Current Affairs 2nd Class

LEARNING OBJECTIVES                 This chapter will help you to:
  • study the habitat of animals.
  • know about the different eating habits of animals.
  • understand the importance and uses of animals.
  • learn about insects and birds.
                      QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW   We all know that, plants and animals both are living things. The only difference between plants and animals is that plants can prepare their own food, but animals depend on human and plants for their food and shelter.                 Some animals live only on land, some on trees, some in water and some can live on both land and water. Let us study these animals and their habitat in detail.   DOMESTIC ANIMALS The animals which depend on human for their food and shelter are called domestic animal. Cow is a domestic animal. It gives us milk. Horse is also a domestic animal and is used for travelling from one place to another. Domestic animals gives us many useful things. For example. For example We get milk from cows, buffaloes. We get eggs from hens, ducks. Some people eat flesh of animals like fish, goat, sheep, chicken, etc.       Real Life Examples Horses, Donkeys and Oxese are used for transportation             
  • We get silk from silkworms
  • The skin of animals like snakes and crocodiles is used to make
  • Animals like ox, horses, donkeys, elephants and camels to carry heavy loads of burden.
  WILD ANIMALS Animals which live independently in the forest are called wild animals. Wild animals are dangerous. For example: Lion, Tiger, Wolf, Fox, Deer, Giraffe, Leopard, Cheetah etc.                           Historical Preview
  • Cow has been considered as a symbol of worship, since ancient times.
  AQUATIC ANIMALS Animals such as fish and dolphin lives in water and are called aquatic animals. Frog, crocodiles and turtles can live on land and as well as in water.   FOOD OF ANIMALS                 Different animals have different food habits.                 For example: Cow, buffalo and goat eat grass.                 Lion and tiger eat the flesh of other animals. Let us study different eating habits of animals. 1. Herbivorous Animals: Those animals which eat grass and other plants are called herbivorous animals. For example: Cow, buffalo, goat, deer, giraffe, donkey, elephant etc.               2. Carnivorous Animals: Those animals that eat only the flesh of other animals are known as carnivorous animals. For example: Lion, Tiger, Leopard, Hawk, Whale etc.            3. Omnivorous Animals:   + Some animals like crows, bear, jackal, gorilla etc eat both plants as well as the flesh of other animals. These more...

LEARNIG OBJECTIVES                 This lesson will help you to:
  • learn about the parts of a plants along with their functios.
  • understand about the different types of plants on the basis of their shapes, sizes as well as their habitat.
  • Know about the different things we get from plants.
  Amazing Facts Bamboo is a fast growing plant. It can grow almost a meter (3.28 feet) in just one day   Misconcept / Concept
Misconcept: Seed is nonliving things
Concept: Seed is the dormant stage of a seeding. Seed germinates into a young plant which is a living thing
  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW As we know plants are living things. A plant consists of different parts such as roots, shoots, stem, leaves, fruits, flowers etc. Each part of a plant plays a very important role. Let us understand these roles in detail:   ROOT It is that part of the plant develops inside the soil. Roots absorb water and minerals from soil and sends it to the other part of through stem. STEM Stem gives support to upper part of the plants. Water and dissolved nutrients from the soil travel up through stems. Food from leaves come down to roots by stems.   LEAVES Leaves of different plants can have different shapes and sizes. Generally they are green, in coulor. In this part of the plant, food is produced by the help of sunlight. We eat the leaves of many plants for example: cabbage spinach etc. FLOWERS They are the most colorful and beautiful part of the plant that produces fruit. Flowers attract human and insects because of their fragrance. They are the reproductive part of the plants. For example Rose, Sunflower. FRUITS They come out from flowers. They are the edible part of plant. We eat fruits like Apple, Banana, Orange, Grapes etc. S SEEDS It is the part of plant from which a baby plant grows. Seed contains food.   Types of Plants We see many types of plans in our environment like big and tall plant, herbs, shrubs, climbers. Each of these types of plants have different features. Let us study these features in detail.   HERBS These are the small plans with soft stem. They have medicinal value as well. For example: Mint, Tulsi, Coriander etc. Think Green 5th june is world Environment Day. Plant a few saplings in your school or at home. Look after the plant as it grows into a tree. It may bear fruit and gives shade to all. SHRUBS They are smaller than trees. They have a short stem of lower heights. Some shrubs contain flowers. For example: Sunflower plant, Rose plant.        more...

Learning Objective This lesson will help you to:
  • know about living and non-living things.
  • differentiate between living and non-living things.
  • learn about characteristics of living and non-living thing.
  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW We so many things around us. Some are living and some non-living. Non-living things are different from the living things as they cannot grow. Similarly there are other characteristics also which differentiate living things from non-living things. Let us study the characteristics of both living and non-living things in detail.
  • The things which have life in them and can grow are living things. For example: plants, fishes, animal’s birds and human beings.
  • The things which do not have life in them and cannot grow are non-living things. For example: book, table, fan, aeroplane, car, bus etc.
  • Some non-living things like water, wood and rocks are found in nature. These are called natural
  • Non-living things like paper, pen, train, house and clothes are not found in nature. These are made by man. And hence these are called man-made things.
  CHARACTERISTICKS OF LIVING THINGS. 1. Living things can move: Living things can move from one place to another. For example: Fishes swim, birds fly, animals move from one place to another. Some plants also show movement. For example: Sunflower moves in the direction of sun. 2. All living things grow on their own: Seeds grow and become trees. Living things can grow on their own. 3. All living things need food, air and water To grow and live, living things need food, water and air without these living things cannot live. 4. All living things feel: We feel pain when we get hurt by someone. We feel hot when we touch a hot object. This shows that we can feel changes in the surroundings. 5. All living things reproduce:   Human beings give birth to babies. Animals either lay eggs or give birth to young ones. Birds lay eggs, plants produce seeds which give rise to a new plant.                                          Real Life Examples Living things need air, food and water to grow:   Try This Experiments Take 2 flower pots add some soil and put a plant in it. Keep one flower pot in the garden area and one flower pot in your bed room. Which of the two plant will grow faster? The flower pot which is kept more...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:
  • Study about human body and its parts.
  • Learn different functions performed by human body.
  • Understand the importance of organ system body.
  • Learn the function of very organ system of our body.
  Did you know?
  • The heart of an adult human beats 70-72 times per minute while a new born baby’s heart beat is 130-150 times per minute.
  QUICK COCEPT REVIEW In the previous class, you have learnt about the Basic organs of the body. i.e. eyes, ears, nose, skin and tongue Let us study them in detail.  Parts of a Body 1. EYES Eyes are the sense organs of the human body. They are located on the head. Every human being has 2 eyes. We see different things around us with the help of our eyes. Without eyes we cannot see anything. 2. EAR EAR are the sense organs of the human body. They are located one on each side of the head part of the body. Every human being has 2 ears. We can hear different types of sounds with the help of ear. Without ear, we cannot hear anything. 3. NOSE Nose is a sense organ. It is also located on the head part of the body. Nose help us to breathe and smell. Every human being has one nose. 4. TONGUE Tongue is the sense organ of the human body. It is present inside the mouth. Every human being has one I tongue. Tongue helps us to taste different food items. 5. SKIN Skin is the sense organ of the human body. Skin is present all over the body. It protects us from the external environment and germs. Skin gives us the sense of touch.   ORGAN SYSTEM Our body is made up of cells which combine together to form tissue. Tissues join to form organs. Organs do not work alone. A number of organs in our body are connected together to do a particular kind of work. This is known as organ system. 1. The digestive system helps in breakdown of food into simpler form and being utilized by the body. 2. The circulatory system is made up of heart, blood and blood vessels. It carries blood to all parts of the body.                                          3. The respiratory system helps us in breathing. It more...

Remember Practice makes a man perfect the more you speak the more proficient you will become in this language. Even if you go wrong somewhere, don?t get disheartened, keep trying.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to ·
  • Learn to write proper answers ·
  • Understand the sentence and answer accordingly  
  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW It goes without saying that a language is made up of words arranged in a proper manner to make sentences. If the sentences are not framed properly, the listener or the reader will not be able to understand what we are trying to convey. Language is a medium to communicate with people.  English has now become a world language. If we are able to read, write and speak in English then rest assured, we can go anywhere in this world and we will be able to convey what we want to say. Like in any other language, in English also we need to follow certain rules. If we use wrong words then it will convey a wrong expression. Like if I say that have going to the museum, does it sound meaningful? No, it does not! Clarify whether you are going or have been to the museum. To gain mastery over any language one need to consistently practice the language. Listen to people who speak English, Try to watch your favorite T.V programmers in English. Try to read as much literature in English as you can. While reading if you come across words, of which you don?t find meaning, look for them in the dictionary. Some dictionaries tell you how to pronounce a word. Always remember no one can perfect, so you have to keep trying.   Learn the basic rules of grammar.                 When your tap is not working                                                  Mrs. Paula: The tap is leaking.                 Mr. Paul: I think we must call a plumber immediately.                   When you meet someone on road                                                 Mohan: Hello, Shyam. It has been a long time since we met. How are you?                 Shyam: I am fine, how are you?                   A visit to a doctor                                                 Patient: Good morning, doctor!                 Doctor: Good morning, what's wrong with you?                 Patient: I've been suffering from fever since Yesterday.     Playtime You can write sentences and then try to arrange them so that they start making sense. You can involve as many friends as you want to, so that you many lines of thinking.   At a hotel reception Receptionist: sir, may I help you. Customer: yes, I want a room.   A telephonic conversation        Hello, who's calling? Hello i am Rayan. May i speak to paul?  

Amazing facts "I am" is the shortest complete sentence in English language. Until 1907?s it was thought that comprehension could not be taught in the elementary level.     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to
  • Understand what is comprehension all about.
  • find information from the passage ·                    
  • answer the questions asked thereafter ·                    
  • build confidence  
  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Let's do comprehension today. Do you all know anything about comprehension? Comprehension is understanding, and then answering the questions based on the passage that you have read 
  • Comprehension is your ability to understand what is written. It also means to gain meaning from what is read. ·                    
  • Reading comprehension is one of the pillars of the act of reading.
  • The passages can have any topic as the theme. A single topic can be presented in different ways. ·                    
  • Reading comprehension is making a meaning of word and trying to understand the written text. ·                    
  • A comprehension can be a passage or a poem that needs to be understood to the level of being able to answer the questions that are based only on that passage or that poem. ·                    
  • Writers don't always tell you what they think or believe or why they have written the text. Sometimes you have to try to think like they do and work it out for yourself. ·                    
  • When we read, we often decide what we think might be true based on information in the text. This is called inferring.  
  STEPS
  • First read the passage carefully.
  • Try to understand the passage.
  • Read each question carefully, so that you understand exactly what you are being asked to do before you begin.
  FOUDATIONS 
  • Conceptual Knowledge: Children must be familiar with the various concepts and very clear in them. ·  
  • Language skills: Children must be familiar with the language so that they do not get stuck at any word.
  • Text features: you must know that the title, and the pictures provided are all related to the text
Comprehension can be tough when you are not so familiar with the words and it will take too much of your time to try to pronounce the word correctly. Sight reading or ability to recognize words makes comprehension easier   STRATGIES
  • Make sure you understand what you read.
  • Learn how to work out the main idea and why it is important. There are often many ideas in a text but there is one idea that joins the other ideas together. This is the main idea.
  • Read the text then ask yourself, "What is it mainly about"?
  • The title is a very good clue to the main idea because a good title often tells the reader what more...

  • SYNONYMS, ANTOMYMS, HOMONYMS, RHYMING, WORDS, COLLOCATIONS AND IDIOMS     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to Increase your vocabulary. Learn spellings     QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Any language needs words to express it. And words that are used should be correct enough to be understood by the other person. If you use wrong words for your expression then other person might think the other way. For example if you say I was very sad to see you. Whereas what you wanted to say was that you were very glad to see that person. . But the wrong usage of one word may put you into troubled! Here we will deal with Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, rhyming words collocations and idioms to enrich our understanding of English. Synonyms are words that have similar meanings. For example Happy can be used in place of glad.   Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. For example happy is the opposite of sad. They denote different feelings altogether.     Homonyms are words that sound similarly but have different spellings for example bear bare both sound similarly but have different meanings. Bear is an animal whereas bare means to be without clothes.     Rhyming words are words that rhyme together, for example tough, cough, say, may. It, sit, hit, fit, pit Collocations are words that are put together, in a manner that they sound to be usual to a listener and the user. To be a fluent speaker in English we must know what words go together.     Any language has its own set of popular and wise sayings. They give us an idea of their culture and traditions. They are known as proverbs if they are long and idioms if they are short. They suggest us the ways of living and conduct in daily life.     Playtime Make flash cards and tell your friends to name a word that rhymes with the word in the card. Remember the word should have a meaning.     Amazing facts No word in English language rhymes with month.   Some popular idioms

    Amazing facts Can you read this? It is often said that only the first and last letter of the word should be intact and it can be read. But only 55 out of 100 people can read that way.     Playtime You can write scrambled words and ask your friends to unscramble them one who is able to number of words is the winner.     LEARNIG OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to
    • identify a word from looking at the picture.
    • increase your vocabulary and spellings.  
      QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW In any language it is important that we use correct spellings. Otherwise the other person might not understand what we mean to say. When we us incorrect spellings the meaning of what we want to convey is not understood properly. For example: if we say we went together for a party. Instead of writing together we wrote to gather, it changes the meaning of the whole sentence. To gather means to get collected whereas together means to do something with someone. For example the crowd gathered to see the show. We went together for a party The crowd gathered to see the show If words or sentences are not put in correct order then they cannot explain the correct idea for example, if I say, I in the park was ? does it make any sense? No! But when I say I was in the park it is quite clear that I was in the park  Or if we read a mouse after ran cat. What will you understand? Nothing. Let?s put it the other way a cat ran after the mouse; now it's clear that a cat ran after a mouse and not a mouse ran after a cat! That can be amazing too! Spelling of any given word is equally important. If the spellings are not correct, then the correct idea cannot be conveyed. For example: If you write tealescope instead of telescope, the reader might not understand it. Tealescope- Does it look correct? No, it does not. The correct spelling is telescope. Let's take another example- A Dolfin. Do you think it's the correct spelling? No, it is not. The correct spelling is Dolphin. ?ph' sounds as 'f as in telephone. Here instead of writing light, if we write lite, what will it mean? Nothing. The correct spelling for it is light, (ight says ite as in might, sight, fight) Dolphin- Let's take another example- Ruf. Did you get an idea about what is being talked about? No! Actually the word means something that's not smooth but coarse. When explained further we came to know that it was rough that was being talked about. A rough seashell. (here ough) sounds as uff as in tough) What is this? Ice or ic or is? It's Ice. (when i-e then I is sounded as more...

    Remember We use present simple tense to talk about things we know to be true   LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to
    • understand tenses
    • properly use tenses.
    • identify the type of tenses used.
    • build confidence about the language.
      QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Tenses are also known as yesterday, today and tomorrow words. They tell us whether something has already happened or is happening or is about to happen. We have learnt about simple present tense. In simple present tense if only one person is talked about we use singular verbs. For example: A boy runs. A girl reads.                         And if more than one person is being talked about, we use plural verbs like We run. We read.                      The action that is taking place now is said to be present i.e. today. For example: My mother is washing clothes. I play chess with my friends.                The words washing, play tell us that the action is taking place. They are today words or present tense. We also use present tense to tell about actions that are habits, or tell about things that are true. For example: The Sun rises in the East.                     I go to school daily. The Sun rises in the East Words that tell us about actions that are still happening are called present. I play chess with my friends. The words wash, play are words that tell us that an action is regular. The action that is about to take place is said to be in the future i.e. tomorrow. For example: My mother will wash clothes. I will play chess. The words 'will wash' and 'will play' are tomorrow words or future tense words. Here we will deal only with Simple present tense.     Play time You can ask your classmates to write an activity that a group of people do. And then make a list of people who do that activity daily like brush your teeth. The group that has the maximum member of people doing any activity is the winner.

    Amazing facts 23rd September is celebrated as the national punctuation day   ! this exclamation mark did not get its type writer key till the 1970?s     LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to
    • Use punctuation marks ·        
    • Correctly use punctuation in English language  
      QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Punctuation is an important part of English language. Punctuation helps in understanding the meaning of the sentence better. Punctuation tells you whether the sentence is a question or has come to an end. Punctuation marks can change the meaning of a sentence. If one does not use punctuation marks, the sentence would not be clear, even if one has used best of words. For examples: when we say I went to Spain. Now Spain is a name of a country, when I say, I went to Spain without using capital letter, it shows that I went to some place but not a country. On the other hand when I say I went to Spain, it makes clear that I went to a country that is called Spain. You did not complete your painting. It means that you are telling the other person that he or she has not completed the painting. See the other statement; did you not complete your painting? Here you seem to be questioning or interrogating the other person if he or she has completed the painting or not. Here we would discuss the use of various punctuation marks in English.     THE USE OF CAPITAL LETTER   We use capital letter when we start any sentence. Capital letter is also used when we are using proper nouns, like
    • Name of a person
    • Name of a place
    • Name of a country
    • Name of Rivers
    We also use capital letters when we write T or God. I am very good at painting. We also use capital letters in poetry. The first letter of every line is a capital letter. For example, Twinke-twinke little star, How I wonder what you are? ·                    
    • Inverted commas are used when we are quoting someone. For example: My mom said" you can't go there". They are used when we are directly telling about something.
    • Full stops are used when we are finishing a sentence. For example; I went there. It shows that you are completing a sentence.
    • Commas are used when we are talking of more than one thing and do not end the sentence. For example: I want to tell you that, I wasn't there. I went to the market and bought Watermelon, pears, oranqes and pineapple.
    I went to the market and bought Watermelon, pears, oranges and pineapple. ·                     Exclamation marks are used to show something unexpected or happiness. For example: Hurray! We won the match. more...


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