Current Affairs Teaching

Category : Teaching

 

How We Make Things?

 

World is made up of various elements and matter. These are made up of molecules formed from atoms. Humans fulfil his requirements from the things available on

Earth. He changes the form of things according to his requirement and make them useful.

 

9.1 Things We Know

 

Almost everything that we use around us is the gift of science and technology. Be it fan, wheel, vehicle, cloth, paper, electricity, radio etc everything is the result of science and technology.

 

9.1.1 Matter

 

Everything in this universe is made up of material which is called as matter. Everything around us-air we breath, food, stones, clouds, stars, plants, water, animals, everything is made up of matter.

 

Characteristics of Matter

 

Characteristics of matter are given below

·         Particles of matter have space between them. When we make nimbu paani (lemonade), coffee, particles of one type of matter get into the spaces between particles of the other, because of presence of space between them. This mixing of one type of matter to another type is because of 'diffusion'.

·         Particles of matter are continuously moving because of presence of kinetic energy. With the rise of temperature particles move faster.

·         Particles of matter, attract each other because of presence of force between them. This force keeps the-particles together. The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another.

 

States of Matter

 

Matter is present in three states, solid, liquid and gas. Variation in the characteristics of the particles of matter is cause of various states of matter. States of matter are given below

 

1. Solid States Solid state matter has a definite shape, distinct boundaries and fixed volumes. When outside force apply on solid they tend to maintain their shape. Solids may break under force, but it is difficult to change their shape, hence, they are rigid, e.g. brick, stone, ice etc.

 

2. Liquid States It is characterised by no fixed shape but fixed volume. They take up the shape of the container in which they are kept. Liquid flow and change shape, so they are not rigid but can be called fluid, e.g. water, milk, oil etc.

3. Gaseous States In gaseous state, both volume and shape are not fixed, e.g. air.

 

Water exist in all the three-states.

 

Classification of Matter

Matter can be classified as elements, compounds and mixtures.

 

1. Elements

Some substance are found to contain only one kind of atoms or molecules are called elements. Atom of each element has a definite mass, known as atomic mass.

 

Elements are classified as metals and non-metals

 

Metals

Metals mainly show following characteristics

·         Metals, in their pure form have a shining surface.

·         Metals show malleability means metals can be beaten to form thin sheets.

·         Metals are ductile in nature i.e. metals can be drawn into thin wires.

·         Metals are good conductors of heat.

·         Some examples of metals are : silver, gold, copper, lead etc.

·         Polyvinyl chloride coating is used over wire for protection from shocks.

·         Mercury is a metal but present in liquid form.

 

Non-Metals

 

Some examples of non-metals are: carbon, sulphur, iodine, oxygen, hydrogen etc.

Some characteristics of non-metals are as follow

·         Non-metals are either solids or gases except bromine which is a liquid.

·         Non-metals are bad conductor of heat.

91 is a non-metal but have shining surface.

Metalloid

Some elements show characteristics of both metals and non-metals hence called metalloid, e.g. boron, silicon and germanium.

 

2. Compound

Some substances are made up of two or more elements. These substances are known as compounds e.g. water, sodium and chloride. Water is HO, two molecules of hydrogen which itself burn and one molecule of oxygen, which help in burning, but combination of both form water.

 

3. Mixture

A mixture could contain several elements or compounds or both. e.g. air around us is a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, \[C{{O}_{2}}\], water vapour etc.

Depending upon the nature of the components that form a mixture, they are of two types

 

(i) Homogenous Mixture It has uniform composition throughout the mixture. e.g. salt in water or sugar in water.

(ii) Heterogeaous Mixture It has physically distinct part and have non-uniform compositions, e.g. mixture of sodium chloride, iron filings, oil and water.

 

Solution

 

A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Solution has homogeneity at the particle level, e.g. lemonade taste the same throughout. Solution has a solvent and solute as its components. Solvent dissolves the other component in it. (usually in larger amount).

Solute dissolved in the solvent.

 

Suspension

 

A suspension is a heterogertous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.

Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye.

 

Colloidal Solution

 

The particles of a colloid are uniformly spread throughout the solution. Due to relatively smaller size of particles, mixture appears to be homogenous. But actually a colloidal solution is a

heterogenous mixture, e.g. milk.

Colloids can easily scatter a beam of visible light, this is called as Tyndal?s effect.

 

Alloy

 

Alloys are mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal and cannot be separated into their components by physical methods, e.g. brass is a mixture of approximately 30% zinc and 70% copper,

 

Alloy and its Constituent Elements

 

Alloys	Constituent Element
Steel	Iron and carbon
Stainless steel	Iron, carbon, nickel and chromium
Bronze	Copper and tin
Brass	Copper and zinc
Duralumin	Aluminium, bronze, manganese and magnesium
22 Carat Gold	Gold, copper

 

·         Bronze It is the first alloy to be used. It is being used from very ancient time. It is strong alloy and used to make cannons, guns, statues and vessels.

Acids and Base

 

Acids and Base

 

Acids

Acids are sour in taste and change the colour of blue litmus to red pH is the scale for acidity and basicity, it has 1-14 scale. Acids have pH less than 7.

 

Acid and their Related Matter

 

Citric acid	Lemon, orange etc
Acetic acid	Vinegar
Lactic acid	Curd
Formic acid	Red ant
Carbonic acid	Cold drinks
Tarteric acid	Tamerind
Oxelic acid	Tomato
Mallic acid	Apple
Uric acid	Urine

 

Bases

 

Bases are bitter in taste and change the colour of red litmus to blue. pH value are more than 7.

Litmus and turmeric is natural indicator for acids and bases. Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are synthetic indicator,

 

Physical and Chemical Changes

·         Physical changes are usually about physical states of matter, e.g. physical changes are : crushing a can, melting of an ice cube, breaking a glass, shredding paper etc.

·         Chemical changes are on molecular level. Chemical reactions (i.e. atomic bonds are broken or created) happen during chemical changes, e.g. chemical changes are : rusting of iron combustion of wood, cooking an egg, baking a cake, rotting bananas, milk becoming sour.

 

9.1.2 Separation Techniques

 

There are various separation techniques used for separating different mixtures.

 

Separation of Solid Components

 

With the help of following techniques, solid components can be separated

Manual Separation Separation done by hands. e.g. separating concrete from rice, pulse etc.

 

Threshing It is process of separating the edible part or grain from the stalk and husk, that surrounds the grain. Threshing is done during grain preparation after harvesting. For threshing, these days threshing machines are being used.

 

Winnowing In this process, current of air is blow through grain to separate the chaff surrounding the grain. It is done after the threshing.

 

Filtration This process helps in filtering the fine matter present along with grain. In this process, fine net is used. e.g. separation of sand and concrete, filtering the flour.

 

Magnetic Separation In this technique, magnet is used. This can be used to separate iron, cobalt, nickel, steel etc.

 

Separation of Solid and Liquid

Solid and liquid can be separated with the help of following techniques

 

Sedimentation In this process, liquid containing suspended solid particles are left for a while in a container, slowly solid particles starts to settle down in the bottom of container. This settling down of solid particles is caused by effect of gravity.

 

Decantation In this technique, liquid is transferred from one vessel to another without moving or disturbing the liquid or mixture.

Before this process, sedimentation is done and after settling down of solid or heavier liquid, surface liquid material which is floating on the upper surface is transferred.

Filtration In this technique of separation net or filter paper/membrane is used. Mixture containing solid and liquid is passed through net/membrane/filter paper and in the process solid particles are trapped in net or membrane while liquid passes it easily.

 

Evaporation In this process of separation, mixture containing solid and liquid are heated so that liquid evaporates and solid is left behind as residue, e.g. separation of sugar and salt from solution.

 

Centrifugation In this technique of separation, mixture is rotated and due to centrifugal force, solid particles settles down at bottom rapidly and in this way liquid and solid, can be separated, e.g. cream from milk, butter from milk etc.

 

Distillation In this technique of separation mixture containing solid and liquid is heated and vapour formed during heating is collected and condensed in a specific container and in this way desired component is separated.

 

Separation of Liquid from Liquid Mixture

 

Liquids from liquid mixtures can be separated with the help of following techniques

 

Separation Cone

 

·         It is used to separate two immiscible liquid or liquid which does not mixes. When two immiscible liquids are present in the cone then liquid will form bilayer.

·         One liquid will be present in the upper layer while other is present in the bottom layer, through this cone bottom layer liquid can be easily drained. So, only upper layer liquid will be left in a cone and in this way liquids are separated.

 

   Fractional Distillation

·         In this process, liquid is heated at different temperature and vapour is collected and condensed in separate container for each temperature.

·         Crude petroleum is heated at different temperature to get petrol, diesel, kerosene etc.

So, process of fractional distillation is used in separating petroleum product.

 

Force and Friction

Force can be described as any push or pull on an object. Due to this push and pull, motion or place of an object changes. This push and pull can be due to gravity, magnetism electrical force or anything that might cause a mass to accelerate. SI unit of force is Newton (N) and it is represented by F A force has both magnitude and direction.

 

Friction is a force which resists a motion due to any push or pull. Force of friction acts in opposite direction of driving/main force.

Some of the examples of friction are : stopping of vehicle by application of brakes, usual walking by us on the ground without slipping, even during writing on paper there is friction between tip of pen and paper.

9.2 Things We Do

Economic activities means the production, distribution and consumption of commodities. Some of the economic activities are producing goods while others are producing services.

 

9.2.1 Economic Activities

 

Economic activities can be classified into 3 groups

 

Primary Activities

These activities are concerned with the exploitation of naturally occurring resources. These activities are called primary because they provide the products for all other economic activities, e.g. agriculture, fishery, forestry, animal husbandry etc.

 

Secondary Activities

In these activities, natural products of primary activities are processed and changed into other forms,

Since, these activities are associated with industries, called industrial/manufacturing activities also.

 

Tertiary Activities

Activities which by themselves do not produce a good, but they are an aid in the process of production, e.g. transport, communication, banking, storage, trade etc.

 

Different Kinds of Professions

 

A mechanic	Repairs the motorcycles and cars etc.
A blacksmith	Moulds iron implements.
A cobbler	Repairs shoes and other related commodities,
An engineer	Builds houses; apartments and shopping complexes, algorithm, computer programme.
A doctor	Treats the patients.
A labourer	Performs work and gives his labour.
A postman	Receives and dispatches the postcards.
A teacher	Teaches in the school.
A vegetables and fruit seller	Sales vegetables and fruits
A shopkeeper	Sales Various daily used commodities.
Potter	Make pottery and earthen utensils.
Washrman	Washes clothes and works in laundry.
Astronaut	Who explores space, do research in space science.
Professor	Who teaches in colleges.
Scientist	Do researches.
Farmer	Cultivation and animal husbandry.
Minner	Who do mining and its related work?
Goldsmith	Who make ornaments of golds?
Pilot	Who flies plane?

 

Famous Sport and Sports Person

 

Sports	Famous Sports Person
Gymnast	Dipa Karmakar
Hockey	Major Dhyan Chand
Cricket	Sachin Tendulkar, MS Dhoni, Virat Kobli
Badminton	Gopi Chand, Saina Nehwal, PV Sindhu
Lawn Tennis	Mahesh Bhupati, Leander Paes, Sania Mirza, Ashwini Ponnappa
Wrestling	Simshil Kumar, Yogeshwar Dutt, Sakshi Malik, Geeta Phogat
Boxing	MC Marykom, Vijendra Singh, Marykom
Shooting	Abhinav Bindra
Athletics	Karnam
Weight Lifting	PT Usha Malieshwari

 

Karnam Maileswari She is a weight Sitter, she lives in Andhra Pradesh and her father is a Constabie. She started lifting weight when she was only age of 12. She even lifted a weight of 130 kilograms. Karnam has won 29 medals in an international events.

 

Different Types of Dances in India

 

Dance	Region/State
Bharatnatyam	Tamil Nadu
Kuchipudi	Andhra Pradesh
Odissi Kathakali	Odisha Kerala
Manipuri	Manipur
Kathak	Uttar Pradesh
Garba	Gujarat
Tamashar and Lavani	Maharashtra
Bhangra and Giddha	Punjab
Bihu	Asom
Mohiniattayam	Kerala
Bamboo	Manipur
Cheraw	Mizoram
Ghumar	Haryana
Rauf and Damili	Jammu and Kashmir

 

92.1 Agriculture

 

Agriculture is growing plants and other crops and raising animals for food and other human needs or economic benefits. Agriculture play a vital role in India's economy. Agriculture along with fisheries and forestry, is one of the largest contributors to GDP.

 

Agriculture may be following types

 

1. Pastoralism

This type of agriculture practice is concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry, the care, tending and use of animals such as camel, goats, cattle, yak and sheep.

 

2. Shifting Agriculture

In this type of agriculture, a small area of forest is cleared by cutting down trees and area is burned.

This land is used for growing crops for few years.

When soil becomes less fertile the area not further use for agriculture purpose and abandoned.

 

3. Jhum Cultivation

It is also a shifting agriculture. .It is also known as slash and burn cultivation. In this cultivation first land is cleared, trees are felled, remaining greasers, weeds and other plants part are burnt. Then farming is done on this burnt field. Burning of plants makes the land fertile and provides all essential nutrient to soil.

This type of farming is mainly done in North-Eastern states like Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur-, Meghalaya, Asom. Biggest disadvantage of this farming is that it is based on deforestation.

Due to deforestation, biodiversity and balance of environment is affected. In this farming, land is only lightly dug, no deep ploughing is required, use of fertilizer and pesticides are less and more than one crop can be grown at one time.

In Odisha, shifting cultivation is called as ?pondu?

 

4. Subsistence Farming

To satisfy family and local need are main purpose of this type of farming.

 

5. Intensive Farming

In this agriculture, practice cultivation is done for commercial purpose. The main aim of farmer is to make profit.

 

6. Contour Farming

In order to conserve rainwater and to reduce soil erosion in mountain regions contour farming commonly done by farmers. It is a farming with row patterns that run nearly level around the hill not up and down the hill).

 

Specific Types of Agriculture

·         Viticulture It is related to commercial production of grape vines.

·         Pisciculture It is related to commercial production of fish.

·         Sericulture Production of silk and rearing of silk worms for this purpose.

·         Horticulture Agriculture of fruits, flower and vegetables.

·         Apiculture Occupation of owning and breeding bees for their honey.

·         Silviculture A branch of forestry which deals in growing and cultivation of trees.

·         Floriculture Occupational cultivation of flowers.

·         Arboriculture Agriculture of trees and shrubs.

·         Maryculture It is related to the production of marine animals.

·         Oleryculture It is related to commercial cultivation of vegetables grown on creepers.

·         Vermiculture It is related to the rearing of earthworms for increasing agriculture production.

 

Important Facts Related to

Indian Agriculture

 

·         India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices and spices product.

·         India is second largest fruit producer in world.

·         India ranks first in milk production.

·         India ranks second in fish production.

·         Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potash (NPK), Urea,

·         Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) etc are chemical fertilizer for improving yield.

·         Use of chemicals and fertilizer should be reduced as they cause pollution, intercropping or mixed cropping should be promoted because such cropping can replenish the soil with nutrients and help in retaining nutrient in the soil. Monocropping and excessive use of fertilizer makes the soil barren.

·         Green manuring refers to adding decomposed organic matter in soil.

 

Indian Cropping Season

 

Cropping Season	Importan Crops
Kharif crop (June to September)	Rice, maize, sorghum, mellet arhar, soyabean, groundnut, cotton etc.
Rabi crop (October to March)	Wheat, barley, mustard sesame, peas etc.
Zaid crop (April to June)	Vegetables, fruits, rice, muskmelon etc.

 

Important Crops and their Producing States

 

Crop	State	Crop	State
Tea	Asom	Mustard	Rajasthan
Coffee	Karnataka	Soyabean	Maharashtra
Cotton	Gujarat	Pulses	Maharashtra
Jute	Paschim Bengal	Sugarcane	Uttar Pradesh
Wheat	Uttar Pradesh	Maize	Andhra Pradesh

 

Important Fruits and their Producing States

 

Fruit	State
Apple	Himachal Pradesh
Guava	Madhya Pradesh
Orange	Punjab
Grapes	Maharashtra
Banana	Maharashtra
Pineapple	Paschim Bengal
Cashewnuts	Goa
Litchi	Bihar

 

Indian Spices and their Producing States

 

Spices	State
Pepper	Kerala
Cardamom	Kerala
Ginger	Andhra Pradesh
Turmeric	Andhra Pradesh
Chilli	Andhra Pradesh
Coriander	Rajasthan
Clove	Kerala
Saffron.	Jammu and Kashmir
Garlic	Haryafia
Ajwain	Bihar
Mustard	Uttar Pradesh
Cumin	Rajasthan
Aniseed	Punjab
Celery	Uttar Pradesh

 

Cloth

 

Some household things such as bed sheets, curtains, tablecloth, blanket, clothes etc are made of different types of cloth. These clothes are made up of cotton, woollen, silk and other fibres. Some clothes like cotton, jute, silk and wool are obtained from plants and animals. These are called natural fibres but other type of fibres are made of synthetic fibers. Some examples of synthetic fibres are polyester, nylon and acrylic.

 

Different types of fibres are explained below

Cotton Cotton plants are usually grown at places having black soil and warm climate. The fruits of the cotton plant (cotton bolls) are about size of lemon.

After maturing, the bolls burst open and the seed covered with cotton fibre can be seen. From these bolls, cotton is usually picked by hands.

·         Cotton mostly used in cloth industry. It is also used to stuff pillows and mattresses. Cotton is also used as a bandage in hospitals.

 

Jute It is obtained from the stem of the jute plant. It is cultivated during the rainy season. In India, jute is grown in West Bengal, Bihar and Asom. The jute plant is normally harvested when it is at flowering stage. The stems of the harvested plants are immersed in water for a few days. The stem roots and fibres are separated by hand.

 

·         Jute is mostly used for making jute bags, chair covering, carpets and area rugs etc.

 

Wool Sheep wool is more commonly available in India. The process of making fibre into wool fellows-shearing, scouring, sorting, cleaning of burrs, dyeing, straightening, combing and finally rolling into yarns.

 

Synthetic Fibres Synthetic fibres are made by human beings. Types of synthetic fibres are

 

Rayon It is synthesised from wood pulp. Rayon resembles silk, so it also known as artificial silk. It is very cheap compared to silk.

 

Nylon It is synthesised from coal, water and air. It is very strong and it also resembles silk.

·         Nylon is used to make different types of clothes, ropes, brushes, curtains, bags etc.

 

Polyester Polyester fibres are extremely strong, durable, resistant and do not get wrinkled easily. It does not absorb water, so it dries quickly. It is used to garments, bed sheet etc.

 

Acrylic Acrylic is a light weight soft and warm synthetic fibre. Acrylic fibre is often used for making sweaters, tracksuits, furnishing fabrics and carpets etc.

 

Fertilizers

·         Fertilizers are material used to provide plant nutrients which are deficient in soils.

 

·         Many fertilizers are extracted and purified from natural deposits in the Earth. Material such as Sul-Po-Mag, muriate of potash and triple super phosphate are all produced from naturally occurring minerals.

·         Some materials, such as urea and ammonium nitrate are synthetic, but provide plants with the same nutrients that are found naturally in the soil.

 

Fertilizer can be of different types

 

1.         Nitrogen Based Fertilizers Nitrogen plays a vital role in the protein formation process of plants.

Nitrogen based fertilizers are made from the ammonia.

 

2.         Phosphorus Based Fertilizers Fruit trees, potatoes and chillies need a potassium releasing fertilizers. These fertilizers are chemical substance that contains the nutrient phosphorus in absorbable form.

 

3.         Potassium Based Fertilizers Potassic fertilizers are chemical substance containing potassium in absorbed form. They are water soluble and so are really available to plants.

 

Plastic

Plastic is a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene,

PVC, nylon etc that can be moulded into different shapes.

 

Plastic can be divided into two major categories

 

1.         Thermosetting Plastics Once cooled and hardened these plastics retain their shape and cannot return .to their original form.

They are hard and durable. Thermosets can be used for auto parts, aircraft parts and tires.

 

2.         Thermoplastics These are less rigid than thermosets, thermoplastics can soften upon heating and return to their original form.

They are easily moulded and extruded into films, fibres and packaging.

 

·         Glass Glass is a solid material that is usually transparent and breaks easily. Glass is formed by fusing sand, sodium carbonate 'and calcium carbonate under extreme heat. Glass is used for the construction of windows, eye glasses, bottles etc.

·         Glass is made by melting together several minerals at very high temperatures. Silica in the form of sand is the main ingredient and this is combined with soda ash and limestone and melted in a furnace at high temperatures.

 

Glasses, Composition and Uses

 

Glasses	Composition	Uses
Soda Glass	Sodium Carbonate, Calcium Carbonate and Silica	In making tube light, bottles, equipments of laboratory, daily useable domestic utensils.
Flint Glass	Potassium Carbonate	In making of electric bulbs, lenses of camera and telescope etc.
Crooks Glass	Cerium oxide and Silica	In making lenses of goggles.
Potash Glass	Potassium Carbonate, Calcium Carbonate and Silica	In making glass container and laboratory equipments, glass untensils which are heated upto very high temperature.
Pyrex Glass	Barium Silicate and Sodium Silicate	In making laboratory equipments and pharmaceutical containers or vessels.

 

Magnet

 

A magnet is a piece of metal with a strong attraction to another metal object. The attraction a magnet produces is called a magnetic field. This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable property of a magnet; a force that pulls on other objects such as iron.

 

Types of Magnet

 

1. Natural Magnet A natural magnet is a magnet that occurs naturally in nature. All natural magnets are permanent magnets, they never lose their magnetic power.

 

2. Artificial Magnet When magnets are manmade they are called artificial magnet. These types of magnets have extra-strong magnetic power. Artificial magnets are temporary and permanent.

 

9.2.2 Festivals in India

 

A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and its religion or traditions often marked as a local or national holiday.

India is well known all over the world as a country of cultural and traditional festivals as it has many cultures and religions. One can enjoy the festival celebration in India every month. As it is a secular country full of diversity in the religions, languages, cultures and castes.

Specific Festivals of Specific Region in India

 

Festival	Region/State	Month/Time of Celebration
Onam	Kerala	Chingam (Aug-Sept)
Ganesh Chaturthi	Maharashtra	Bhadrapada Shukia Chaturthi
Rath Yatra	Odisha	Ashadha Shukia Pakshadwitya
Baishakhi	Punjab	13-14 April (First day of Vaisakh)
Pongal, Jallikattu	Tamil Nadu	14 January
Durga Puja	West Bengal	6th day of Ashwin Shukia
Bihu	Asom	In the month of Bohag Kaati and Magh
Chhath	Bihar	Kartik Shukia Shasthi
Losar	Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh	First Lunar month
Ugadi/Gudi Padwa	Andhra Pradesh	1st day of Chaitra month
Gangaur	Rajasthan	Chaitra Shukia

 

 

9.3. Things We Make

 

The crafts of India are diverse, rich in history and religion. Throughout centuries, crafts have been embedded as a culture and tradition within rural communities.

 

Traditional Crafts

 

Traditional	Are As/States
Warli Painting	Maharashtra
Chikan Embroidery	Lucknow
Perfumes/ Itr	Kannauj
Brass Handicrafts	Moradabad (UP)
Jamdani Textile	West Bengal
Patola Embroidery	Gujarat
Pashmina Shawls	Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)
Bandana Weave	Rajasthan and Gujarat
Pochampally	Andhra Pradesh
Wood Carving	Saharanpur
Pithora Painting	Madhya Pradesh

 

 

9.3.1 Painting

 

The tradition of painting has been carried on the

Indian subcontinent since ancient times. Different types of paintings are given below

Chitra Kathi Painting

 

This painting belongs to Maharashtra, through this painting story is depicted. In this painting, only natural colour is used.

 

Kalamkari Painting

 

This painting belongs to Andhra Pradesh, natural colour is used and they are also done on cloth as blocks printing.

 

Madhubani Painting

 

It belongs to state of Bihar. In this painting natural things like leaf, flower, animals, birds and humans are depicted. Natural colour is used in painting, colour from Indigo, turmeric and normal flowers are obtained. A special kind of paste of grinded rice is made to further glorify the painting.

 

Pata Painting

 

It is found in Odisha natural colour from minerals and vegetables are used. Painting is done on the cloth.

 

Phad Painting

 

This painting is done on the cloth and it belongs to Rajasthan.

 

9.3.2 Traditional Art

 

Art that is a part of the culture of a group of people, skills and knowledge of which passed down through generations to generations. Some of the famous traditional art forms are given below

           

Some Traditional Art Forms

           

Traditional Art	Regiop or State
Jamdani	West Bengal
Pashmina and Shahtoot	Jammu and Kashmir
Patola	Gujarat
Bandana Design	Rajasthan and Gujarat
Chikankari	Lucknow
Muga Silk	Asom
Pochampally	Andhra Pradesh
Perfume Industry	Kannauj
Shawl	Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
Embroidery	Jammu and Kashmir

           

Special Dresses of Different Region of India

 

Traditional Art	Regiop or State
Jamdani	West Bengal
Pashmina and Shahtoot	Jammu and Kashmir
Patola	Gujarat
Bandana Design	Rajasthan and Gujarat
Chikankari	Lucknow
Muga Silk	Asom
Pochampally	Andhra Pradesh
Perfume Industry	Kannauj
Shawl	Kullu, Himachal Pradesh
Embroidery	Jammu and Kashmir

 

World Famous Pashmina

 

Pashmina shawl is as warm as six sweaters! It is, very thin and warm. The goats from which the soft pashmina wool is collected are found on very high altitudes of 5000 metres. In winter temperature, drops to low as \[-\text{ }40{}^\circ C\]. A coat of warm hair grows on the goat?s body which protects it from extreme cold. The goat shed some of their hair, fur in summer. This hair is so fine that six of these would be as thick as one hair of ours. The fine hair cannot be woven on machines so weavers in Kashmir made these shawls by hands. This is long and difficult process. After almost 250 hours of weaving one plain pashmina shawl is made.

 

Special Dresses of Different Region of India

 

Dress for Women	Region/State
Mundum Neriyathum	Kerala
Mekhela Chadhar	Asom
Salwar Kameez	Haryana, Punjab, Himacnal Pradesh
Phiran	Kashmir
Ghagra Choli	Rajasthan, Gujarat
Anarkali Salwar Suit	North India
Rahide	Himacnal Pradesh-Pano Bhaju-Goa-Phank and Mayank Naibo, Manipur
Safa	Rajasthan
Phiran	Kashmir
Dastar	Punjab
Pheta	Mahar ashtra/Mysore

 

9.3.3 Languages

 

There are 22 major languages in India. English and Hindi languages are widely spoken in our country. Several states in India have their own official languages which are spoken in particular areas. These are given below

 

 

Different Language and Dialects of India

 

Language	Area/Region
Hindi	Whole North India
Punjabi	Punjab
Sindhi	Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat
Nepali	Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar
Dongri	Jammu and Kashmir
Boda	Asom
Telgu	Andhra Pradesh
Maithili	Bihar
Odiya	Odisha
Konkani	Goa
Kannada	Karnataka
Assamese	Asom
Manipuri	Manipur
Kashmiri	Kashmir
Santhali	Jharkhand
Marathi	Maharashtra
Tamil	Tamil Nadu
Malayalam	Kerala
Kuduk	Jharkhand

 

·         Braille Script t is a special way of reading and writing for people who cannot see. It is written on a thick paper by making a row of raised points with a pointed tool. Braille script is based on 6 points and it is read by running the finger on the raised dots. Louis Braille of France invented new script for visually disabled and it is known as Braille script.

 

9.3.4 Tribes

 

A tribe is viewed, devdopmenially or historically as a social group existing before the development of or outside, states.

A tribe is a group of distinct people, dependent on their land for their livelihood, who are largely self-sufficient and not integrated into the national society.

 

Famous Tribes of India

 

Tribe	Region or State
Changpa or Champa	Ladakh
Gaddi tribe	Himachal Pradesh
Bakkarwala tribe	jammu and Kashinir
Tharu	Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh
Kharwar tribe	Uttar Pradesh
Jaunsari	Uttarakhand
Bhotia tribe	Uttarakhand
Gond	Chhattisgarh
Korwa	Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand,
Sahavia	Madhya Pradesh
Meena	Rajasthan
Bhil	Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh
Santhal	Jharkhand
Munda	Jharkhand
Khond	Odisha
Naga	Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh
Garo, Khasi, Janita	Meghalaya
Kuki	Manipur
Lepcha	Sikkim
Toda	Tamil Nadu
Jarawa tribe	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Worii	Maharashtra
Lushai	Mizoram