Population
density is a measurement of average number of people living in an area. It
is calculated by dividing the total number of people living in an area by the
measure of the area of land. It is usually shown as the number of people per
square kilometre. Some areas have high density of population whereas some
are uninhabited or sparsely inhabited. The density of population has little to
do with the development of a country. For example, both Bangladesh and Japan
are densely populated however, Japan is economically more developed than
Bangladesh. Accordingly, we can roughly divide the world into three regions:
(i) Densely populated areas, (ii) Moderately populated areas and (iii) Sparsely
populated areas.
Densely
populated areas- Places which are densely populated have habitable
environment and a large number of people living in the area. South and
south-east Asia/ Europe and north- eastern North America are densely populated areas.
South and south-east Asia have fertile river valleys and industrial regions due
to which they are densely populated. Europe and north- eastern North America
are densely populated due to easy availability of mineral resources, development
of industries and suitable climate.
Moderately
populated areas-Those regions which are agriculturally developed, have improved
infrastructure and industries are moderately populated. Deccan more... 
In India, the
first iron and steel plant was set up in West Bengal at Kulti in
1870. Later, the Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO) was established at
Sakchi, Jamshedpur, in 1907 by Jamshedji Tata, one of the
pioneers of modern India. It is one of the largest integrated iron and steel
works in Asia. It is a private sector industry. It started pig iron production
in 1911 and steel in 1912. The first public sector iron and steel plant, now
known as Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Works at Bhadrawati (Kamataka), was
established in 1923.
Locational
advantages for Jamshedpur
Jamshedpur is
strategically located and enjoys the following advantages:
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The place is only 32 km away from Kalmati station on the Bengal-Nagpur
railway line.
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Sakchi is ideally situated at the confluence of the rivers Subamarekha
and Kharkai in Jharkhand about 200 km from Kolkata.
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The iron ore comes from the districts of Singhbhum (Jharkhand)
and Mayurbhanj mines (Odisha) located at a distance of just 75 km from
Jamshedpur. Coal comes from Jharia and Raniganj coalfields which are
about 180 km away. Limestone and dolomite come from Odisha and
Chhattisgarh. Manganese is obtained from Keonjhar mines in Odisha.
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A dam has been constructed on river Subamarekha to provide water.
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The Damodar Valley project provides cheap and abundant hydroelectric
power.
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Since the iron and steel industry is labour-intensive1, it has the
demand for a large number of skilled and unskilled labour. This region is densely
populated and this cheap labour is available from more... 
Agro-based
industries utilise agricultural and animal based products as raw materials
to make finished products. Cotton textile, sugar, vegetable oils, food
processing, dairy products and leather industries are some of the examples. Mineral
based industries depend on mineral ores for raw materials. The products of
these industries feed other industries. Iron extracted from iron ore is the
product of mineral based industry. Iron is used as raw material for the manufacture
of various products such as railway coaches, heavy machinery, building material,
etc. Another example of mineral based industry is cement and ship building
industry. Industries which utilise forest products as raw materials are forest
based industries. Industries manufacturing paper, furniture, rubber and pharmaceuticals
are examples of forest based more... 
AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is
a primary activity of the economy. It includes growing different crops like-cereals,
fruits, vegetables and flowers. This also includes rearing of livestock and
other related activities. Still, more than 50 per cent of the world population
is engaged in agriculture. If we look into the world map, all that we see in
green colour which is usually plain land which is arable.
Geography
Reveals
The word 'farm
?is taken from the Old French word 'femme' meaning; to rent or lease and the
Latin means 'firmare'to fix, settle, confirm or strengthen.
Factors
affecting agriculture
Favourable land
and climate have affected agriculture significantly since ages. Plain regions of
river valleys have supported agriculture, that is why our initial civilizations
flourished in river valleys. Other than land there are various other factors
that affect agriculture. Land is the basic requirement along with soil,
water, sunlight, slope and favourable climate which are major physical
factors more... 
Extraction
of minerals
The
extraction of minerals from the earth is called mining. The method used for
mining depends upon the depth at which the minerals are found. Minerals present
near the earth's surface are simply dug out. It is called quarrying. Minerals
which are present at shallow depth can be taken out by removing the surface
layer. It is one of the easiest and cheapest methods of extracting minerals. This
method is known as the open cast mining. To extract minerals which are present
at great depths, a deep hole called shaft is dug. It is known as shaft mining.
Deep wells are bored to obtain mineral oil like petroleum, and natural gas
which occur far below the earth's surface by the process called drilling.
DISTRIBUTION
AND UTILITY OF METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC MINERALS
Minerals are
not evenly distributed over the earth. They are concentrated in particular
areas, where rocks are formed. Some are found in igneous rocks, some in
metamorphic rocks while others are found in sedimentary rocks. Iron ore in
north Sweden, copper and nickel deposits in Ontario (Canada) and iron, nickel,
chromite and platinum in South Africa are some examples of minerals found in
igneous and metamorphic rocks. Limestone deposits of the Caucasus region of
France and manganese deposits of Georgia and Ukraine are some examples of minerals
found in sedimentary rocks.
IRON
Iron is the
most abundant and useful metal. It makes up five per cent of the earth's crust.
It has hardness, strength and ductility. It is used for making steel. Steel is
used for making engines, ships, tanks, more... 
If you look at
the figure given below, you will notice that most of the world's land is not suitable
for our use. Some regions are too hot, or too cold or too dry. Others are
mountainous or covered by swamps and forests. Thus, not more than 20 per cent
land is available to satisfy our various needs.
Q. why
is there such a small percentage of usable land available to us?
Land can be
classified on the basis of ownership as private land and community
land. Private land is owned by individuals whereas community land is owned
by communities for common use. The community land is also called common
property resource.
As the world's
population increases and the economy expands, the demand for land increases.
Therefore, we find ways to increase the supply of usable land to meet the
growing needs. For this, we make better use of the existing usable land. The
land supply can be increased by land reclamation.
Land Reclamation,
is the process to create new land from sea or riverbeds. This is done by draining
swamps, restoring derelict land and creating new land by landfill methods.
Fact File
The world is
losing 0.64 hectare of forest land and adding 2.8 people every second? In the
last century, we had lost 58,000,000 km2 land due to deforestation and
55,000,000 km2 land due to improper agricultural practices!
LAND USE
Land use simply
means "how we use our land". We use land for?agriculture, grazing,
industry, transport and settlement purposes. All of these are land use types.
Land use changes with time because our requirement and ability to utilize various
resources also gets changed. Earlier earth was in a natural form, full of
forests, deserts, rivers, lakes and grasslands only. As it was humanized, man
started using land to satisfy his various needs. First, he started agriculture,
then more... 
TYPES OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural
resources can be classified into different groups depending on:
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Level of development and use
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Origin
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Stock (availability)
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Distribution
We can sub
divide these categories in the following way:
Resources
according to the level of development and use
On the basis of
development and use, we can divide natural resources into: (A) Actual resources
and (B) Potential resources.
(A) Actual
resources are those resources whose quantity (amount of reserves) is known
and which are currently being used. The coal deposits of Ruhr, Westphalia in
Germany, Damodar Valley coalfields in the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand and
Odisha (India), oil in the Middle- East, iron ore in the Krivoy Rog in the
Ukraine, are few examples of actual resources. The quantity of these reserves
is known (estimated) and these are being used at present.
Coal an actual resources Windmill a potential
resource
more... 
INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES
Till independence, a large part of India was under the British government and was referred to as the British India. There were about 560 states called 'Princely States' that were ruled by maharajas or nawabs. Also, a few territories were under the control of the French and the Portuguese.
According to the Indian Independence Act of 1947, monarchy was abolished and the Princely States had to join either India or Pakistan. Most of them joined the Indian Union. Sardar Vallabhai Patel played a major role in the integration of the Princely States.
History Reveals
The Nizam of Hyderabad wanted his state to remain independent. Indian troops were sent to Hyderabad in a military operation with the code name 'Operation Polo' to take control of the state. The Nizam, then agreed to accede to the Indian Union.
The unification of India was incomplete without the inclusion of French and Portuguese enclaves. The French territories were acceded to India in November 1954. However, the Portuguese refused to leave India. An uprising in Dadra and Nagar Haveli threw off the Portuguese rule there. In 1961, the Indian army liberated Goa, Daman and Diu from the Portuguese control.
DRAFTING A CONSTITUTION more... 
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