Category : 8th Class
Irrigation
It is the artificial method of supplying water for the agriculture. There are different methods of irrigations. It depends on the nature of region, where the agriculture is to be done. The different methods of irrigations are surface irrigation, localized irrigation, drip Irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, tank irrigation, canal irrigation and river irrigation.
Surface Irrigation
In this method of irrigation, water moves across the land by simple gravity flow, in order to wet the soil and infiltrate into the soil. It can be further subdivided into furrow, border strip or basin irrigation. It is also called flood irrigation, as it might results in flooding the cultivated area.
Localized Irrigation
It is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a predetermined manner and is applied as a small discharge to each plant.
Localized Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
It is also known as trickle irrigation. Water is delivered at the roots of the plant drop by drop. It is the most efficient method of irrigation, as wastage due to the overflow or runoff is least. In modern method, drip irrigation Is often combine with plastic mulch, which further reduces evaporation and also acts as a means of delivery of fertilizer and is known as fertigation.
Deep percolation, where water moves below the root zone, can occur if a drip system is operated for too long duration or delivery rate is too high. Drip irrigation methods range from very high-tech and computerized to low-tech and labour-intensive. Lower water pressures are usually needed, compared to the other types of systems, with the exception of low energy center pivot systems and surface irrigation systems. The system can be designed for uniformity throughout the field or for precise water delivery to individual plants in a landscape, containing a mixture of plant species. Although it is difficult to regulate pressure on steep slopes, pressure compensating emitters are available. So the field does not have to be levelled. High-tech solutions involve precisely calibrated emitters, located along lines of tubing that extend from a computerized set of valves. Both pressure regulation and filtration to remove particles are important.
Drip Irrigation
Sprinkler Irrigation
In this method of irrigation, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field, where the water is distributed by overhead high pressure sprinklers. The system, which uses such methods is also called solid set irrigation system. The high pressure sprinklers that rotate are called rotors.
Sprinkler Irrigation
A Traveling Sprinkler
The sprinklers can also be mounted on the moving platforms, which are connected to the water source with the help of hose. Such system can be used to irrigate the fields, sports ground, parks, pastures and cemeteries.
Traveling Sprinkler
There are different methods of irrigations by which we supply water for irrigation purpose. The method in which water moves across the land by simple gravity flow in order to wet the soil and infiltrate into the soil is known as:
(a) Drip irrigation
(b) Sprinkler irrigation
(c) Surface irrigation
(d) Localized irrigation
(e) None of these
Answer: (c)
Explanation
The mode of irrigation, in which water moves across the land by the influence of gravity is known as surface irrigation.
What type of irrigation is represented by the figure given below?
(a) Drip irrigation
(b) Sprinkler irrigation
(c) Surface irrigation
(d) Localized irrigation
(e) None of these
Answer: (c)
Explanation
The figure above is the instrument used in drip irrigation.
Fertilizers
It is the substance, which supplies the nutrients to the soil necessary for the growth of plants. It can improve the nutrient content of the soil and balance the amount of various nutrients in the soil. The plant gets the required nutrient in correct amount for its growth and development. Depending on the requirement of the nutrient, it is of two types:
(i) Macro nutrient
(ii) Micronutrient
Macronutrient
The three primary macronutrients are, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The secondary macronutrients are calcium (Ca), sulphur (S) and magnesium (Mg). The macronutrients are required in large quantity and varies from 0.2% to 0.4%. The nitrogen rich fertilizer is also used as an explosive or as an oxidizing agent.
Micronutrients
The micronutrients are boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum and selenium. The micronutrients are required in small quantity and is less than 0.2%.
Crop protection
This is the branch of science, which deals with the study and management of crop protection from pests, weeds, diseases and theft. There are various methods of crop protections, such as, use of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. Biological pest control method, such as, trap crops and beetle banks are also used for crop protections. Use of scare crow for the bird's protection is a psychological method. The genetic engineering is the method of producing disease resistant seeds, which are not affected by the microbes and other organisms.
The different crops require different types of nutrients. Some are required in large quantity and other are required in small quantity. The requirement of nutrient depends on the nature of soil and its nutrient contents. The nutrient which are required in small quantity are called:
(a) Macronutrients
(b) Micronutrients
(c) Simple nutrients
(d) Complex nutrients
(e) None of these
Answer: (b)
Explanation
The nutrients which are required by the crop in small quantity are called micronutrients.
Weeds are the unwanted plants, which grow along with the crop and share nutrients, water and Sunlight with the crops. We have to remove these weeds for proper growth of crops. It can be done either, by handpicking or with the help of chemicals. Which one of the following chemicals given below is a weedicides?
(a) 2, 4-D
(b) BHC
(c) CH4
(d) CF
(e) None of these
Answer: (a)
Explanation
Out of the given options only 2,4-D is used as an weedicide and rest are either hydrocarbon or fertilizers..
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