer's need and matches it to the correct hardware and software is called a computer sales representative. The process of writing out computer instruction is known as coding. Copying computer program or software without the permission of its author is called a software privacy Thus, if we want to know what a program is meant to do and how it has to be executed, we should refer to the program documentation the most common examples would be the instruction manuals for a software Product, which is given to the end-user. The description languages used are informal and are intended to make life easy for the end-user.   Software is often divided into two categories     System Software: The user interacts primarily with application software. System software enables the application software to interact with the computer hardware. System software is "background" software that helps the computer to manage its own internal resources. It is not a single program Rather it is a collection of programs, including the operating system. Utilities and Device drivers etc.   System software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to function. It refers to the files and programs more...

  Data Communication       Introduction   Data communication is the transmission of coded data between remote terminals and a centralized computer installation, or between two or more Computer center over establish communication links.   Advantages of Data Communication System ·         Saving of time in data preparation and physical transportation of prepared data. ·         Full utilization of processing power and storage capacity of modern computer. ·         Quick retrieval of information from files. ·         Eliminates duplication of files. ·         Reducing the cost of data transmission.       Type of Transmission Channel   There are mainly three types of transmission channel   1. Simplex channel: \[\text{A(Sender)}\xrightarrow[{}]{{}}\text{B(Reciver)}\] In this channel transmission of data is always in one direction, after receiving the radio signal from radio-station, the receiver can't send back the signal to radio-station. Transmission always flows from A to B.   2. Half Duplex channel \[\text{A(Sender)}\text{B(Reciver)}\] In this channel transmission of data is in both directions, but at any one Instant of time it is only in one direction. It means there is flow of transmission From either A to B or from B to A at one time, such as telephone line.   3. Full duplex channel \[\text{A(Sender)}\text{B(Reciver)}\] In this channel transmission of data is in both directions simultaneously. It means there is flow of transmission from A to B and from B to A at a one instant of time.   Parity Check: In communication parity bit is used to check data that has been transmitted accurately. The parity bit is added to every data unit that are transmitted. The parity bit for each unit is set so that all bytes have either an odd number or an even number of number is. Parity bits are used as the simplest form of error detecting code.   Information Transfer speed: Information Transfer speed is measured by bit and baud rate. Bit rate indicates the speed of bits transmitted within one second. Baud rate counts the number of times of a transmission change state.   Data Communication Channel Data is terminal from a terminal to a computer system from to a terminal over communication channel which are also Called communication lines or data links. They are of the following types:   1.    Standard Telephone Line          2.    Coaxial Cables 3.    Microwave Transmission   4.    Satellite Communication 5.    Fiber Optics.      1. Standard Telephone Line: It is widely used as communication channels. It is very effective and useful to the user of data communication because it is easy to join and the complex network of telephone lines has been already established all more...

  Internet       Introduction   The Internet is a massive body of networks, a networking infrastructure. Protocol) to serve billions of users worldwide. So, TCP/IP can be cried Internet is often called "The Information Highway." that implies that there is a straight, clear path of obtaining information. It connects thousand independent. Through telephone wires. Fiber optical cable and satellite links. Internet users can share variety of information. Such as meter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW), during 1991-1993 commercial use of Internet took its speed. For the first time, on 15 August 1995 VSNL (Vides Sanchar Nigam Limited) and political part\ of India is Bharatiya Ajanta Party, which created its own by Sikkim state. India's first Hi-speed rural broadband network has been commissioned in district of Idukki, Kerala.   Equipment required for using internet   1. Computer 2. Modem 3. Web Browser 4. Telephone Line 5. Internet service provider (ISP)   Computer: Any good IBM compatible, Macintosh or UNIX compute that has good storage space 4 GB or more hard disk, 32 MB RAM and 300 MHZ processer.   Modem: It is a short form of modulator and demodulator. To connect Internet through telephone or telecommunications line a modem is required. It is a link between Internet service provider and browser. Our computer sends data in binary code to our modem which converts the binary-coded data to an analogue signal. This data then travels along the telephone network. When the data reaches the destination computer, the modem connected to that computer converts the analogue signal back into Binary coded data which can be read by destination computer. Thus the modem transmits data in pulse form over the network through telephone line needs modem which converts digital signal to analog signal and analog signal to digital signal. The speed of modem measures in EPS (Bits per Second).   There are two types of modems:   (i) External Modem and (ii) Internal Modem.   The External Modem has to be connected to our computer and telephone line with cables and electric socket while the Internal Modem is already built inside our computer. The billing of our telephone starts from the moment we get connected to Internet. So a modem with good speed ensures low telephone bills.   Web Browser:  Web Browser is a software that is used to navigate the World Wide Web. It connects computer to Internet. Before, start working on the Internet, we make sure that we have a web browser in our computer otherwise, we will not be able to surf the net. The most popular types of browser today are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, Chrome etc. We can get available resources from any location through visit site of that location. Each location has a unique address called URL (Uniform Resource Locator), which we type Web Browser to get resources.   Internet Service Provider (ISP): ISP is an organization that provide Internet more...

  Microsoft Windows       Introduction   Microsoft Windows is an operating system and GUI (Graphical User Interface) produced by Microsoft, the software company Bill Gates is the Chairman of Microsoft which he founded with a Paul Allen. Nowadays approximately 90%of all personal computer are running of window it was introduced as a GUI that simplified DOS commands and task by a converting program and commands to icon In 1983 Microsoft announced the development of windows, a GUI for its own operating system MS-DOS, which has developed for IBM PC and The fir it independent version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, going to be called "Interface Manager" hut Rowland Hudson, the head at because it had new graphical application. Excel and Word. Versions of Microsoft Windows such as 2.OX, 2.03, 3.0 etc. Microsoft Windows 3.0 released in "1990 that scored significant success. In this version Windows   Microsoft Windows 95             - In 1995 Microsoft Windows 98             - In 1998 Microsoft Windows ME            - In 2000 Microsoft Windows XP            - In 2001 Microsoft Windows Vista            - In 2007 Microsoft Windows 7             - In 2009 Microsoft Windows 8             - In 2012       MS-Windows related terms   1. GUI (Graphical User Interface): GUI uses graphics or pictures to help the user navigate and access programs. Graphical user interface allows users to interact with electronic device such as computers, MP3 players, portable media player and gaming device etc. It offers graphical icons, images and visual indicators instead of text commands. There is no need to remember the commands. It provides easy and effective interface between users and electronic devices by direct manipulation of the graphical elements. It is user friendly because it provides easily understood instruction. The Xerox Star was the first commercial computer developed by Xerox Corporation, which uses a graphical user interface with the desktop with icons and a mouse.   2. Icon: Icons are small images on desktop that represent various computer's more...

  Microsoft Office   Microsoft Office is an office suite of interrelated desktop applications servers and services for the Microsoft Windows. It is a horizontal market software that is used in a wide range of industries. Microsoft Office was introduced by Microsoft in 1989 for Macintosh. Again it introduce Windows in 1990. After that many new versions were released. Microsoft Office for Windows 1.0 started in October 1990 with three applications Microsoft Word for Windows 1.1, Microsoft Excel for Windows 2.0, and Microsoft PowerPoint for Windows 2.0. In 1994, Microsoft Office 4.0 was released containing Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0, Mail, and Access. More versions are Microsoft Office 95, Microsoft Office 97, Microsoft Office 2000, Microsoft Office XP, Microsoft Office 2003, Microsoft Office 2003, Microsoft Office 2007, Microsoft Office 2010, Microsoft Office 2013 and   Microsoft Office 2016.   Microsoft Word: Microsoft Word is a popular word processing package which provides facilities to write common letters to desktop publishing. This means that it is useful for typing and storing letters, articles, broachers, tests, Quizzes and anything that consists mainly of words. Many organizations now use computers to produce and organize written material, correspondence, membership lists and so on. These are possible with the most common program MS-Word that is used on most computers. It provides an incredibly powerful tool to create and share documents.   To Open or Start Microsoft Word: There are two methods to open or start Microsoft Word. Double click on Microsoft Word icon on desktop. Click on the Start button in the bottom left hand corner of computer screen. When the menu pops up, move our mouse up to Programs. A sub menu will appear showing all the software we have. Now click Microsoft office then select Microsoft Word from them. Microsoft Word will start up. Click Start >> Program >> MS-Office >> MS-Word       Viewing the Toolbar   In Microsoft Word the toolbar is the line of boxes and symbols that are shortcuts of many commands and appear across the top of the computer screen. It increases the working capacity of a user. We may recognize it by the picture of a file folder, scissors, and paint brush etc. If the toolbar does not appear at the top of the screen, pull down the more...

INTRODUCTION Banking history dates back to 2000 years which involved grain loans to farmers and traders who carried goods between cities in Mesopotamia and Babylonia. Later/ it was in ancient Greece and Roman Empire, who added two important innovations: acceptance of deposits and changed money.  

Bank - A financial institution which accepts different forms of deposits and lends them to the prospective borrowers as well as allows the depositors to withdraw their money from the accounts by cheque is a bank.

  BANKING IN ANCIENT INDIA Archaeological evidences in India suggest that references to banking and regulations were even found in our scriptures and ancient texts. Debt is even mentioned in our Vedic literature. The Vedas (2000-1400 BCE) are earliest Indian texts to mention the concept of usury whereby the lender lends money at excessive rate of interest. It was also found to contain Loan deed forms which are called rnapatra or rnalekhya which also contained the details related to name of the debtor & creditor, amount of loan, rate of interest, condition of repayment and time of repayment. Later the concept of Modern day banking system was conceptualised by the people of Italy under the name Banco. The period of Mauryan era (321-185 BCE) saw an instrument called adesha, which was an order on a banker directing him to pay the sum on the note to a third person, which corresponds to the definition of a modern bill of exchange.   Indigenous Banking: The indigenous bankers lend money; act as money changers and finance internal trade of India by means of hundis or internal bills of exchange. It is certainly one of the oldest banking systems which have been functioning for centuries. However, with the coming of the British, its decline started. Despite the fast growth of modern commercial banks, however, the indigenous banks continue to hold a prominent position in the Indian money market even in the present times. It includes shroffs, seths, mahajans, chettis, etc.   Defects of Indigenous Banking (i) Indigenous banking is unorganized and does not sensitize the need and working of the different sectors of the economy, including banking sector. (ii) They only do business for trade and commerce and work on commission basis resulting in trade risk in their financial business. (iii) They did not distinguish between short term and long term finance purposes. (iv) Methods of accounting were based on local practices and hence could not match with modern methods of financial accounting. (v) Many of the indigenous bankers charged very high rate of interest.   BANKING IN MEDIEVAL ERA The use of loan deeds continued into the Mughal era and were called dastawez. Two types of loan deeds have been recorded. Dastawez-e-indultalab - payable on demand Dastawez-e-miadi - payable after a stipulated time. The use of payment orders by royal treasuries/ called barattes have also been recorded. The evolution of hundis, a type of credit instrument,, also occurred during this more...

  DEFINITION OF BANK AND BANKING After independence, steps were taken to regulate the banking and banking business in India. Government brought in a law in this regard, wherein banking and banking business has been defined. This law became an Act and called the Banking Regulation Act, (BR Act), 1949. As per the Act, Section 5(c) provides that 'a banking company is a company which transacts the business of banking in India.' Further, Section 5(b) of the Act defines banking business as, 'accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise, and withdrawable by cheque, draft, order or otherwise. STRUCTURE OF BANKING IN INDIA Reserve Bank of India (RBI): The country had no central bank prior to the establishment of the RBI. The RBI is the supreme monetary and banking authority in the country and controls the banking system in India. It is called the Reserve Bank as it keeps the reserves of all commercial banks.   Development banks and other financial institutions: A development bank is a financial institution, which provides long term funds to the industries for development purposes. These include banks like Development Credit Bank, IDBL ICICI, IFCI etc. State level institutions like SFC's SIDC's etc. They also include investment institutions like UTI, LIC, and GIC etc. Long-term agriculture credit is provided by the Land Development Banks. The funds of the RBI meant for the agriculture sector actually pass through SCBs and CCBs. Originally based in rural sector, the cooperative credit movement has now spread to urban areas also and there are many urban cooperative banks coming under SCBs.   LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SETTING UP NEW BANKS AND BRANCH AUTHORIZATION POLICY  

• The minimum statutory requirements for setting up new banks in India are stipulated in the BR Act, 1949.
• The RBI explicates the eligibility criteria for the entry of new banks. At present, the capital requirement for any new bank entry is ` 500 crores.
• Reserve Bank of India also releases some guidelines / directives on various issues relating to banking operations including expansion/ control etc. Some areas on which guidelines /directives are issued are:

Guidelines / Directives

• To update its branch authorization policy, which governs the opening of new branches by all Scheduled Commercial Banks in the country
• Under the banking structure, private moneylenders do not form the part of scheduled banking structure.
• Legally, banks are not permitted to create a charge upon any unpaid capital of the company as per Banking Regulation Act/ 1949 (section-14).
• Under the   Banking   Companies (Acquisition & Transfer of Undertaking) Acts of 1970 and 1980, as amended in 1994, public sector banks are permitted to offer their equity shares to public up to 49 per cent of the capital of the bank.
• For the uniform and fair conduct of the more...