The sacrifices and the Invocation of the gods were excellent-but was that all? Did the sacrifices give a happy fortune? And what about the gods? Was it really Prajapati who had created the world? Was it not the Atman, He, the only one, the singular one? Were the gods not creations, created like me and you, subject to time, mortal? Was it therefore good, was it right, was it meaningful and the highest occupation to make offerings to the gods? For whom else were offerings to be made, who else was to be worshipped but Him, the only one, the Atman? And where was Atman to be found, where did He reside, where did his eternal heartbeat, where else but in ones own self, in its innermost part, in its indestructible part, which everyone had in himself? But where, where was this self, this innermost part, this ultimate part? It was not flesh and bone, it was neither thought nor consciousness, thus the wisest ones taught. So, where, where was it? To reach this place, the self, myself, the Atman, there was another way, which was worthwhile looking for? Alas, and nobody showed this way, nobody knew it, not the father, and not the teachers and wise men, not the holy sacrificial songs! They knew everything, the Brahmans and their holy books, they knew everything, they had taken care of everything and of more than everything, the creation of the world, the origin of speech, of food, of inhaling, of exhaling, the arrangement of the senses, the acts of the gods, they knew infinitely much-but was it valuable to know all of this, not knowing that one and only thing, the most important thing, the solely important thing? |
Surely, many verses of the holy books, particularly in the Upanishades of Samaveda, spoke of this innermost and ultimate thing, wonderful verses. "Your soul is the whole world", was written there, and it was written that man in his sleep, in his deep sleep, would meet with his innermost part and would reside in the Atman. Marvellous wisdom was in these verses, all knowledge of the wisest ones had been collected here in magic words, pure as honey collected by bees. No, not to be looked down upon was the tremendous amount of enlightenment which lay here collected and preserved by innumerable generations of wise Brahmans- But where were the Brahmans, where the priests, where the wise men or penitents, who had succeeded in not just knowing this deepest of all knowledge but also to live it? Where was the knowledgeable one who wove his spell to bring his familiarity with the Atman out of the sleep into the state of being awake, into the life, into every step of the way, into word and deed? Siddhartha knew many venerable Brahmans, chiefly his father, the pure one, the scholar, the most venerable one. His father was to be admired, quiet and noble were his manners, pure his life, wise his words, delicate and noble thoughts lived behind its brow -but even he, who knew so much, did he live in blissfulness, did he have peace, was he not also just a searching man, a thirsty man? Did he not, again and again, have to drink from holy sources, as a thirsty man, from the offerings, from the books, from the disputes of the Brahmans? Why did he, the irreproachable one, have to wash off sins every day, strive for a cleansing every day, over and over every day? Was not Atman in him, did not the pristine source spring from his heart? It had to be found, the pristine source in ones own self, it had to be possessed! Everything else was searching, was a detour, was getting lost. |
The sacrifices and the Invocation of the gods were excellent-but was that all? Did the sacrifices give a happy fortune? And what about the gods? Was it really Prajapati who had created the world? Was it not the Atman, He, the only one, the singular one? Were the gods not creations, created like me and you, subject to time, mortal? Was it therefore good, was it right, was it meaningful and the highest occupation to make offerings to the gods? For whom else were offerings to be made, who else was to be worshipped but Him, the only one, the Atman? And where was Atman to be found, where did He reside, where did his eternal heartbeat, where else but in ones own self, in its innermost part, in its indestructible part, which everyone had in himself? But where, where was this self, this innermost part, this ultimate part? It was not flesh and bone, it was neither thought nor consciousness, thus the wisest ones taught. So, where, where was it? To reach this place, the self, myself, the Atman, there was another way, which was worthwhile looking for? Alas, and nobody showed this way, nobody knew it, not the father, and not the teachers and wise men, not the holy sacrificial songs! They knew everything, the Brahmans and their holy books, they knew everything, they had taken care of everything and of more than everything, the creation of the world, the origin of speech, of food, of inhaling, of exhaling, the arrangement of the senses, the acts of the gods, they knew infinitely much-but was it valuable to know all of this, not knowing that one and only thing, the most important thing, the solely important thing? |
Surely, many verses of the holy books, particularly in the Upanishades of Samaveda, spoke of this innermost and ultimate thing, wonderful verses. "Your soul is the whole world", was written there, and it was written that man in his sleep, in his deep sleep, would meet with his innermost part and would reside in the Atman. Marvellous wisdom was in these verses, all knowledge of the wisest ones had been collected here in magic words, pure as honey collected by bees. No, not to be looked down upon was the tremendous amount of enlightenment which lay here collected and preserved by innumerable generations of wise Brahmans- But where were the Brahmans, where the priests, where the wise men or penitents, who had succeeded in not just knowing this deepest of all knowledge but also to live it? Where was the knowledgeable one who wove his spell to bring his familiarity with the Atman out of the sleep into the state of being awake, into the life, into every step of the way, into word and deed? Siddhartha knew many venerable Brahmans, chiefly his father, the pure one, the scholar, the most venerable one. His father was to be admired, quiet and noble were his manners, pure his life, wise his words, delicate and noble thoughts lived behind its brow -but even he, who knew so much, did he live in blissfulness, did he have peace, was he not also just a searching man, a thirsty man? Did he not, again and again, have to drink from holy sources, as a thirsty man, from the offerings, from the books, from the disputes of the Brahmans? Why did he, the irreproachable one, have to wash off sins every day, strive for a cleansing every day, over and over every day? Was not Atman in him, did not the pristine source spring from his heart? It had to be found, the pristine source in ones own self, it had to be possessed! Everything else was searching, was a detour, was getting lost. |
The sacrifices and the Invocation of the gods were excellent-but was that all? Did the sacrifices give a happy fortune? And what about the gods? Was it really Prajapati who had created the world? Was it not the Atman, He, the only one, the singular one? Were the gods not creations, created like me and you, subject to time, mortal? Was it therefore good, was it right, was it meaningful and the highest occupation to make offerings to the gods? For whom else were offerings to be made, who else was to be worshipped but Him, the only one, the Atman? And where was Atman to be found, where did He reside, where did his eternal heartbeat, where else but in ones own self, in its innermost part, in its indestructible part, which everyone had in himself? But where, where was this self, this innermost part, this ultimate part? It was not flesh and bone, it was neither thought nor consciousness, thus the wisest ones taught. So, where, where was it? To reach this place, the self, myself, the Atman, there was another way, which was worthwhile looking for? Alas, and nobody showed this way, nobody knew it, not the father, and not the teachers and wise men, not the holy sacrificial songs! They knew everything, the Brahmans and their holy books, they knew everything, they had taken care of everything and of more than everything, the creation of the world, the origin of speech, of food, of inhaling, of exhaling, the arrangement of the senses, the acts of the gods, they knew infinitely much-but was it valuable to know all of this, not knowing that one and only thing, the most important thing, the solely important thing? |
Surely, many verses of the holy books, particularly in the Upanishades of Samaveda, spoke of this innermost and ultimate thing, wonderful verses. "Your soul is the whole world", was written there, and it was written that man in his sleep, in his deep sleep, would meet with his innermost part and would reside in the Atman. Marvellous wisdom was in these verses, all knowledge of the wisest ones had been collected here in magic words, pure as honey collected by bees. No, not to be looked down upon was the tremendous amount of enlightenment which lay here collected and preserved by innumerable generations of wise Brahmans- But where were the Brahmans, where the priests, where the wise men or penitents, who had succeeded in not just knowing this deepest of all knowledge but also to live it? Where was the knowledgeable one who wove his spell to bring his familiarity with the Atman out of the sleep into the state of being awake, into the life, into every step of the way, into word and deed? Siddhartha knew many venerable Brahmans, chiefly his father, the pure one, the scholar, the most venerable one. His father was to be admired, quiet and noble were his manners, pure his life, wise his words, delicate and noble thoughts lived behind its brow -but even he, who knew so much, did he live in blissfulness, did he have peace, was he not also just a searching man, a thirsty man? Did he not, again and again, have to drink from holy sources, as a thirsty man, from the offerings, from the books, from the disputes of the Brahmans? Why did he, the irreproachable one, have to wash off sins every day, strive for a cleansing every day, over and over every day? Was not Atman in him, did not the pristine source spring from his heart? It had to be found, the pristine source in ones own self, it had to be possessed! Everything else was searching, was a detour, was getting lost. |
The sacrifices and the Invocation of the gods were excellent-but was that all? Did the sacrifices give a happy fortune? And what about the gods? Was it really Prajapati who had created the world? Was it not the Atman, He, the only one, the singular one? Were the gods not creations, created like me and you, subject to time, mortal? Was it therefore good, was it right, was it meaningful and the highest occupation to make offerings to the gods? For whom else were offerings to be made, who else was to be worshipped but Him, the only one, the Atman? And where was Atman to be found, where did He reside, where did his eternal heartbeat, where else but in ones own self, in its innermost part, in its indestructible part, which everyone had in himself? But where, where was this self, this innermost part, this ultimate part? It was not flesh and bone, it was neither thought nor consciousness, thus the wisest ones taught. So, where, where was it? To reach this place, the self, myself, the Atman, there was another way, which was worthwhile looking for? Alas, and nobody showed this way, nobody knew it, not the father, and not the teachers and wise men, not the holy sacrificial songs! They knew everything, the Brahmans and their holy books, they knew everything, they had taken care of everything and of more than everything, the creation of the world, the origin of speech, of food, of inhaling, of exhaling, the arrangement of the senses, the acts of the gods, they knew infinitely much-but was it valuable to know all of this, not knowing that one and only thing, the most important thing, the solely important thing? |
Surely, many verses of the holy books, particularly in the Upanishades of Samaveda, spoke of this innermost and ultimate thing, wonderful verses. "Your soul is the whole world", was written there, and it was written that man in his sleep, in his deep sleep, would meet with his innermost part and would reside in the Atman. Marvellous wisdom was in these verses, all knowledge of the wisest ones had been collected here in magic words, pure as honey collected by bees. No, not to be looked down upon was the tremendous amount of enlightenment which lay here collected and preserved by innumerable generations of wise Brahmans- But where were the Brahmans, where the priests, where the wise men or penitents, who had succeeded in not just knowing this deepest of all knowledge but also to live it? Where was the knowledgeable one who wove his spell to bring his familiarity with the Atman out of the sleep into the state of being awake, into the life, into every step of the way, into word and deed? Siddhartha knew many venerable Brahmans, chiefly his father, the pure one, the scholar, the most venerable one. His father was to be admired, quiet and noble were his manners, pure his life, wise his words, delicate and noble thoughts lived behind its brow -but even he, who knew so much, did he live in blissfulness, did he have peace, was he not also just a searching man, a thirsty man? Did he not, again and again, have to drink from holy sources, as a thirsty man, from the offerings, from the books, from the disputes of the Brahmans? Why did he, the irreproachable one, have to wash off sins every day, strive for a cleansing every day, over and over every day? Was not Atman in him, did not the pristine source spring from his heart? It had to be found, the pristine source in ones own self, it had to be possessed! Everything else was searching, was a detour, was getting lost. |
The sacrifices and the Invocation of the gods were excellent-but was that all? Did the sacrifices give a happy fortune? And what about the gods? Was it really Prajapati who had created the world? Was it not the Atman, He, the only one, the singular one? Were the gods not creations, created like me and you, subject to time, mortal? Was it therefore good, was it right, was it meaningful and the highest occupation to make offerings to the gods? For whom else were offerings to be made, who else was to be worshipped but Him, the only one, the Atman? And where was Atman to be found, where did He reside, where did his eternal heartbeat, where else but in ones own self, in its innermost part, in its indestructible part, which everyone had in himself? But where, where was this self, this innermost part, this ultimate part? It was not flesh and bone, it was neither thought nor consciousness, thus the wisest ones taught. So, where, where was it? To reach this place, the self, myself, the Atman, there was another way, which was worthwhile looking for? Alas, and nobody showed this way, nobody knew it, not the father, and not the teachers and wise men, not the holy sacrificial songs! They knew everything, the Brahmans and their holy books, they knew everything, they had taken care of everything and of more than everything, the creation of the world, the origin of speech, of food, of inhaling, of exhaling, the arrangement of the senses, the acts of the gods, they knew infinitely much-but was it valuable to know all of this, not knowing that one and only thing, the most important thing, the solely important thing? |
Surely, many verses of the holy books, particularly in the Upanishades of Samaveda, spoke of this innermost and ultimate thing, wonderful verses. "Your soul is the whole world", was written there, and it was written that man in his sleep, in his deep sleep, would meet with his innermost part and would reside in the Atman. Marvellous wisdom was in these verses, all knowledge of the wisest ones had been collected here in magic words, pure as honey collected by bees. No, not to be looked down upon was the tremendous amount of enlightenment which lay here collected and preserved by innumerable generations of wise Brahmans- But where were the Brahmans, where the priests, where the wise men or penitents, who had succeeded in not just knowing this deepest of all knowledge but also to live it? Where was the knowledgeable one who wove his spell to bring his familiarity with the Atman out of the sleep into the state of being awake, into the life, into every step of the way, into word and deed? Siddhartha knew many venerable Brahmans, chiefly his father, the pure one, the scholar, the most venerable one. His father was to be admired, quiet and noble were his manners, pure his life, wise his words, delicate and noble thoughts lived behind its brow -but even he, who knew so much, did he live in blissfulness, did he have peace, was he not also just a searching man, a thirsty man? Did he not, again and again, have to drink from holy sources, as a thirsty man, from the offerings, from the books, from the disputes of the Brahmans? Why did he, the irreproachable one, have to wash off sins every day, strive for a cleansing every day, over and over every day? Was not Atman in him, did not the pristine source spring from his heart? It had to be found, the pristine source in ones own self, it had to be possessed! Everything else was searching, was a detour, was getting lost. |
Apart from cricket, badminton was the other popular game in Belrampur. In fact, the girls only played badminton. It was an excellent turnover business. Shuttle cocks needed to be replaced, rackets needed rewiring and badminton rackets didnt last as long as cricket bats. |
School stationery became the other hit item in the following weeks. Only some kids played sports, but every kid needed notebooks, pens and pencils, and parents never said no to that. Many times, someone buying a ball would buy a notebook, or the other way round. We offered a total solution. Soon, suppliers came to us themselves. They kept stuff on credit and returnable basis - chart paper, gum bottles, maps of India, water bottles and tiffin boxes. It is only after you open a shop that you realise the length and breadth of the Indian student industry. |
We kept the cricket coaching and tuitions at the same price -250 rupees a month. Customers for Maths tuitions were easier to get, given the higher demand and my track record. I taught at the SBI compound building in the mornings. Ish used the compound grounds for the two students who signed up for cricket tuitions. |
They were the best players in the Belrampur Municipal School and had fought with their parents to let them try coaching for three months. Of course, we still spent most of our time in the shop. |
'Should we do greeting cards?' I wondered as I opened a sample packet left by a supplier. At five-rupee retail price and two-rupee cost price, cards had solid margins. However, people in Belrampur did not give each other greeting cards. |
'This is in-swinger, and this is off-swinger. By the way, this is the third ball in two weeks. What's up Tapan?' Ish asked a regular customer. Thirteen-year-old Tapan was one of the best bowlers of his age in the Belrampur Municipal School. |
Ish gripped the cricket ball and showed him the wrist movement. |
'It is that nightmare All. Ball keeps getting lost with his shots. Why did he move to our school?' Tapan grumbled as he rubbed the ball on his shorts. |
'Ali? New student? Havent seen him here,' Ish said. All good players visited our store and Ish knew them personally. |
'Yes, batsman. Just joined our school. You should come see him. He wouldnt come here, right?' Tapan said. |
Ish nodded. We had few Muslim customers. Most of them used other Hindu boys to make their purchases. |
'You want to sign up for cricket tuitions. Ish will teach you, he played at the district level,' I could not help pitching our other service. |
'Mummy will not allow. She said I can only take tuitions for studies. No sports coaching,' Tapan said. |
'It is ok, have a good game,' Ish said, ruffling the boy's hair. |
'You see this. That is why India doesn't win every match,' Ish said after Tapan left. |
Yes, Ish has this ridiculous theory that India should win every match. 'Well, we don't have to. It won't be much of a game otherwise,' I said and closed the cash box. |
'Our country has a billion people. We should always win,' Ish insisted. |
Apart from cricket, badminton was the other popular game in Belrampur. In fact, the girls only played badminton. It was an excellent turnover business. Shuttle cocks needed to be replaced, rackets needed rewiring and badminton rackets didnt last as long as cricket bats. |
School stationery became the other hit item in the following weeks. Only some kids played sports, but every kid needed notebooks, pens and pencils, and parents never said no to that. Many times, someone buying a ball would buy a notebook, or the other way round. We offered a total solution. Soon, suppliers came to us themselves. They kept stuff on credit and returnable basis - chart paper, gum bottles, maps of India, water bottles and tiffin boxes. It is only after you open a shop that you realise the length and breadth of the Indian student industry. |
We kept the cricket coaching and tuitions at the same price -250 rupees a month. Customers for Maths tuitions were easier to get, given the higher demand and my track record. I taught at the SBI compound building in the mornings. Ish used the compound grounds for the two students who signed up for cricket tuitions. |
They were the best players in the Belrampur Municipal School and had fought with their parents to let them try coaching for three months. Of course, we still spent most of our time in the shop. |
'Should we do greeting cards?' I wondered as I opened a sample packet left by a supplier. At five-rupee retail price and two-rupee cost price, cards had solid margins. However, people in Belrampur did not give each other greeting cards. |
'This is in-swinger, and this is off-swinger. By the way, this is the third ball in two weeks. What's up Tapan?' Ish asked a regular customer. Thirteen-year-old Tapan was one of the best bowlers of his age in the Belrampur Municipal School. |
Ish gripped the cricket ball and showed him the wrist movement. |
'It is that nightmare All. Ball keeps getting lost with his shots. Why did he move to our school?' Tapan grumbled as he rubbed the ball on his shorts. |
'Ali? New student? Havent seen him here,' Ish said. All good players visited our store and Ish knew them personally. |
'Yes, batsman. Just joined our school. You should come see him. He wouldnt come here, right?' Tapan said. |
Ish nodded. We had few Muslim customers. Most of them used other Hindu boys to make their purchases. |
'You want to sign up for cricket tuitions. Ish will teach you, he played at the district level,' I could not help pitching our other service. |
'Mummy will not allow. She said I can only take tuitions for studies. No sports coaching,' Tapan said. |
'It is ok, have a good game,' Ish said, ruffling the boy's hair. |
'You see this. That is why India doesn't win every match,' Ish said after Tapan left. |
Yes, Ish has this ridiculous theory that India should win every match. 'Well, we don't have to. It won't be much of a game otherwise,' I said and closed the cash box. |
'Our country has a billion people. We should always win,' Ish insisted. |
Apart from cricket, badminton was the other popular game in Belrampur. In fact, the girls only played badminton. It was an excellent turnover business. Shuttle cocks needed to be replaced, rackets needed rewiring and badminton rackets didnt last as long as cricket bats. |
School stationery became the other hit item in the following weeks. Only some kids played sports, but every kid needed notebooks, pens and pencils, and parents never said no to that. Many times, someone buying a ball would buy a notebook, or the other way round. We offered a total solution. Soon, suppliers came to us themselves. They kept stuff on credit and returnable basis - chart paper, gum bottles, maps of India, water bottles and tiffin boxes. It is only after you open a shop that you realise the length and breadth of the Indian student industry. |
We kept the cricket coaching and tuitions at the same price -250 rupees a month. Customers for Maths tuitions were easier to get, given the higher demand and my track record. I taught at the SBI compound building in the mornings. Ish used the compound grounds for the two students who signed up for cricket tuitions. |
They were the best players in the Belrampur Municipal School and had fought with their parents to let them try coaching for three months. Of course, we still spent most of our time in the shop. |
'Should we do greeting cards?' I wondered as I opened a sample packet left by a supplier. At five-rupee retail price and two-rupee cost price, cards had solid margins. However, people in Belrampur did not give each other greeting cards. |
'This is in-swinger, and this is off-swinger. By the way, this is the third ball in two weeks. What's up Tapan?' Ish asked a regular customer. Thirteen-year-old Tapan was one of the best bowlers of his age in the Belrampur Municipal School. |
Ish gripped the cricket ball and showed him the wrist movement. |
'It is that nightmare All. Ball keeps getting lost with his shots. Why did he move to our school?' Tapan grumbled as he rubbed the ball on his shorts. |
'Ali? New student? Havent seen him here,' Ish said. All good players visited our store and Ish knew them personally. |
'Yes, batsman. Just joined our school. You should come see him. He wouldnt come here, right?' Tapan said. |
Ish nodded. We had few Muslim customers. Most of them used other Hindu boys to make their purchases. |
'You want to sign up for cricket tuitions. Ish will teach you, he played at the district level,' I could not help pitching our other service. |
'Mummy will not allow. She said I can only take tuitions for studies. No sports coaching,' Tapan said. |
'It is ok, have a good game,' Ish said, ruffling the boy's hair. |
'You see this. That is why India doesn't win every match,' Ish said after Tapan left. |
Yes, Ish has this ridiculous theory that India should win every match. 'Well, we don't have to. It won't be much of a game otherwise,' I said and closed the cash box. |
'Our country has a billion people. We should always win,' Ish insisted. |
Apart from cricket, badminton was the other popular game in Belrampur. In fact, the girls only played badminton. It was an excellent turnover business. Shuttle cocks needed to be replaced, rackets needed rewiring and badminton rackets didnt last as long as cricket bats. |
School stationery became the other hit item in the following weeks. Only some kids played sports, but every kid needed notebooks, pens and pencils, and parents never said no to that. Many times, someone buying a ball would buy a notebook, or the other way round. We offered a total solution. Soon, suppliers came to us themselves. They kept stuff on credit and returnable basis - chart paper, gum bottles, maps of India, water bottles and tiffin boxes. It is only after you open a shop that you realise the length and breadth of the Indian student industry. |
We kept the cricket coaching and tuitions at the same price -250 rupees a month. Customers for Maths tuitions were easier to get, given the higher demand and my track record. I taught at the SBI compound building in the mornings. Ish used the compound grounds for the two students who signed up for cricket tuitions. |
They were the best players in the Belrampur Municipal School and had fought with their parents to let them try coaching for three months. Of course, we still spent most of our time in the shop. |
'Should we do greeting cards?' I wondered as I opened a sample packet left by a supplier. At five-rupee retail price and two-rupee cost price, cards had solid margins. However, people in Belrampur did not give each other greeting cards. |
'This is in-swinger, and this is off-swinger. By the way, this is the third ball in two weeks. What's up Tapan?' Ish asked a regular customer. Thirteen-year-old Tapan was one of the best bowlers of his age in the Belrampur Municipal School. |
Ish gripped the cricket ball and showed him the wrist movement. |
'It is that nightmare All. Ball keeps getting lost with his shots. Why did he move to our school?' Tapan grumbled as he rubbed the ball on his shorts. |
'Ali? New student? Havent seen him here,' Ish said. All good players visited our store and Ish knew them personally. |
'Yes, batsman. Just joined our school. You should come see him. He wouldnt come here, right?' Tapan said. |
Ish nodded. We had few Muslim customers. Most of them used other Hindu boys to make their purchases. |
'You want to sign up for cricket tuitions. Ish will teach you, he played at the district level,' I could not help pitching our other service. |
'Mummy will not allow. She said I can only take tuitions for studies. No sports coaching,' Tapan said. |
'It is ok, have a good game,' Ish said, ruffling the boy's hair. |
'You see this. That is why India doesn't win every match,' Ish said after Tapan left. |
Yes, Ish has this ridiculous theory that India should win every match. 'Well, we don't have to. It won't be much of a game otherwise,' I said and closed the cash box. |
'Our country has a billion people. We should always win,' Ish insisted. |
Apart from cricket, badminton was the other popular game in Belrampur. In fact, the girls only played badminton. It was an excellent turnover business. Shuttle cocks needed to be replaced, rackets needed rewiring and badminton rackets didnt last as long as cricket bats. |
School stationery became the other hit item in the following weeks. Only some kids played sports, but every kid needed notebooks, pens and pencils, and parents never said no to that. Many times, someone buying a ball would buy a notebook, or the other way round. We offered a total solution. Soon, suppliers came to us themselves. They kept stuff on credit and returnable basis - chart paper, gum bottles, maps of India, water bottles and tiffin boxes. It is only after you open a shop that you realise the length and breadth of the Indian student industry. |
We kept the cricket coaching and tuitions at the same price -250 rupees a month. Customers for Maths tuitions were easier to get, given the higher demand and my track record. I taught at the SBI compound building in the mornings. Ish used the compound grounds for the two students who signed up for cricket tuitions. |
They were the best players in the Belrampur Municipal School and had fought with their parents to let them try coaching for three months. Of course, we still spent most of our time in the shop. |
'Should we do greeting cards?' I wondered as I opened a sample packet left by a supplier. At five-rupee retail price and two-rupee cost price, cards had solid margins. However, people in Belrampur did not give each other greeting cards. |
'This is in-swinger, and this is off-swinger. By the way, this is the third ball in two weeks. What's up Tapan?' Ish asked a regular customer. Thirteen-year-old Tapan was one of the best bowlers of his age in the Belrampur Municipal School. |
Ish gripped the cricket ball and showed him the wrist movement. |
'It is that nightmare All. Ball keeps getting lost with his shots. Why did he move to our school?' Tapan grumbled as he rubbed the ball on his shorts. |
'Ali? New student? Havent seen him here,' Ish said. All good players visited our store and Ish knew them personally. |
'Yes, batsman. Just joined our school. You should come see him. He wouldnt come here, right?' Tapan said. |
Ish nodded. We had few Muslim customers. Most of them used other Hindu boys to make their purchases. |
'You want to sign up for cricket tuitions. Ish will teach you, he played at the district level,' I could not help pitching our other service. |
'Mummy will not allow. She said I can only take tuitions for studies. No sports coaching,' Tapan said. |
'It is ok, have a good game,' Ish said, ruffling the boy's hair. |
'You see this. That is why India doesn't win every match,' Ish said after Tapan left. |
Yes, Ish has this ridiculous theory that India should win every match. 'Well, we don't have to. It won't be much of a game otherwise,' I said and closed the cash box. |
'Our country has a billion people. We should always win,' Ish insisted. |
It's easier on the liberal conscience to believe that the war in the forests is a war between the Government of India and the Maoists, who call elections a sham, Parliament a pigsty and have openly declared their intention to overthrow the Indian State. It's convenient to forget that tribal people in Central India have a history of resistance that predates Mao by centuries. (That's a truism of course. If they didn't, they wouldn't exist.) The Ho, the Oraon, the Kols, the Santhals, the Mundas and the Gonds have all rebelled several times, against the British, against zamindars and moneylenders. The rebellions were cruelly crushed, many thousands killed, but the people were never conquered. Even after Independence, tribal people were at the heart of the first uprising that could be described as Maoist, in Naxalbari village in West Bengal (where the word Naxalite-now used interchangeably with 'Maoist'-originates). Since then, Naxalite politics has been inextricably entwined with tribal uprisings, which says as much about the tribals as it does about the Naxalites. |
This legacy of rebellion has left behind a furious people who have been deliberately isolated and marginalised by the Indian government. The Indian Constitution, the moral underpinning of Indian democracy, was adopted by Parliament in 1950. It was a tragic day for tribal people. The Constitution ratified colonial policy and made the State custodian of tribal homelands. Overnight, it turned the entire tribal population into squatters on their own land. It denied them their traditional rights to forest produce, it criminalised a whole way of life. In exchange for the right to vote, it snatched away their right to livelihood and dignity. |
Having dispossessed them and pushed them into a downward spiral of indigence, in a cruel sleight of hand, the government began to use their own penury against them. Each time it needed to displace a large population-for dams, irrigation projects, mines-it talked of "bringing tribals into the mainstream" or of giving them "the fruits of modern development." Of the tens of millions of internally displaced people (more than 30 million by big dams alone), refugees of India's 'progress', the great majority are tribal people. When the government begins to talk of tribal welfare, it's time to worry. |
The most recent expression of concern has come from home minister P. Chidambaram who says he doesn't want tribal people living in "museum cultures". The well-being of tribal people didn't seem to be such a priority during his career as a corporate lawyer, representing the interests of several major mining companies. So it might be an idea to enquire into the basis for his new anxiety. |
Over the past five years or so, the governments of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal have signed hundreds of MoUs with corporate houses, worth several billion dollars, all of them secret, for steel plants, sponge-iron factories, power plants, aluminium refineries, dams and mines. |
It's easier on the liberal conscience to believe that the war in the forests is a war between the Government of India and the Maoists, who call elections a sham, Parliament a pigsty and have openly declared their intention to overthrow the Indian State. It's convenient to forget that tribal people in Central India have a history of resistance that predates Mao by centuries. (That's a truism of course. If they didn't, they wouldn't exist.) The Ho, the Oraon, the Kols, the Santhals, the Mundas and the Gonds have all rebelled several times, against the British, against zamindars and moneylenders. The rebellions were cruelly crushed, many thousands killed, but the people were never conquered. Even after Independence, tribal people were at the heart of the first uprising that could be described as Maoist, in Naxalbari village in West Bengal (where the word Naxalite-now used interchangeably with 'Maoist'-originates). Since then, Naxalite politics has been inextricably entwined with tribal uprisings, which says as much about the tribals as it does about the Naxalites. |
This legacy of rebellion has left behind a furious people who have been deliberately isolated and marginalised by the Indian government. The Indian Constitution, the moral underpinning of Indian democracy, was adopted by Parliament in 1950. It was a tragic day for tribal people. The Constitution ratified colonial policy and made the State custodian of tribal homelands. Overnight, it turned the entire tribal population into squatters on their own land. It denied them their traditional rights to forest produce, it criminalised a whole way of life. In exchange for the right to vote, it snatched away their right to livelihood and dignity. |
Having dispossessed them and pushed them into a downward spiral of indigence, in a cruel sleight of hand, the government began to use their own penury against them. Each time it needed to displace a large population-for dams, irrigation projects, mines-it talked of "bringing tribals into the mainstream" or of giving them "the fruits of modern development." Of the tens of millions of internally displaced people (more than 30 million by big dams alone), refugees of India's 'progress', the great majority are tribal people. When the government begins to talk of tribal welfare, it's time to worry. |
The most recent expression of concern has come from home minister P. Chidambaram who says he doesn't want tribal people living in "museum cultures". The well-being of tribal people didn't seem to be such a priority during his career as a corporate lawyer, representing the interests of several major mining companies. So it might be an idea to enquire into the basis for his new anxiety. |
Over the past five years or so, the governments of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal have signed hundreds of MoUs with corporate houses, worth several billion dollars, all of them secret, for steel plants, sponge-iron factories, power plants, aluminium refineries, dams and mines. |
It's easier on the liberal conscience to believe that the war in the forests is a war between the Government of India and the Maoists, who call elections a sham, Parliament a pigsty and have openly declared their intention to overthrow the Indian State. It's convenient to forget that tribal people in Central India have a history of resistance that predates Mao by centuries. (That's a truism of course. If they didn't, they wouldn't exist.) The Ho, the Oraon, the Kols, the Santhals, the Mundas and the Gonds have all rebelled several times, against the British, against zamindars and moneylenders. The rebellions were cruelly crushed, many thousands killed, but the people were never conquered. Even after Independence, tribal people were at the heart of the first uprising that could be described as Maoist, in Naxalbari village in West Bengal (where the word Naxalite-now used interchangeably with 'Maoist'-originates). Since then, Naxalite politics has been inextricably entwined with tribal uprisings, which says as much about the tribals as it does about the Naxalites. |
This legacy of rebellion has left behind a furious people who have been deliberately isolated and marginalised by the Indian government. The Indian Constitution, the moral underpinning of Indian democracy, was adopted by Parliament in 1950. It was a tragic day for tribal people. The Constitution ratified colonial policy and made the State custodian of tribal homelands. Overnight, it turned the entire tribal population into squatters on their own land. It denied them their traditional rights to forest produce, it criminalised a whole way of life. In exchange for the right to vote, it snatched away their right to livelihood and dignity. |
Having dispossessed them and pushed them into a downward spiral of indigence, in a cruel sleight of hand, the government began to use their own penury against them. Each time it needed to displace a large population-for dams, irrigation projects, mines-it talked of "bringing tribals into the mainstream" or of giving them "the fruits of modern development." Of the tens of millions of internally displaced people (more than 30 million by big dams alone), refugees of India's 'progress', the great majority are tribal people. When the government begins to talk of tribal welfare, it's time to worry. |
The most recent expression of concern has come from home minister P. Chidambaram who says he doesn't want tribal people living in "museum cultures". The well-being of tribal people didn't seem to be such a priority during his career as a corporate lawyer, representing the interests of several major mining companies. So it might be an idea to enquire into the basis for his new anxiety. |
Over the past five years or so, the governments of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal have signed hundreds of MoUs with corporate houses, worth several billion dollars, all of them secret, for steel plants, sponge-iron factories, power plants, aluminium refineries, dams and mines. |
It's easier on the liberal conscience to believe that the war in the forests is a war between the Government of India and the Maoists, who call elections a sham, Parliament a pigsty and have openly declared their intention to overthrow the Indian State. It's convenient to forget that tribal people in Central India have a history of resistance that predates Mao by centuries. (That's a truism of course. If they didn't, they wouldn't exist.) The Ho, the Oraon, the Kols, the Santhals, the Mundas and the Gonds have all rebelled several times, against the British, against zamindars and moneylenders. The rebellions were cruelly crushed, many thousands killed, but the people were never conquered. Even after Independence, tribal people were at the heart of the first uprising that could be described as Maoist, in Naxalbari village in West Bengal (where the word Naxalite-now used interchangeably with 'Maoist'-originates). Since then, Naxalite politics has been inextricably entwined with tribal uprisings, which says as much about the tribals as it does about the Naxalites. |
This legacy of rebellion has left behind a furious people who have been deliberately isolated and marginalised by the Indian government. The Indian Constitution, the moral underpinning of Indian democracy, was adopted by Parliament in 1950. It was a tragic day for tribal people. The Constitution ratified colonial policy and made the State custodian of tribal homelands. Overnight, it turned the entire tribal population into squatters on their own land. It denied them their traditional rights to forest produce, it criminalised a whole way of life. In exchange for the right to vote, it snatched away their right to livelihood and dignity. |
Having dispossessed them and pushed them into a downward spiral of indigence, in a cruel sleight of hand, the government began to use their own penury against them. Each time it needed to displace a large population-for dams, irrigation projects, mines-it talked of "bringing tribals into the mainstream" or of giving them "the fruits of modern development." Of the tens of millions of internally displaced people (more than 30 million by big dams alone), refugees of India's 'progress', the great majority are tribal people. When the government begins to talk of tribal welfare, it's time to worry. |
The most recent expression of concern has come from home minister P. Chidambaram who says he doesn't want tribal people living in "museum cultures". The well-being of tribal people didn't seem to be such a priority during his career as a corporate lawyer, representing the interests of several major mining companies. So it might be an idea to enquire into the basis for his new anxiety. |
Over the past five years or so, the governments of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal have signed hundreds of MoUs with corporate houses, worth several billion dollars, all of them secret, for steel plants, sponge-iron factories, power plants, aluminium refineries, dams and mines. |
It's easier on the liberal conscience to believe that the war in the forests is a war between the Government of India and the Maoists, who call elections a sham, Parliament a pigsty and have openly declared their intention to overthrow the Indian State. It's convenient to forget that tribal people in Central India have a history of resistance that predates Mao by centuries. (That's a truism of course. If they didn't, they wouldn't exist.) The Ho, the Oraon, the Kols, the Santhals, the Mundas and the Gonds have all rebelled several times, against the British, against zamindars and moneylenders. The rebellions were cruelly crushed, many thousands killed, but the people were never conquered. Even after Independence, tribal people were at the heart of the first uprising that could be described as Maoist, in Naxalbari village in West Bengal (where the word Naxalite-now used interchangeably with 'Maoist'-originates). Since then, Naxalite politics has been inextricably entwined with tribal uprisings, which says as much about the tribals as it does about the Naxalites. |
This legacy of rebellion has left behind a furious people who have been deliberately isolated and marginalised by the Indian government. The Indian Constitution, the moral underpinning of Indian democracy, was adopted by Parliament in 1950. It was a tragic day for tribal people. The Constitution ratified colonial policy and made the State custodian of tribal homelands. Overnight, it turned the entire tribal population into squatters on their own land. It denied them their traditional rights to forest produce, it criminalised a whole way of life. In exchange for the right to vote, it snatched away their right to livelihood and dignity. |
Having dispossessed them and pushed them into a downward spiral of indigence, in a cruel sleight of hand, the government began to use their own penury against them. Each time it needed to displace a large population-for dams, irrigation projects, mines-it talked of "bringing tribals into the mainstream" or of giving them "the fruits of modern development." Of the tens of millions of internally displaced people (more than 30 million by big dams alone), refugees of India's 'progress', the great majority are tribal people. When the government begins to talk of tribal welfare, it's time to worry. |
The most recent expression of concern has come from home minister P. Chidambaram who says he doesn't want tribal people living in "museum cultures". The well-being of tribal people didn't seem to be such a priority during his career as a corporate lawyer, representing the interests of several major mining companies. So it might be an idea to enquire into the basis for his new anxiety. |
Over the past five years or so, the governments of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal have signed hundreds of MoUs with corporate houses, worth several billion dollars, all of them secret, for steel plants, sponge-iron factories, power plants, aluminium refineries, dams and mines. |
It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who, as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country, to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes. |
I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the commonwealth, would deserve so well of the publick, as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation. |
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars: it is of a much greater extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age, who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them, as those who demand our charity in the streets. |
As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation. It is true, a child just dropt from its dam, may be supported by her milk, for a solar year, with little other nourishment: at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging; and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner, as, instead of being a charge upon their parents, or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding, and partly to the clothing of many thousands. |
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas! too frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt, more to avoid the expence than the shame, which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast. |
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple, whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couple, who are able to maintain their own children, (although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom) but this being granted, there will remain a hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand, for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remain a hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born. The question therefore is. How this number shall be reared and provided for? which, as I have already said, under the present situation of affairs, is utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed. For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture; they neither build houses, (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land: they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old; except where they are of towardly parts, although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier; during which time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers; as I have been informed by a principal gentleman in the county of Cavan, who protested to me, that he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six, even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in that art.= |
I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl, before twelve years old, is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above three pounds, or three pounds and half a crown at most, on the exchange; which cannot turn to account either to the parents or kingdom, the charge of nutriments and rags having been at least four times that value. |
It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who, as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country, to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes. |
I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the commonwealth, would deserve so well of the publick, as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation. |
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars: it is of a much greater extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age, who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them, as those who demand our charity in the streets. |
As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation. It is true, a child just dropt from its dam, may be supported by her milk, for a solar year, with little other nourishment: at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging; and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner, as, instead of being a charge upon their parents, or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding, and partly to the clothing of many thousands. |
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas! too frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt, more to avoid the expence than the shame, which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast. |
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple, whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couple, who are able to maintain their own children, (although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom) but this being granted, there will remain a hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand, for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remain a hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born. The question therefore is. How this number shall be reared and provided for? which, as I have already said, under the present situation of affairs, is utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed. For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture; they neither build houses, (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land: they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old; except where they are of towardly parts, although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier; during which time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers; as I have been informed by a principal gentleman in the county of Cavan, who protested to me, that he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six, even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in that art.= |
I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl, before twelve years old, is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above three pounds, or three pounds and half a crown at most, on the exchange; which cannot turn to account either to the parents or kingdom, the charge of nutriments and rags having been at least four times that value. |
It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who, as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country, to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes. |
I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the commonwealth, would deserve so well of the publick, as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation. |
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars: it is of a much greater extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age, who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them, as those who demand our charity in the streets. |
As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation. It is true, a child just dropt from its dam, may be supported by her milk, for a solar year, with little other nourishment: at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging; and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner, as, instead of being a charge upon their parents, or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding, and partly to the clothing of many thousands. |
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas! too frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt, more to avoid the expence than the shame, which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast. |
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple, whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couple, who are able to maintain their own children, (although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom) but this being granted, there will remain a hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand, for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remain a hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born. The question therefore is. How this number shall be reared and provided for? which, as I have already said, under the present situation of affairs, is utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed. For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture; they neither build houses, (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land: they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old; except where they are of towardly parts, although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier; during which time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers; as I have been informed by a principal gentleman in the county of Cavan, who protested to me, that he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six, even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in that art.= |
I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl, before twelve years old, is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above three pounds, or three pounds and half a crown at most, on the exchange; which cannot turn to account either to the parents or kingdom, the charge of nutriments and rags having been at least four times that value. |
It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who, as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country, to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes. |
I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the commonwealth, would deserve so well of the publick, as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation. |
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars: it is of a much greater extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age, who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them, as those who demand our charity in the streets. |
As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation. It is true, a child just dropt from its dam, may be supported by her milk, for a solar year, with little other nourishment: at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging; and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner, as, instead of being a charge upon their parents, or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding, and partly to the clothing of many thousands. |
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas! too frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt, more to avoid the expence than the shame, which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast. |
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple, whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couple, who are able to maintain their own children, (although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom) but this being granted, there will remain a hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand, for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remain a hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born. The question therefore is. How this number shall be reared and provided for? which, as I have already said, under the present situation of affairs, is utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed. For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture; they neither build houses, (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land: they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old; except where they are of towardly parts, although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier; during which time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers; as I have been informed by a principal gentleman in the county of Cavan, who protested to me, that he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six, even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in that art.= |
I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl, before twelve years old, is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above three pounds, or three pounds and half a crown at most, on the exchange; which cannot turn to account either to the parents or kingdom, the charge of nutriments and rags having been at least four times that value. |
It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabbin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their time in stroling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who, as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country, to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes. |
I think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the commonwealth, would deserve so well of the publick, as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation. |
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars: it is of a much greater extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age, who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them, as those who demand our charity in the streets. |
As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weighed the several schemes of our projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their computation. It is true, a child just dropt from its dam, may be supported by her milk, for a solar year, with little other nourishment: at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging; and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner, as, instead of being a charge upon their parents, or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding, and partly to the clothing of many thousands. |
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas! too frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt, more to avoid the expence than the shame, which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast. |
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple, whose wives are breeders; from which number I subtract thirty thousand couple, who are able to maintain their own children, (although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom) but this being granted, there will remain a hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand, for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remain a hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born. The question therefore is. How this number shall be reared and provided for? which, as I have already said, under the present situation of affairs, is utterly impossible by all the methods hitherto proposed. For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture; they neither build houses, (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land: they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old; except where they are of towardly parts, although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier; during which time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers; as I have been informed by a principal gentleman in the county of Cavan, who protested to me, that he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six, even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in that art.= |
I am assured by our merchants, that a boy or a girl, before twelve years old, is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above three pounds, or three pounds and half a crown at most, on the exchange; which cannot turn to account either to the parents or kingdom, the charge of nutriments and rags having been at least four times that value. |
The man screamed in agony. He knew his end was near. He wouldnt have to bear this pain much longer. But he had to hold on to the secret till then. He had to. Just a little longer. |
He steeled himself and repeated the chant endlessly in his mind. A chant that held immense power. A chant sacred to all in his tribe: the tribe of the Malayaputras. |
Jsd Shri Rudra... Jai Parshu Ram... Jai Shri Rudra... Jsd Parshu Ram. |
Glory to Lord Rudra. Glory to Lord Parshu Ram. |
He closed his eyes, focusing on the mantra. Trying to forget his present surroundings. |
Give me strength. Lords. Give me strength. |
His nemesis stood over him, preparing to inflict yet another wound. But before he could strike, he was pulled back roughly. By a woman. |
She whispered in an angry, guttural voice, 'Khara, this is not working.' Khara, a platoon commander in the Lankan armed forces, turned towards Samichi, his childhood love. Until a few years back, Samichi had been the acting prime minister of Mithila, a small kingdom in north India. But she had since abandoned her post and was focused on finding the whereabouts of the person who had appointed her. The princess she had once served: Sita. |
'This Malayaputra is a tough nut,' Khara whispered. 'He won't break. We have to find the information some other way.' |
'There is no time!' |
Samichis whisper was rough in its urgency. Khara knew she was right. The man on the rack was their best possible source of information for now. Only he could tell them where Sita, her husband Ram, his brother Lakshman, and the sixteen Malayaputra soldiers accompanying them were hiding. Khara also knew how important it was to extract this information. It was their chance to get back into the good books of Samichi's true lord. The one she called Iraiva-Raavan, the king of Lanka. |
'I am trying, but he will not last much longer like this,' Khara said in a low voice, trying to mask his disappointment. 'I don't think hell talk.' |
'Let me try.' |
Before Khara could respond, Samichi strode up to the table where the Malayaputra lay shackled. She yanked off his dhoti and threw it aside. She then wrenched his langot away, leaving the poor man completely exposed and moaning in shame. |
Even Khara seemed horrified. 'Samichi, this is-' |
Samichi shot him a sharp look and he fell silent. Even torturers had a code of conduct. At least in India. But clearly, Samichi had no qualms about flouting it. |
The Malayaputras eye's were wide open in panic. Almost as if he could anticipate the pain that was to follow. |
Samichi picked up a sickle lying nearby. It was dangerously sharp on one side, serrated on the other. |
A cruel design crafted to inflict maximum pain. She moved towards the torture rack, the sickle in her hand. She held it up, felt its sharp edge, letting it prick her finger and draw blood. 'You will talk. Trust me. |
You will talk,' she snarled as she poised the sickle between the Malayaputra's legs. Dangerously close. |
She moved the sickle slowly, deliberately. It sliced through the soft epidermis and cut deeper. Deeper into the scrotum. Inflicting the maximum pain possible at a point that had an almost sadistic concentration of nerve endings. |
The Malayaputra screamed. |
He cried, he pleaded for it to stop. |
It wasnt his Gods he cried to. This was beyond them now. He was calling out to his mother. |
Khara knew then. The Malayaputra would talk. It was only a matter of time. He would break. And he would talk. |
The man screamed in agony. He knew his end was near. He wouldnt have to bear this pain much longer. But he had to hold on to the secret till then. He had to. Just a little longer. |
He steeled himself and repeated the chant endlessly in his mind. A chant that held immense power. A chant sacred to all in his tribe: the tribe of the Malayaputras. |
Jsd Shri Rudra... Jai Parshu Ram... Jai Shri Rudra... Jsd Parshu Ram. |
Glory to Lord Rudra. Glory to Lord Parshu Ram. |
He closed his eyes, focusing on the mantra. Trying to forget his present surroundings. |
Give me strength. Lords. Give me strength. |
His nemesis stood over him, preparing to inflict yet another wound. But before he could strike, he was pulled back roughly. By a woman. |
She whispered in an angry, guttural voice, 'Khara, this is not working.' Khara, a platoon commander in the Lankan armed forces, turned towards Samichi, his childhood love. Until a few years back, Samichi had been the acting prime minister of Mithila, a small kingdom in north India. But she had since abandoned her post and was focused on finding the whereabouts of the person who had appointed her. The princess she had once served: Sita. |
'This Malayaputra is a tough nut,' Khara whispered. 'He won't break. We have to find the information some other way.' |
'There is no time!' |
Samichis whisper was rough in its urgency. Khara knew she was right. The man on the rack was their best possible source of information for now. Only he could tell them where Sita, her husband Ram, his brother Lakshman, and the sixteen Malayaputra soldiers accompanying them were hiding. Khara also knew how important it was to extract this information. It was their chance to get back into the good books of Samichi's true lord. The one she called Iraiva-Raavan, the king of Lanka. |
'I am trying, but he will not last much longer like this,' Khara said in a low voice, trying to mask his disappointment. 'I don't think hell talk.' |
'Let me try.' |
Before Khara could respond, Samichi strode up to the table where the Malayaputra lay shackled. She yanked off his dhoti and threw it aside. She then wrenched his langot away, leaving the poor man completely exposed and moaning in shame. |
Even Khara seemed horrified. 'Samichi, this is-' |
Samichi shot him a sharp look and he fell silent. Even torturers had a code of conduct. At least in India. But clearly, Samichi had no qualms about flouting it. |
The Malayaputras eye's were wide open in panic. Almost as if he could anticipate the pain that was to follow. |
Samichi picked up a sickle lying nearby. It was dangerously sharp on one side, serrated on the other. |
A cruel design crafted to inflict maximum pain. She moved towards the torture rack, the sickle in her hand. She held it up, felt its sharp edge, letting it prick her finger and draw blood. 'You will talk. Trust me. |
You will talk,' she snarled as she poised the sickle between the Malayaputra's legs. Dangerously close. |
She moved the sickle slowly, deliberately. It sliced through the soft epidermis and cut deeper. Deeper into the scrotum. Inflicting the maximum pain possible at a point that had an almost sadistic concentration of nerve endings. |
The Malayaputra screamed. |
He cried, he pleaded for it to stop. |
It wasnt his Gods he cried to. This was beyond them now. He was calling out to his mother. |
Khara knew then. The Malayaputra would talk. It was only a matter of time. He would break. And he would talk. |
The man screamed in agony. He knew his end was near. He wouldnt have to bear this pain much longer. But he had to hold on to the secret till then. He had to. Just a little longer. |
He steeled himself and repeated the chant endlessly in his mind. A chant that held immense power. A chant sacred to all in his tribe: the tribe of the Malayaputras. |
Jsd Shri Rudra... Jai Parshu Ram... Jai Shri Rudra... Jsd Parshu Ram. |
Glory to Lord Rudra. Glory to Lord Parshu Ram. |
He closed his eyes, focusing on the mantra. Trying to forget his present surroundings. |
Give me strength. Lords. Give me strength. |
His nemesis stood over him, preparing to inflict yet another wound. But before he could strike, he was pulled back roughly. By a woman. |
She whispered in an angry, guttural voice, 'Khara, this is not working.' Khara, a platoon commander in the Lankan armed forces, turned towards Samichi, his childhood love. Until a few years back, Samichi had been the acting prime minister of Mithila, a small kingdom in north India. But she had since abandoned her post and was focused on finding the whereabouts of the person who had appointed her. The princess she had once served: Sita. |
'This Malayaputra is a tough nut,' Khara whispered. 'He won't break. We have to find the information some other way.' |
'There is no time!' |
Samichis whisper was rough in its urgency. Khara knew she was right. The man on the rack was their best possible source of information for now. Only he could tell them where Sita, her husband Ram, his brother Lakshman, and the sixteen Malayaputra soldiers accompanying them were hiding. Khara also knew how important it was to extract this information. It was their chance to get back into the good books of Samichi's true lord. The one she called Iraiva-Raavan, the king of Lanka. |
'I am trying, but he will not last much longer like this,' Khara said in a low voice, trying to mask his disappointment. 'I don't think hell talk.' |
'Let me try.' |
Before Khara could respond, Samichi strode up to the table where the Malayaputra lay shackled. She yanked off his dhoti and threw it aside. She then wrenched his langot away, leaving the poor man completely exposed and moaning in shame. |
Even Khara seemed horrified. 'Samichi, this is-' |
Samichi shot him a sharp look and he fell silent. Even torturers had a code of conduct. At least in India. But clearly, Samichi had no qualms about flouting it. |
The Malayaputras eye's were wide open in panic. Almost as if he could anticipate the pain that was to follow. |
Samichi picked up a sickle lying nearby. It was dangerously sharp on one side, serrated on the other. |
A cruel design crafted to inflict maximum pain. She moved towards the torture rack, the sickle in her hand. She held it up, felt its sharp edge, letting it prick her finger and draw blood. 'You will talk. Trust me. |
You will talk,' she snarled as she poised the sickle between the Malayaputra's legs. Dangerously close. |
She moved the sickle slowly, deliberately. It sliced through the soft epidermis and cut deeper. Deeper into the scrotum. Inflicting the maximum pain possible at a point that had an almost sadistic concentration of nerve endings. |
The Malayaputra screamed. |
He cried, he pleaded for it to stop. |
It wasnt his Gods he cried to. This was beyond them now. He was calling out to his mother. |
Khara knew then. The Malayaputra would talk. It was only a matter of time. He would break. And he would talk. |
The man screamed in agony. He knew his end was near. He wouldnt have to bear this pain much longer. But he had to hold on to the secret till then. He had to. Just a little longer. |
He steeled himself and repeated the chant endlessly in his mind. A chant that held immense power. A chant sacred to all in his tribe: the tribe of the Malayaputras. |
Jsd Shri Rudra... Jai Parshu Ram... Jai Shri Rudra... Jsd Parshu Ram. |
Glory to Lord Rudra. Glory to Lord Parshu Ram. |
He closed his eyes, focusing on the mantra. Trying to forget his present surroundings. |
Give me strength. Lords. Give me strength. |
His nemesis stood over him, preparing to inflict yet another wound. But before he could strike, he was pulled back roughly. By a woman. |
She whispered in an angry, guttural voice, 'Khara, this is not working.' Khara, a platoon commander in the Lankan armed forces, turned towards Samichi, his childhood love. Until a few years back, Samichi had been the acting prime minister of Mithila, a small kingdom in north India. But she had since abandoned her post and was focused on finding the whereabouts of the person who had appointed her. The princess she had once served: Sita. |
'This Malayaputra is a tough nut,' Khara whispered. 'He won't break. We have to find the information some other way.' |
'There is no time!' |
Samichis whisper was rough in its urgency. Khara knew she was right. The man on the rack was their best possible source of information for now. Only he could tell them where Sita, her husband Ram, his brother Lakshman, and the sixteen Malayaputra soldiers accompanying them were hiding. Khara also knew how important it was to extract this information. It was their chance to get back into the good books of Samichi's true lord. The one she called Iraiva-Raavan, the king of Lanka. |
'I am trying, but he will not last much longer like this,' Khara said in a low voice, trying to mask his disappointment. 'I don't think hell talk.' |
'Let me try.' |
Before Khara could respond, Samichi strode up to the table where the Malayaputra lay shackled. She yanked off his dhoti and threw it aside. She then wrenched his langot away, leaving the poor man completely exposed and moaning in shame. |
Even Khara seemed horrified. 'Samichi, this is-' |
Samichi shot him a sharp look and he fell silent. Even torturers had a code of conduct. At least in India. But clearly, Samichi had no qualms about flouting it. |
The Malayaputras eye's were wide open in panic. Almost as if he could anticipate the pain that was to follow. |
Samichi picked up a sickle lying nearby. It was dangerously sharp on one side, serrated on the other. |
A cruel design crafted to inflict maximum pain. She moved towards the torture rack, the sickle in her hand. She held it up, felt its sharp edge, letting it prick her finger and draw blood. 'You will talk. Trust me. |
You will talk,' she snarled as she poised the sickle between the Malayaputra's legs. Dangerously close. |
She moved the sickle slowly, deliberately. It sliced through the soft epidermis and cut deeper. Deeper into the scrotum. Inflicting the maximum pain possible at a point that had an almost sadistic concentration of nerve endings. |
The Malayaputra screamed. |
He cried, he pleaded for it to stop. |
It wasnt his Gods he cried to. This was beyond them now. He was calling out to his mother. |
Khara knew then. The Malayaputra would talk. It was only a matter of time. He would break. And he would talk. |
The man screamed in agony. He knew his end was near. He wouldnt have to bear this pain much longer. But he had to hold on to the secret till then. He had to. Just a little longer. |
He steeled himself and repeated the chant endlessly in his mind. A chant that held immense power. A chant sacred to all in his tribe: the tribe of the Malayaputras. |
Jsd Shri Rudra... Jai Parshu Ram... Jai Shri Rudra... Jsd Parshu Ram. |
Glory to Lord Rudra. Glory to Lord Parshu Ram. |
He closed his eyes, focusing on the mantra. Trying to forget his present surroundings. |
Give me strength. Lords. Give me strength. |
His nemesis stood over him, preparing to inflict yet another wound. But before he could strike, he was pulled back roughly. By a woman. |
She whispered in an angry, guttural voice, 'Khara, this is not working.' Khara, a platoon commander in the Lankan armed forces, turned towards Samichi, his childhood love. Until a few years back, Samichi had been the acting prime minister of Mithila, a small kingdom in north India. But she had since abandoned her post and was focused on finding the whereabouts of the person who had appointed her. The princess she had once served: Sita. |
'This Malayaputra is a tough nut,' Khara whispered. 'He won't break. We have to find the information some other way.' |
'There is no time!' |
Samichis whisper was rough in its urgency. Khara knew she was right. The man on the rack was their best possible source of information for now. Only he could tell them where Sita, her husband Ram, his brother Lakshman, and the sixteen Malayaputra soldiers accompanying them were hiding. Khara also knew how important it was to extract this information. It was their chance to get back into the good books of Samichi's true lord. The one she called Iraiva-Raavan, the king of Lanka. |
'I am trying, but he will not last much longer like this,' Khara said in a low voice, trying to mask his disappointment. 'I don't think hell talk.' |
'Let me try.' |
Before Khara could respond, Samichi strode up to the table where the Malayaputra lay shackled. She yanked off his dhoti and threw it aside. She then wrenched his langot away, leaving the poor man completely exposed and moaning in shame. |
Even Khara seemed horrified. 'Samichi, this is-' |
Samichi shot him a sharp look and he fell silent. Even torturers had a code of conduct. At least in India. But clearly, Samichi had no qualms about flouting it. |
The Malayaputras eye's were wide open in panic. Almost as if he could anticipate the pain that was to follow. |
Samichi picked up a sickle lying nearby. It was dangerously sharp on one side, serrated on the other. |
A cruel design crafted to inflict maximum pain. She moved towards the torture rack, the sickle in her hand. She held it up, felt its sharp edge, letting it prick her finger and draw blood. 'You will talk. Trust me. |
You will talk,' she snarled as she poised the sickle between the Malayaputra's legs. Dangerously close. |
She moved the sickle slowly, deliberately. It sliced through the soft epidermis and cut deeper. Deeper into the scrotum. Inflicting the maximum pain possible at a point that had an almost sadistic concentration of nerve endings. |
The Malayaputra screamed. |
He cried, he pleaded for it to stop. |
It wasnt his Gods he cried to. This was beyond them now. He was calling out to his mother. |
Khara knew then. The Malayaputra would talk. It was only a matter of time. He would break. And he would talk. |
The Home Ministry in Parliament Tuesday clarified that the government has not yet decided, on implementing the National Register of Citizens (NRC) across the country. In a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha, Minister of State for Home Affairs, Nityanand Rai, said, "Till now, the government has not taken any decision to prepare (NRC) at the national level." The clarification comes amid protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act - the new law which the government had said will be followed by NRC. The remark is a departure from comments made by senior ministers and party leaders, including Home Minister and BJP president Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and BJP working president J P Nadda. The BJP's manifesto for the 2019 Lok Sabha elections also promised NRC in other parts of the country in a phased manner." |
But Prime Minister Narendra Modi, at a rally in Jharkhand, had said his government had not discussed pan-India NRC exercise. The Prime Minister had also denied that there are any detention centres in the country, saying these were lies being spread by the "Congress, its allies, some educated Naxals and urban Naxals." |
The Prime Minister's statement was reiterated later by Home Minister Amit Shah in interviews given to news agency ANI and ABP news channel, who said that NPR data would not be used for NRC. The Home Ministry issued a statement saying, "There is no proposal at present to conduct a nationwide NRC based on the NPR data." |
The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is a register of all Indian citizens whose creation is mandated by the 2003 amendment of the Citizenship Act, 1955. Its purpose is to document all the legal citizens of India so that the illegal migrants can be identified and deported. |
In the NRC exercise adopted in Assam, names of over 19 lakh applications were excluded from the final list released last year. Protests erupted across the country in December last year after the citizenship law was introduced and passed in Parliament. The Cabinet later cleared over Rs 3,900 crore for a National Population Register (NPR). Coming to the backdrop of protests over the CAA and NRC, the NPR is being seen by many as the first step towards the NRC, while the Centre has sought to delink the two. |
The Home Ministry in Parliament Tuesday clarified that the government has not yet decided, on implementing the National Register of Citizens (NRC) across the country. In a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha, Minister of State for Home Affairs, Nityanand Rai, said, "Till now, the government has not taken any decision to prepare (NRC) at the national level." The clarification comes amid protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act - the new law which the government had said will be followed by NRC. The remark is a departure from comments made by senior ministers and party leaders, including Home Minister and BJP president Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and BJP working president J P Nadda. The BJP's manifesto for the 2019 Lok Sabha elections also promised NRC in other parts of the country in a phased manner." |
But Prime Minister Narendra Modi, at a rally in Jharkhand, had said his government had not discussed pan-India NRC exercise. The Prime Minister had also denied that there are any detention centres in the country, saying these were lies being spread by the "Congress, its allies, some educated Naxals and urban Naxals." |
The Prime Minister's statement was reiterated later by Home Minister Amit Shah in interviews given to news agency ANI and ABP news channel, who said that NPR data would not be used for NRC. The Home Ministry issued a statement saying, "There is no proposal at present to conduct a nationwide NRC based on the NPR data." |
The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is a register of all Indian citizens whose creation is mandated by the 2003 amendment of the Citizenship Act, 1955. Its purpose is to document all the legal citizens of India so that the illegal migrants can be identified and deported. |
In the NRC exercise adopted in Assam, names of over 19 lakh applications were excluded from the final list released last year. Protests erupted across the country in December last year after the citizenship law was introduced and passed in Parliament. The Cabinet later cleared over Rs 3,900 crore for a National Population Register (NPR). Coming to the backdrop of protests over the CAA and NRC, the NPR is being seen by many as the first step towards the NRC, while the Centre has sought to delink the two. |
The Home Ministry in Parliament Tuesday clarified that the government has not yet decided, on implementing the National Register of Citizens (NRC) across the country. In a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha, Minister of State for Home Affairs, Nityanand Rai, said, "Till now, the government has not taken any decision to prepare (NRC) at the national level." The clarification comes amid protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act - the new law which the government had said will be followed by NRC. The remark is a departure from comments made by senior ministers and party leaders, including Home Minister and BJP president Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and BJP working president J P Nadda. The BJP's manifesto for the 2019 Lok Sabha elections also promised NRC in other parts of the country in a phased manner." |
But Prime Minister Narendra Modi, at a rally in Jharkhand, had said his government had not discussed pan-India NRC exercise. The Prime Minister had also denied that there are any detention centres in the country, saying these were lies being spread by the "Congress, its allies, some educated Naxals and urban Naxals." |
The Prime Minister's statement was reiterated later by Home Minister Amit Shah in interviews given to news agency ANI and ABP news channel, who said that NPR data would not be used for NRC. The Home Ministry issued a statement saying, "There is no proposal at present to conduct a nationwide NRC based on the NPR data." |
The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is a register of all Indian citizens whose creation is mandated by the 2003 amendment of the Citizenship Act, 1955. Its purpose is to document all the legal citizens of India so that the illegal migrants can be identified and deported. |
In the NRC exercise adopted in Assam, names of over 19 lakh applications were excluded from the final list released last year. Protests erupted across the country in December last year after the citizenship law was introduced and passed in Parliament. The Cabinet later cleared over Rs 3,900 crore for a National Population Register (NPR). Coming to the backdrop of protests over the CAA and NRC, the NPR is being seen by many as the first step towards the NRC, while the Centre has sought to delink the two. |
The Home Ministry in Parliament Tuesday clarified that the government has not yet decided, on implementing the National Register of Citizens (NRC) across the country. In a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha, Minister of State for Home Affairs, Nityanand Rai, said, "Till now, the government has not taken any decision to prepare (NRC) at the national level." The clarification comes amid protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act - the new law which the government had said will be followed by NRC. The remark is a departure from comments made by senior ministers and party leaders, including Home Minister and BJP president Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and BJP working president J P Nadda. The BJP's manifesto for the 2019 Lok Sabha elections also promised NRC in other parts of the country in a phased manner." |
But Prime Minister Narendra Modi, at a rally in Jharkhand, had said his government had not discussed pan-India NRC exercise. The Prime Minister had also denied that there are any detention centres in the country, saying these were lies being spread by the "Congress, its allies, some educated Naxals and urban Naxals." |
The Prime Minister's statement was reiterated later by Home Minister Amit Shah in interviews given to news agency ANI and ABP news channel, who said that NPR data would not be used for NRC. The Home Ministry issued a statement saying, "There is no proposal at present to conduct a nationwide NRC based on the NPR data." |
The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is a register of all Indian citizens whose creation is mandated by the 2003 amendment of the Citizenship Act, 1955. Its purpose is to document all the legal citizens of India so that the illegal migrants can be identified and deported. |
In the NRC exercise adopted in Assam, names of over 19 lakh applications were excluded from the final list released last year. Protests erupted across the country in December last year after the citizenship law was introduced and passed in Parliament. The Cabinet later cleared over Rs 3,900 crore for a National Population Register (NPR). Coming to the backdrop of protests over the CAA and NRC, the NPR is being seen by many as the first step towards the NRC, while the Centre has sought to delink the two. |
The Home Ministry in Parliament Tuesday clarified that the government has not yet decided, on implementing the National Register of Citizens (NRC) across the country. In a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha, Minister of State for Home Affairs, Nityanand Rai, said, "Till now, the government has not taken any decision to prepare (NRC) at the national level." The clarification comes amid protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act - the new law which the government had said will be followed by NRC. The remark is a departure from comments made by senior ministers and party leaders, including Home Minister and BJP president Amit Shah, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and BJP working president J P Nadda. The BJP's manifesto for the 2019 Lok Sabha elections also promised NRC in other parts of the country in a phased manner." |
But Prime Minister Narendra Modi, at a rally in Jharkhand, had said his government had not discussed pan-India NRC exercise. The Prime Minister had also denied that there are any detention centres in the country, saying these were lies being spread by the "Congress, its allies, some educated Naxals and urban Naxals." |
The Prime Minister's statement was reiterated later by Home Minister Amit Shah in interviews given to news agency ANI and ABP news channel, who said that NPR data would not be used for NRC. The Home Ministry issued a statement saying, "There is no proposal at present to conduct a nationwide NRC based on the NPR data." |
The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is a register of all Indian citizens whose creation is mandated by the 2003 amendment of the Citizenship Act, 1955. Its purpose is to document all the legal citizens of India so that the illegal migrants can be identified and deported. |
In the NRC exercise adopted in Assam, names of over 19 lakh applications were excluded from the final list released last year. Protests erupted across the country in December last year after the citizenship law was introduced and passed in Parliament. The Cabinet later cleared over Rs 3,900 crore for a National Population Register (NPR). Coming to the backdrop of protests over the CAA and NRC, the NPR is being seen by many as the first step towards the NRC, while the Centre has sought to delink the two. |
Union Law Minister Xs statement that the Centre is ready to talk to protesters in Shaheen Bagh is welcome. It is a mere tweet and it is not known what its implications are but in these goli-maaro times, it brings some assurance. The onus is on the government to impress the protesters that it is serious about holding a dialogue to assuage their fears over the new citizenship law that excludes Muslims from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. |
That's not easy. Party leaders, including people holding high public office, have been extremely hostile to the Shaheen Bagh protesters - they have been consistently trying to frame the agitation using the binary of "us" and "them", us being nationalists and them being anti-nationals. It's time the party leadership starts viewing the protesters as part of us, the nation and its people, and recognise the peaceful protest as a legitimate expression of democratic dissent. The demonisation of the protesters as anti-nationals by the BJP leadership, presumably with the intent to polarise Delhi voters ahead of the February 8 assembly elections, has triggered extreme reaction from the party's own cadres. Last week, soon after Union minister Anurag Thakur whipped up frenzy at an election rally where a mob chanted "desh ke gaddaron ko goli maaro", a 17-year-old, who claimed to be a BJP supporter, fired at students in Jamia Millia Islamia, injuring one person. Later, on Saturday, a Delhi resident, identified as Kapil Gujjar, raised communal slogans and fired in the air at Shaheen Bagh. Delhi Police, which reports to the Union Home Ministry, was a mute spectator when both these incidents took place, raising questions about its conduct. The BJP leaders seem unfazed at the dangerous turn of events and have continued to engage in polarising talk. Over the weekend, at poll rallies in Delhi, UP Chief Minister Adityanath accused Shaheen Bagh protesters of raising pro-Pakistan slogans and alleged that the Congress and Arvind Kejriwal were feeding biriyani to terrorists from Pakistan. |
The first step to calm tempers and prepare the ground for a dialogue in Shaheen Bagh is to get the BJP leaders to tone down their rhetoric and stop the vilification of protesters. The BJP has the right to criticise the anti-CAA protests, of course, and even make it an election issue. But the party should show the political maturity to desist from using it as an instrument to polarise society and instigate violence for votes, as its leaders such as Thakur, MP Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma, Adityanath and others have done. The genuineness of Prasad's outreach to Shaheen Bagh will be tested by the BJP election campaign in the coming days. |
Union Law Minister Xs statement that the Centre is ready to talk to protesters in Shaheen Bagh is welcome. It is a mere tweet and it is not known what its implications are but in these goli-maaro times, it brings some assurance. The onus is on the government to impress the protesters that it is serious about holding a dialogue to assuage their fears over the new citizenship law that excludes Muslims from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. |
That's not easy. Party leaders, including people holding high public office, have been extremely hostile to the Shaheen Bagh protesters - they have been consistently trying to frame the agitation using the binary of "us" and "them", us being nationalists and them being anti-nationals. It's time the party leadership starts viewing the protesters as part of us, the nation and its people, and recognise the peaceful protest as a legitimate expression of democratic dissent. The demonisation of the protesters as anti-nationals by the BJP leadership, presumably with the intent to polarise Delhi voters ahead of the February 8 assembly elections, has triggered extreme reaction from the party's own cadres. Last week, soon after Union minister Anurag Thakur whipped up frenzy at an election rally where a mob chanted "desh ke gaddaron ko goli maaro", a 17-year-old, who claimed to be a BJP supporter, fired at students in Jamia Millia Islamia, injuring one person. Later, on Saturday, a Delhi resident, identified as Kapil Gujjar, raised communal slogans and fired in the air at Shaheen Bagh. Delhi Police, which reports to the Union Home Ministry, was a mute spectator when both these incidents took place, raising questions about its conduct. The BJP leaders seem unfazed at the dangerous turn of events and have continued to engage in polarising talk. Over the weekend, at poll rallies in Delhi, UP Chief Minister Adityanath accused Shaheen Bagh protesters of raising pro-Pakistan slogans and alleged that the Congress and Arvind Kejriwal were feeding biriyani to terrorists from Pakistan. |
The first step to calm tempers and prepare the ground for a dialogue in Shaheen Bagh is to get the BJP leaders to tone down their rhetoric and stop the vilification of protesters. The BJP has the right to criticise the anti-CAA protests, of course, and even make it an election issue. But the party should show the political maturity to desist from using it as an instrument to polarise society and instigate violence for votes, as its leaders such as Thakur, MP Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma, Adityanath and others have done. The genuineness of Prasad's outreach to Shaheen Bagh will be tested by the BJP election campaign in the coming days. |
Union Law Minister Xs statement that the Centre is ready to talk to protesters in Shaheen Bagh is welcome. It is a mere tweet and it is not known what its implications are but in these goli-maaro times, it brings some assurance. The onus is on the government to impress the protesters that it is serious about holding a dialogue to assuage their fears over the new citizenship law that excludes Muslims from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. |
That's not easy. Party leaders, including people holding high public office, have been extremely hostile to the Shaheen Bagh protesters - they have been consistently trying to frame the agitation using the binary of "us" and "them", us being nationalists and them being anti-nationals. It's time the party leadership starts viewing the protesters as part of us, the nation and its people, and recognise the peaceful protest as a legitimate expression of democratic dissent. The demonisation of the protesters as anti-nationals by the BJP leadership, presumably with the intent to polarise Delhi voters ahead of the February 8 assembly elections, has triggered extreme reaction from the party's own cadres. Last week, soon after Union minister Anurag Thakur whipped up frenzy at an election rally where a mob chanted "desh ke gaddaron ko goli maaro", a 17-year-old, who claimed to be a BJP supporter, fired at students in Jamia Millia Islamia, injuring one person. Later, on Saturday, a Delhi resident, identified as Kapil Gujjar, raised communal slogans and fired in the air at Shaheen Bagh. Delhi Police, which reports to the Union Home Ministry, was a mute spectator when both these incidents took place, raising questions about its conduct. The BJP leaders seem unfazed at the dangerous turn of events and have continued to engage in polarising talk. Over the weekend, at poll rallies in Delhi, UP Chief Minister Adityanath accused Shaheen Bagh protesters of raising pro-Pakistan slogans and alleged that the Congress and Arvind Kejriwal were feeding biriyani to terrorists from Pakistan. |
The first step to calm tempers and prepare the ground for a dialogue in Shaheen Bagh is to get the BJP leaders to tone down their rhetoric and stop the vilification of protesters. The BJP has the right to criticise the anti-CAA protests, of course, and even make it an election issue. But the party should show the political maturity to desist from using it as an instrument to polarise society and instigate violence for votes, as its leaders such as Thakur, MP Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma, Adityanath and others have done. The genuineness of Prasad's outreach to Shaheen Bagh will be tested by the BJP election campaign in the coming days. |
Union Law Minister Xs statement that the Centre is ready to talk to protesters in Shaheen Bagh is welcome. It is a mere tweet and it is not known what its implications are but in these goli-maaro times, it brings some assurance. The onus is on the government to impress the protesters that it is serious about holding a dialogue to assuage their fears over the new citizenship law that excludes Muslims from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. |
Thats not easy. Party leaders, including people holding high public office, have been extremely hostile to the Shaheen Bagh protesters - they have been consistently trying to frame the agitation using the binary of us and them, us being nationalists and them being anti-nationals. Its time the party leadership starts viewing the protesters as part of us, the nation and its people, and recognise the peaceful protest as a legitimate expression of democratic dissent. The demonisation of the protesters as anti-nationals by the BJP leadership, presumably with the intent to polarise Delhi voters ahead of the February 8 assembly elections, has triggered extreme reaction from the partys own cadres. Last week, soon after Union minister Anurag Thakur whipped up frenzy at an election rally where a mob chanted desh ke gaddaron ko goli maaro, a 17-year-old, who claimed to be a BJP supporter, fired at students in Jamia Millia Islamia, injuring one person. Later, on Saturday, a Delhi resident, identified as Kapil Gujjar, raised communal slogans and fired in the air at Shaheen Bagh. Delhi Police, which reports to the Union Home Ministry, was a mute spectator when both these incidents took place, raising questions about its conduct. The BJP leaders seem unfazed at the dangerous turn of events and have continued to engage in polarising talk. Over the weekend, at poll rallies in Delhi, UP Chief Minister Adityanath accused Shaheen Bagh protesters of raising pro-Pakistan slogans and alleged that the Congress and Arvind Kejriwal were feeding biriyani to terrorists from Pakistan. |
The first step to calm tempers and prepare the ground for a dialogue in Shaheen Bagh is to get the BJP leaders to tone down their rhetoric and stop the vilification of protesters. The BJP has the right to criticise the anti-CAA protests, of course, and even make it an election issue. But the party should show the political maturity to desist from using it as an instrument to polarise society and instigate violence for votes, as its leaders such as Thakur, MP Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma, Adityanath and others have done. The genuineness of Prasads outreach to Shaheen Bagh will be tested by the BJP election campaign in the coming days.= |
Union Law Minister Xs statement that the Centre is ready to talk to protesters in Shaheen Bagh is welcome. It is a mere tweet and it is not known what its implications are but in these goli-maaro times, it brings some assurance. The onus is on the government to impress the protesters that it is serious about holding a dialogue to assuage their fears over the new citizenship law that excludes Muslims from Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. |
That's not easy. Party leaders, including people holding high public office, have been extremely hostile to the Shaheen Bagh protesters - they have been consistently trying to frame the agitation using the binary of "us" and "them", us being nationalists and them being anti-nationals. It's time the party leadership starts viewing the protesters as part of us, the nation and its people, and recognise the peaceful protest as a legitimate expression of democratic dissent. The demonisation of the protesters as anti-nationals by the BJP leadership, presumably with the intent to polarise Delhi voters ahead of the February 8 assembly elections, has triggered extreme reaction from the party's own cadres. Last week, soon after Union minister Anurag Thakur whipped up frenzy at an election rally where a mob chanted "desh ke gaddaron ko goli maaro", a 17-year-old, who claimed to be a BJP supporter, fired at students in Jamia Millia Islamia, injuring one person. Later, on Saturday, a Delhi resident, identified as Kapil Gujjar, raised communal slogans and fired in the air at Shaheen Bagh. Delhi Police, which reports to the Union Home Ministry, was a mute spectator when both these incidents took place, raising questions about its conduct. The BJP leaders seem unfazed at the dangerous turn of events and have continued to engage in polarising talk. Over the weekend, at poll rallies in Delhi, UP Chief Minister Adityanath accused Shaheen Bagh protesters of raising pro-Pakistan slogans and alleged that the Congress and Arvind Kejriwal were feeding biriyani to terrorists from Pakistan. |
The first step to calm tempers and prepare the ground for a dialogue in Shaheen Bagh is to get the BJP leaders to tone down their rhetoric and stop the vilification of protesters. The BJP has the right to criticise the anti-CAA protests, of course, and even make it an election issue. But the party should show the political maturity to desist from using it as an instrument to polarise society and instigate violence for votes, as its leaders such as Thakur, MP Parvesh Sahib Singh Verma, Adityanath and others have done. The genuineness of Prasad's outreach to Shaheen Bagh will be tested by the BJP election campaign in the coming days. |
India's perceptive on the strategic importance of the Chabahar port in Iran can be a well-earned asset if dealt properly. |
Since 2001, India has been heavily investing in socio-economic sectors in Afghanistan. Taliban's positive move on support to India is encouraging vis-a-vis India's strong stand against US to not involve in the country's relation with Afghanistan. |
Chabahar has been a link since the Tehran Declaration (2001) and the New Delhi Declaration (2003) for infrastructural development and regional connectivity. |
The Chabahar pact of 2016 between India, Iran and Afghanistan has been a pivotal project to facilitate trade to Afghanistan and connecting Central Asia as well as Eurasia. The road to this pact has been a rough one with many obstacles ranging from funding to implementation. |
India's move post US waiver on Irans Chabahar is commendable. The recent meet between the trio at Chabahar in December 2018 was on the follow up of the operationalisation of the port agreement; it is encouraging that the project has been put on the table as a priority. |
The Indian government in the past year and half has shown interest in the utilisation of the USD 150 million invested on the first phase of port development situated in the Sistan - Baluchistan province of Iran, which is just approximately 80 kilometres away from Gwadar port in Pakistan. |
India is presently placed at a position where the geopolitical shifts and opportunities in the extended neighbourhood could be seized to its advantage. |
The development of the Chabahar port is very strategic for India. According to the Memorandum of Understanding signed by India and Iran in May 2015, the first phase of Chabahar port would be equipped with a capital investment of USD 85.21 million and annual revenue expenditure of USD 22.95 million on a ten-year lease. |
Chabahar is also an important port city in the Sistan-Balochistan province of Iran; which is adjacent to Baluchistan in Pakistan where Gwadar port lies geographically. The cultural link with the southern province of Iran is pre-emptive for India to keep a check on the crisis struck province of Pakistan. |
Firstly, the port would help India transit trade to Afghanistan since Pakistan has refused to do so due to hostile diplomatic relations. Both India and Afghanistan had put various options for transit corridors on the table, but they had come to a consensus on maritime mode over air mode as waterways are more economical for both. |
The Chabahar port gives an advantage to Afghanistan by reducing its dependence on the Karachi port thus minimising Pakistans influence in Afghanistan's economy. This can be sighted as an economic push for furthering better relations between India and Afghanistan. |
India in a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Iran in 2016 had agreed on constructing two terminals of five berths which includes a multipurpose cargo terminal (600 meters) and a container terminal (640 meters). |
This would assist India in its bilateral and trilateral trade with Iran and Afghanistan; developing Chabahar as a gateway to Central Asia and route for the proposed International North South Corridor connecting Eurasia. India's import of uranium from Kazakhstan could be more cost friendly through this port. |
Third, the proximity of Chabahar to Gwadar in the Strait of Hormuz is strategic as India's partial influence at the Chabahar port as per the contract could negate the challenges and observe the developments closely in the Persian Gulf. |
Indian Government owned IRCON has also invested USD 1.6 billion in linking Chabahar and Zahedan, which is situated close to Iran- Afghan border, through railways. The investment in the port benefits India with an alternative direct access through maritime-railways to Afghanistan exploiting the earlier invested roads from Zaranj- Delaram in the landlocked nation. |
However, it becomes more prioritised for India as Taliban has assured to protect and support any economic project which would foster development in Afghanistan. |
The Afghan Taliban has been dominant player since 1994 and has ruled during 1996-2001 in Afghanistan. Currently, it is assessed that half of Afghanistan is controlled by the Afghanistani Taliban. They have pressurised the democratically elected government supported by the United States of America (US) at Kabul and to an extent successful in the withdrawal of US troops from the country. |
Even though India condemned a terrorist attack at Chabahar in December 2018, the security dimensions in Afghanistan are more vulnerable for the port development and trade transit project. |
Taliban also welcomed the development of Chabahar port as it is fruitful and positive for the prosperity and development of Afghanistan. This is a welcome note for India from the Taliban denoting that they do not have any issues with the South Asian power. |
It is also perceived that Taliban is ready to work close with Iran and India in economic terms benefitting either side. India's focus is more on strategic and economic ends which benefits its transit trade route via Chabahar. |
India would be looking forward to maintain equilibrium with the Government of Afghanistan as well as the Taliban. It is also sceptical on the fact that Taliban values "all" economic projects wherein there are possibilities that even Pakistan or China could be chosen as an economic partner over India. |
Geographically, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor connecting Gwadar port and currently functioning Karachi port are concerns for India. |
Recently India has become vocal on its polarity in South Asia by indirectly mentioning to the US that they do not have any role or business in Afghanistan's personal issues and they could solve it themselves. |
This is assessed that neither US nor Pakistan has a direct role in the current scenario and at the same time India has an opportunity to establish a stake in Afghanistan. |
Recently, Taliban stated that "Afghan Hindus and Sikhs are our countrymen. Just as all Afghans have rights in this country, our Hindu and Sikh countrymen will have their own rights that shall be guaranteed". This brings delight to India in terms of soft power diplomacy. |
This also indicates that if Taliban comes in power in Afghanistan, it would like to build a good rapport with India in many sectors. |
India's perceptive on the strategic importance of the Chabahar port in Iran can be a well-earned asset if dealt properly. |
Since 2001, India has been heavily investing in socio-economic sectors in Afghanistan. Taliban's positive move on support to India is encouraging vis-a-vis India's strong stand against US to not involve in the country's relation with Afghanistan. |
Chabahar has been a link since the Tehran Declaration (2001) and the New Delhi Declaration (2003) for infrastructural development and regional connectivity. |
The Chabahar pact of 2016 between India, Iran and Afghanistan has been a pivotal project to facilitate trade to Afghanistan and connecting Central Asia as well as Eurasia. The road to this pact has been a rough one with many obstacles ranging from funding to implementation. |
India's move post US waiver on Irans Chabahar is commendable. The recent meet between the trio at Chabahar in December 2018 was on the follow up of the operationalisation of the port agreement; it is encouraging that the project has been put on the table as a priority. |
The Indian government in the past year and half has shown interest in the utilisation of the USD 150 million invested on the first phase of port development situated in the Sistan - Baluchistan province of Iran, which is just approximately 80 kilometres away from Gwadar port in Pakistan. |
India is presently placed at a position where the geopolitical shifts and opportunities in the extended neighbourhood could be seized to its advantage. |
The development of the Chabahar port is very strategic for India. According to the Memorandum of Understanding signed by India and Iran in May 2015, the first phase of Chabahar port would be equipped with a capital investment of USD 85.21 million and annual revenue expenditure of USD 22.95 million on a ten-year lease. |
Chabahar is also an important port city in the Sistan-Balochistan province of Iran; which is adjacent to Baluchistan in Pakistan where Gwadar port lies geographically. The cultural link with the southern province of Iran is pre-emptive for India to keep a check on the crisis struck province of Pakistan. |
Firstly, the port would help India transit trade to Afghanistan since Pakistan has refused to do so due to hostile diplomatic relations. Both India and Afghanistan had put various options for transit corridors on the table, but they had come to a consensus on maritime mode over air mode as waterways are more economical for both. |
The Chabahar port gives an advantage to Afghanistan by reducing its dependence on the Karachi port thus minimising Pakistans influence in Afghanistan's economy. This can be sighted as an economic push for furthering better relations between India and Afghanistan. |
India in a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Iran in 2016 had agreed on constructing two terminals of five berths which includes a multipurpose cargo terminal (600 meters) and a container terminal (640 meters). |
This would assist India in its bilateral and trilateral trade with Iran and Afghanistan; developing Chabahar as a gateway to Central Asia and route for the proposed International North South Corridor connecting Eurasia. India's import of uranium from Kazakhstan could be more cost friendly through this port. |
Third, the proximity of Chabahar to Gwadar in the Strait of Hormuz is strategic as India's partial influence at the Chabahar port as per the contract could negate the challenges and observe the developments closely in the Persian Gulf. |
Indian Government owned IRCON has also invested USD 1.6 billion in linking Chabahar and Zahedan, which is situated close to Iran- Afghan border, through railways. The investment in the port benefits India with an alternative direct access through maritime-railways to Afghanistan exploiting the earlier invested roads from Zaranj- Delaram in the landlocked nation. |
However, it becomes more prioritised for India as Taliban has assured to protect and support any economic project which would foster development in Afghanistan. |
The Afghan Taliban has been dominant player since 1994 and has ruled during 1996-2001 in Afghanistan. Currently, it is assessed that half of Afghanistan is controlled by the Afghanistani Taliban. They have pressurised the democratically elected government supported by the United States of America (US) at Kabul and to an extent successful in the withdrawal of US troops from the country. |
Even though India condemned a terrorist attack at Chabahar in December 2018, the security dimensions in Afghanistan are more vulnerable for the port development and trade transit project. |
Taliban also welcomed the development of Chabahar port as it is fruitful and positive for the prosperity and development of Afghanistan. This is a welcome note for India from the Taliban denoting that they do not have any issues with the South Asian power. |
It is also perceived that Taliban is ready to work close with Iran and India in economic terms benefitting either side. India's focus is more on strategic and economic ends which benefits its transit trade route via Chabahar. |
India would be looking forward to maintain equilibrium with the Government of Afghanistan as well as the Taliban. It is also sceptical on the fact that Taliban values "all" economic projects wherein there are possibilities that even Pakistan or China could be chosen as an economic partner over India. |
Geographically, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor connecting Gwadar port and currently functioning Karachi port are concerns for India. |
Recently India has become vocal on its polarity in South Asia by indirectly mentioning to the US that they do not have any role or business in Afghanistan's personal issues and they could solve it themselves. |
This is assessed that neither US nor Pakistan has a direct role in the current scenario and at the same time India has an opportunity to establish a stake in Afghanistan. |
Recently, Taliban stated that "Afghan Hindus and Sikhs are our countrymen. Just as all Afghans have rights in this country, our Hindu and Sikh countrymen will have their own rights that shall be guaranteed". This brings delight to India in terms of soft power diplomacy. |
This also indicates that if Taliban comes in power in Afghanistan, it would like to build a good rapport with India in many sectors. |
India's perceptive on the strategic importance of the Chabahar port in Iran can be a well-earned asset if dealt properly. |
Since 2001, India has been heavily investing in socio-economic sectors in Afghanistan. Taliban's positive move on support to India is encouraging vis-a-vis India's strong stand against US to not involve in the country's relation with Afghanistan. |
Chabahar has been a link since the Tehran Declaration (2001) and the New Delhi Declaration (2003) for infrastructural development and regional connectivity. |
The Chabahar pact of 2016 between India, Iran and Afghanistan has been a pivotal project to facilitate trade to Afghanistan and connecting Central Asia as well as Eurasia. The road to this pact has been a rough one with many obstacles ranging from funding to implementation. |
India's move post US waiver on Irans Chabahar is commendable. The recent meet between the trio at Chabahar in December 2018 was on the follow up of the operationalisation of the port agreement; it is encouraging that the project has been put on the table as a priority. |
The Indian government in the past year and half has shown interest in the utilisation of the USD 150 million invested on the first phase of port development situated in the Sistan - Baluchistan province of Iran, which is just approximately 80 kilometres away from Gwadar port in Pakistan. |
India is presently placed at a position where the geopolitical shifts and opportunities in the extended neighbourhood could be seized to its advantage. |
The development of the Chabahar port is very strategic for India. According to the Memorandum of Understanding signed by India and Iran in May 2015, the first phase of Chabahar port would be equipped with a capital investment of USD 85.21 million and annual revenue expenditure of USD 22.95 million on a ten-year lease. |
Chabahar is also an important port city in the Sistan-Balochistan province of Iran; which is adjacent to Baluchistan in Pakistan where Gwadar port lies geographically. The cultural link with the southern province of Iran is pre-emptive for India to keep a check on the crisis struck province of Pakistan. |
Firstly, the port would help India transit trade to Afghanistan since Pakistan has refused to do so due to hostile diplomatic relations. Both India and Afghanistan had put various options for transit corridors on the table, but they had come to a consensus on maritime mode over air mode as waterways are more economical for both. |
The Chabahar port gives an advantage to Afghanistan by reducing its dependence on the Karachi port thus minimising Pakistans influence in Afghanistan's economy. This can be sighted as an economic push for furthering better relations between India and Afghanistan. |
India in a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Iran in 2016 had agreed on constructing two terminals of five berths which includes a multipurpose cargo terminal (600 meters) and a container terminal (640 meters). |
This would assist India in its bilateral and trilateral trade with Iran and Afghanistan; developing Chabahar as a gateway to Central Asia and route for the proposed International North South Corridor connecting Eurasia. India's import of uranium from Kazakhstan could be more cost friendly through this port. |
Third, the proximity of Chabahar to Gwadar in the Strait of Hormuz is strategic as India's partial influence at the Chabahar port as per the contract could negate the challenges and observe the developments closely in the Persian Gulf. |
Indian Government owned IRCON has also invested USD 1.6 billion in linking Chabahar and Zahedan, which is situated close to Iran- Afghan border, through railways. The investment in the port benefits India with an alternative direct access through maritime-railways to Afghanistan exploiting the earlier invested roads from Zaranj- Delaram in the landlocked nation. |
However, it becomes more prioritised for India as Taliban has assured to protect and support any economic project which would foster development in Afghanistan. |
The Afghan Taliban has been dominant player since 1994 and has ruled during 1996-2001 in Afghanistan. Currently, it is assessed that half of Afghanistan is controlled by the Afghanistani Taliban. They have pressurised the democratically elected government supported by the United States of America (US) at Kabul and to an extent successful in the withdrawal of US troops from the country. |
Even though India condemned a terrorist attack at Chabahar in December 2018, the security dimensions in Afghanistan are more vulnerable for the port development and trade transit project. |
Taliban also welcomed the development of Chabahar port as it is fruitful and positive for the prosperity and development of Afghanistan. This is a welcome note for India from the Taliban denoting that they do not have any issues with the South Asian power. |
It is also perceived that Taliban is ready to work close with Iran and India in economic terms benefitting either side. India's focus is more on strategic and economic ends which benefits its transit trade route via Chabahar. |
India would be looking forward to maintain equilibrium with the Government of Afghanistan as well as the Taliban. It is also sceptical on the fact that Taliban values "all" economic projects wherein there are possibilities that even Pakistan or China could be chosen as an economic partner over India. |
Geographically, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor connecting Gwadar port and currently functioning Karachi port are concerns for India. |
Recently India has become vocal on its polarity in South Asia by indirectly mentioning to the US that they do not have any role or business in Afghanistan's personal issues and they could solve it themselves. |
This is assessed that neither US nor Pakistan has a direct role in the current scenario and at the same time India has an opportunity to establish a stake in Afghanistan. |
Recently, Taliban stated that "Afghan Hindus and Sikhs are our countrymen. Just as all Afghans have rights in this country, our Hindu and Sikh countrymen will have their own rights that shall be guaranteed". This brings delight to India in terms of soft power diplomacy. |
This also indicates that if Taliban comes in power in Afghanistan, it would like to build a good rapport with India in many sectors. |
India's perceptive on the strategic importance of the Chabahar port in Iran can be a well-earned asset if dealt properly. |
Since 2001, India has been heavily investing in socio-economic sectors in Afghanistan. Taliban's positive move on support to India is encouraging vis-a-vis India's strong stand against US to not involve in the country's relation with Afghanistan. |
Chabahar has been a link since the Tehran Declaration (2001) and the New Delhi Declaration (2003) for infrastructural development and regional connectivity. |
The Chabahar pact of 2016 between India, Iran and Afghanistan has been a pivotal project to facilitate trade to Afghanistan and connecting Central Asia as well as Eurasia. The road to this pact has been a rough one with many obstacles ranging from funding to implementation. |
India's move post US waiver on Irans Chabahar is commendable. The recent meet between the trio at Chabahar in December 2018 was on the follow up of the operationalisation of the port agreement; it is encouraging that the project has been put on the table as a priority. |
The Indian government in the past year and half has shown interest in the utilisation of the USD 150 million invested on the first phase of port development situated in the Sistan - Baluchistan province of Iran, which is just approximately 80 kilometres away from Gwadar port in Pakistan. |
India is presently placed at a position where the geopolitical shifts and opportunities in the extended neighbourhood could be seized to its advantage. |
The development of the Chabahar port is very strategic for India. According to the Memorandum of Understanding signed by India and Iran in May 2015, the first phase of Chabahar port would be equipped with a capital investment of USD 85.21 million and annual revenue expenditure of USD 22.95 million on a ten-year lease. |
Chabahar is also an important port city in the Sistan-Balochistan province of Iran; which is adjacent to Baluchistan in Pakistan where Gwadar port lies geographically. The cultural link with the southern province of Iran is pre-emptive for India to keep a check on the crisis struck province of Pakistan. |
Firstly, the port would help India transit trade to Afghanistan since Pakistan has refused to do so due to hostile diplomatic relations. Both India and Afghanistan had put various options for transit corridors on the table, but they had come to a consensus on maritime mode over air mode as waterways are more economical for both. |
The Chabahar port gives an advantage to Afghanistan by reducing its dependence on the Karachi port thus minimising Pakistans influence in Afghanistan's economy. This can be sighted as an economic push for furthering better relations between India and Afghanistan. |
India in a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Iran in 2016 had agreed on constructing two terminals of five berths which includes a multipurpose cargo terminal (600 meters) and a container terminal (640 meters). |
This would assist India in its bilateral and trilateral trade with Iran and Afghanistan; developing Chabahar as a gateway to Central Asia and route for the proposed International North South Corridor connecting Eurasia. India's import of uranium from Kazakhstan could be more cost friendly through this port. |
Third, the proximity of Chabahar to Gwadar in the Strait of Hormuz is strategic as India's partial influence at the Chabahar port as per the contract could negate the challenges and observe the developments closely in the Persian Gulf. |
Indian Government owned IRCON has also invested USD 1.6 billion in linking Chabahar and Zahedan, which is situated close to Iran- Afghan border, through railways. The investment in the port benefits India with an alternative direct access through maritime-railways to Afghanistan exploiting the earlier invested roads from Zaranj- Delaram in the landlocked nation. |
However, it becomes more prioritised for India as Taliban has assured to protect and support any economic project which would foster development in Afghanistan. |
The Afghan Taliban has been dominant player since 1994 and has ruled during 1996-2001 in Afghanistan. Currently, it is assessed that half of Afghanistan is controlled by the Afghanistani Taliban. They have pressurised the democratically elected government supported by the United States of America (US) at Kabul and to an extent successful in the withdrawal of US troops from the country. |
Even though India condemned a terrorist attack at Chabahar in December 2018, the security dimensions in Afghanistan are more vulnerable for the port development and trade transit project. |
Taliban also welcomed the development of Chabahar port as it is fruitful and positive for the prosperity and development of Afghanistan. This is a welcome note for India from the Taliban denoting that they do not have any issues with the South Asian power. |
It is also perceived that Taliban is ready to work close with Iran and India in economic terms benefitting either side. India's focus is more on strategic and economic ends which benefits its transit trade route via Chabahar. |
India would be looking forward to maintain equilibrium with the Government of Afghanistan as well as the Taliban. It is also sceptical on the fact that Taliban values "all" economic projects wherein there are possibilities that even Pakistan or China could be chosen as an economic partner over India. |
Geographically, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor connecting Gwadar port and currently functioning Karachi port are concerns for India. |
Recently India has become vocal on its polarity in South Asia by indirectly mentioning to the US that they do not have any role or business in Afghanistan's personal issues and they could solve it themselves. |
This is assessed that neither US nor Pakistan has a direct role in the current scenario and at the same time India has an opportunity to establish a stake in Afghanistan. |
Recently, Taliban stated that "Afghan Hindus and Sikhs are our countrymen. Just as all Afghans have rights in this country, our Hindu and Sikh countrymen will have their own rights that shall be guaranteed". This brings delight to India in terms of soft power diplomacy. |
This also indicates that if Taliban comes in power in Afghanistan, it would like to build a good rapport with India in many sectors. |
India's perceptive on the strategic importance of the Chabahar port in Iran can be a well-earned asset if dealt properly. |
Since 2001, India has been heavily investing in socio-economic sectors in Afghanistan. Taliban's positive move on support to India is encouraging vis-a-vis India's strong stand against US to not involve in the country's relation with Afghanistan. |
Chabahar has been a link since the Tehran Declaration (2001) and the New Delhi Declaration (2003) for infrastructural development and regional connectivity. |
The Chabahar pact of 2016 between India, Iran and Afghanistan has been a pivotal project to facilitate trade to Afghanistan and connecting Central Asia as well as Eurasia. The road to this pact has been a rough one with many obstacles ranging from funding to implementation. |
India's move post US waiver on Irans Chabahar is commendable. The recent meet between the trio at Chabahar in December 2018 was on the follow up of the operationalisation of the port agreement; it is encouraging that the project has been put on the table as a priority. |
The Indian government in the past year and half has shown interest in the utilisation of the USD 150 million invested on the first phase of port development situated in the Sistan - Baluchistan province of Iran, which is just approximately 80 kilometres away from Gwadar port in Pakistan. |
India is presently placed at a position where the geopolitical shifts and opportunities in the extended neighbourhood could be seized to its advantage. |
The development of the Chabahar port is very strategic for India. According to the Memorandum of Understanding signed by India and Iran in May 2015, the first phase of Chabahar port would be equipped with a capital investment of USD 85.21 million and annual revenue expenditure of USD 22.95 million on a ten-year lease. |
Chabahar is also an important port city in the Sistan-Balochistan province of Iran; which is adjacent to Baluchistan in Pakistan where Gwadar port lies geographically. The cultural link with the southern province of Iran is pre-emptive for India to keep a check on the crisis struck province of Pakistan. |
Firstly, the port would help India transit trade to Afghanistan since Pakistan has refused to do so due to hostile diplomatic relations. Both India and Afghanistan had put various options for transit corridors on the table, but they had come to a consensus on maritime mode over air mode as waterways are more economical for both. |
The Chabahar port gives an advantage to Afghanistan by reducing its dependence on the Karachi port thus minimising Pakistans influence in Afghanistan's economy. This can be sighted as an economic push for furthering better relations between India and Afghanistan. |
India in a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Iran in 2016 had agreed on constructing two terminals of five berths which includes a multipurpose cargo terminal (600 meters) and a container terminal (640 meters). |
This would assist India in its bilateral and trilateral trade with Iran and Afghanistan; developing Chabahar as a gateway to Central Asia and route for the proposed International North South Corridor connecting Eurasia. India's import of uranium from Kazakhstan could be more cost friendly through this port. |
Third, the proximity of Chabahar to Gwadar in the Strait of Hormuz is strategic as India's partial influence at the Chabahar port as per the contract could negate the challenges and observe the developments closely in the Persian Gulf. |
Indian Government owned IRCON has also invested USD 1.6 billion in linking Chabahar and Zahedan, which is situated close to Iran- Afghan border, through railways. The investment in the port benefits India with an alternative direct access through maritime-railways to Afghanistan exploiting the earlier invested roads from Zaranj- Delaram in the landlocked nation. |
However, it becomes more prioritised for India as Taliban has assured to protect and support any economic project which would foster development in Afghanistan. |
The Afghan Taliban has been dominant player since 1994 and has ruled during 1996-2001 in Afghanistan. Currently, it is assessed that half of Afghanistan is controlled by the Afghanistani Taliban. They have pressurised the democratically elected government supported by the United States of America (US) at Kabul and to an extent successful in the withdrawal of US troops from the country. |
Even though India condemned a terrorist attack at Chabahar in December 2018, the security dimensions in Afghanistan are more vulnerable for the port development and trade transit project. |
Taliban also welcomed the development of Chabahar port as it is fruitful and positive for the prosperity and development of Afghanistan. This is a welcome note for India from the Taliban denoting that they do not have any issues with the South Asian power. |
It is also perceived that Taliban is ready to work close with Iran and India in economic terms benefitting either side. India's focus is more on strategic and economic ends which benefits its transit trade route via Chabahar. |
India would be looking forward to maintain equilibrium with the Government of Afghanistan as well as the Taliban. It is also sceptical on the fact that Taliban values "all" economic projects wherein there are possibilities that even Pakistan or China could be chosen as an economic partner over India. |
Geographically, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor connecting Gwadar port and currently functioning Karachi port are concerns for India. |
Recently India has become vocal on its polarity in South Asia by indirectly mentioning to the US that they do not have any role or business in Afghanistan's personal issues and they could solve it themselves. |
This is assessed that neither US nor Pakistan has a direct role in the current scenario and at the same time India has an opportunity to establish a stake in Afghanistan. |
Recently, Taliban stated that "Afghan Hindus and Sikhs are our countrymen. Just as all Afghans have rights in this country, our Hindu and Sikh countrymen will have their own rights that shall be guaranteed". This brings delight to India in terms of soft power diplomacy. |
This also indicates that if Taliban comes in power in Afghanistan, it would like to build a good rapport with India in many sectors. |
There canbe no two views on ensuring passenger safety on board airlines. In the post-9/11 world, the aircraft cabin has become a space where there can be no latitude - or tolerance - for unruly behaviour. Yet the episode involving stand-up comedian Kunal Kamra and TV anchor Arnab Goswami is troubling at many levels. IndiGo, the airline concerned, tagged Union Minister of Civil Aviation X on twitter while announcing its decision to impose a ban without even waiting for its internal crew report on whether Kamra's behaviour threatened passenger safety. Then SpiceJet, Air India and Go Air followed suit after being prodded by the Minister himself. Nothing better illustrates how the corporate sector buckles to political pressure, no questions asked. It also underlines not only government overreach but a contempt for due process. For Puri, just the video posted by Kamra was evidence enough to accuse, indict and convict all in a tweet. |
As per guidelines, when airlines receive complaints of unruly behaviour from the pilot-in-command, the incident is referred to an internal committee which shall decide on the matter within 30 days. Pending the decision of the committee, the airline can ban the passenger, though such a period may not exceed 30 days. But in this case, the process went out of the window. The pilot-in-command Rohit Mateti has, to his credit, documented the chain of events and has stated that while Kamra's behaviour was "unacceptable and verbally abusive", he complied with the crew's instruction and that the offence "cannot be classified" even in Level 1 category. The pilot further noted that the airline did not consult him and took a decision solely based on social media posts. |
Surely, the Minister, a seasoned diplomat, knows where the red lines are. His concern for passenger safety is touching. Yet, by stepping in, his "advice" to airlines to impose restrictions was effectively a sarkari diktat that most promptly adhered to. It shows up the enormous sway the Indian state continues to command over the private sector. Structures to protect private players from not implementing unreasonable state directives simply do not exist. Bending is the only option. This is not how a mature economy functions. More so when Minister himself is the prime mover of a well thought-out, bold and ambitious plan to disinvest Air India. The Minister needs a reminder that disinvestment begins form his office. It means, first of all, respecting due process in a company you don't own. |
There canbe no two views on ensuring passenger safety on board airlines. In the post-9/11 world, the aircraft cabin has become a space where there can be no latitude - or tolerance - for unruly behaviour. Yet the episode involving stand-up comedian Kunal Kamra and TV anchor Arnab Goswami is troubling at many levels. IndiGo, the airline concerned, tagged Union Minister of Civil Aviation X on twitter while announcing its decision to impose a ban without even waiting for its internal crew report on whether Kamra's behaviour threatened passenger safety. Then SpiceJet, Air India and Go Air followed suit after being prodded by the Minister himself. Nothing better illustrates how the corporate sector buckles to political pressure, no questions asked. It also underlines not only government overreach but a contempt for due process. For Puri, just the video posted by Kamra was evidence enough to accuse, indict and convict all in a tweet. |
As per guidelines, when airlines receive complaints of unruly behaviour from the pilot-in-command, the incident is referred to an internal committee which shall decide on the matter within 30 days. Pending the decision of the committee, the airline can ban the passenger, though such a period may not exceed 30 days. But in this case, the process went out of the window. The pilot-in-command Rohit Mateti has, to his credit, documented the chain of events and has stated that while Kamra's behaviour was "unacceptable and verbally abusive", he complied with the crew's instruction and that the offence "cannot be classified" even in Level 1 category. The pilot further noted that the airline did not consult him and took a decision solely based on social media posts. |
Surely, the Minister, a seasoned diplomat, knows where the red lines are. His concern for passenger safety is touching. Yet, by stepping in, his "advice" to airlines to impose restrictions was effectively a sarkari diktat that most promptly adhered to. It shows up the enormous sway the Indian state continues to command over the private sector. Structures to protect private players from not implementing unreasonable state directives simply do not exist. Bending is the only option. This is not how a mature economy functions. More so when Minister himself is the prime mover of a well thought-out, bold and ambitious plan to disinvest Air India. The Minister needs a reminder that disinvestment begins form his office. It means, first of all, respecting due process in a company you don't own. |
There canbe no two views on ensuring passenger safety on board airlines. In the post-9/11 world, the aircraft cabin has become a space where there can be no latitude - or tolerance - for unruly behaviour. Yet the episode involving stand-up comedian Kunal Kamra and TV anchor Arnab Goswami is troubling at many levels. IndiGo, the airline concerned, tagged Union Minister of Civil Aviation X on twitter while announcing its decision to impose a ban without even waiting for its internal crew report on whether Kamra's behaviour threatened passenger safety. Then SpiceJet, Air India and Go Air followed suit after being prodded by the Minister himself. Nothing better illustrates how the corporate sector buckles to political pressure, no questions asked. It also underlines not only government overreach but a contempt for due process. For Puri, just the video posted by Kamra was evidence enough to accuse, indict and convict all in a tweet. |
As per guidelines, when airlines receive complaints of unruly behaviour from the pilot-in-command, the incident is referred to an internal committee which shall decide on the matter within 30 days. Pending the decision of the committee, the airline can ban the passenger, though such a period may not exceed 30 days. But in this case, the process went out of the window. The pilot-in-command Rohit Mateti has, to his credit, documented the chain of events and has stated that while Kamra's behaviour was "unacceptable and verbally abusive", he complied with the crew's instruction and that the offence "cannot be classified" even in Level 1 category. The pilot further noted that the airline did not consult him and took a decision solely based on social media posts. |
Surely, the Minister, a seasoned diplomat, knows where the red lines are. His concern for passenger safety is touching. Yet, by stepping in, his "advice" to airlines to impose restrictions was effectively a sarkari diktat that most promptly adhered to. It shows up the enormous sway the Indian state continues to command over the private sector. Structures to protect private players from not implementing unreasonable state directives simply do not exist. Bending is the only option. This is not how a mature economy functions. More so when Minister himself is the prime mover of a well thought-out, bold and ambitious plan to disinvest Air India. The Minister needs a reminder that disinvestment begins form his office. It means, first of all, respecting due process in a company you don't own. |
There canbe no two views on ensuring passenger safety on board airlines. In the post-9/11 world, the aircraft cabin has become a space where there can be no latitude - or tolerance - for unruly behaviour. Yet the episode involving stand-up comedian Kunal Kamra and TV anchor Arnab Goswami is troubling at many levels. IndiGo, the airline concerned, tagged Union Minister of Civil Aviation X on twitter while announcing its decision to impose a ban without even waiting for its internal crew report on whether Kamra's behaviour threatened passenger safety. Then SpiceJet, Air India and Go Air followed suit after being prodded by the Minister himself. Nothing better illustrates how the corporate sector buckles to political pressure, no questions asked. It also underlines not only government overreach but a contempt for due process. For Puri, just the video posted by Kamra was evidence enough to accuse, indict and convict all in a tweet. |
As per guidelines, when airlines receive complaints of unruly behaviour from the pilot-in-command, the incident is referred to an internal committee which shall decide on the matter within 30 days. Pending the decision of the committee, the airline can ban the passenger, though such a period may not exceed 30 days. But in this case, the process went out of the window. The pilot-in-command Rohit Mateti has, to his credit, documented the chain of events and has stated that while Kamra's behaviour was "unacceptable and verbally abusive", he complied with the crew's instruction and that the offence "cannot be classified" even in Level 1 category. The pilot further noted that the airline did not consult him and took a decision solely based on social media posts. |
Surely, the Minister, a seasoned diplomat, knows where the red lines are. His concern for passenger safety is touching. Yet, by stepping in, his "advice" to airlines to impose restrictions was effectively a sarkari diktat that most promptly adhered to. It shows up the enormous sway the Indian state continues to command over the private sector. Structures to protect private players from not implementing unreasonable state directives simply do not exist. Bending is the only option. This is not how a mature economy functions. More so when Minister himself is the prime mover of a well thought-out, bold and ambitious plan to disinvest Air India. The Minister needs a reminder that disinvestment begins form his office. It means, first of all, respecting due process in a company you don't own. |
There canbe no two views on ensuring passenger safety on board airlines. In the post-9/11 world, the aircraft cabin has become a space where there can be no latitude - or tolerance - for unruly behaviour. Yet the episode involving stand-up comedian Kunal Kamra and TV anchor Arnab Goswami is troubling at many levels. IndiGo, the airline concerned, tagged Union Minister of Civil Aviation X on twitter while announcing its decision to impose a ban without even waiting for its internal crew report on whether Kamra's behaviour threatened passenger safety. Then SpiceJet, Air India and Go Air followed suit after being prodded by the Minister himself. Nothing better illustrates how the corporate sector buckles to political pressure, no questions asked. It also underlines not only government overreach but a contempt for due process. For Puri, just the video posted by Kamra was evidence enough to accuse, indict and convict all in a tweet. |
As per guidelines, when airlines receive complaints of unruly behaviour from the pilot-in-command, the incident is referred to an internal committee which shall decide on the matter within 30 days. Pending the decision of the committee, the airline can ban the passenger, though such a period may not exceed 30 days. But in this case, the process went out of the window. The pilot-in-command Rohit Mateti has, to his credit, documented the chain of events and has stated that while Kamra's behaviour was "unacceptable and verbally abusive", he complied with the crew's instruction and that the offence "cannot be classified" even in Level 1 category. The pilot further noted that the airline did not consult him and took a decision solely based on social media posts. |
Surely, the Minister, a seasoned diplomat, knows where the red lines are. His concern for passenger safety is touching. Yet, by stepping in, his "advice" to airlines to impose restrictions was effectively a sarkari diktat that most promptly adhered to. It shows up the enormous sway the Indian state continues to command over the private sector. Structures to protect private players from not implementing unreasonable state directives simply do not exist. Bending is the only option. This is not how a mature economy functions. More so when Minister himself is the prime mover of a well thought-out, bold and ambitious plan to disinvest Air India. The Minister needs a reminder that disinvestment begins form his office. It means, first of all, respecting due process in a company you don't own. |
The X (WHO) announced on Monday that next month it will bring together ministers of health, finance and foreign affairs of its member states in Marrakech to discuss global preparedness for pandemics. |
This health diplomacy meeting will focus on "what can be done to improve global" response to outbreaks of deadly diseases, WHO Director General Y said in a tweet. |
He also "stressed the importance of the international community working together" to roll back the outbreak of the acute Coronavirus respiratory disease that has already spread to 29 countries. |
On Sunday, WHO urged people to avoid untested medicines and herbs that are being offered with claims that they can cure the novel coronavirus. |
Last week, WHO declared a public health emergency of international concern over the 2019nCoV outbreak. |
On Monday, WHO also issued recommendations to prevent and limit the further spread of this virus, calling on "all countries to implement decisions that are evidence-based and consistent." |
The recommendations stressed the need to "accelerate the development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics" to prevent further spread of this dangerous disease. "We need strong public-private partnership to find solutions," DG wrote in one of his tweets. |
He once again clarified that the decision to declare a public health emergency was not a vote of confidence against Chinas health system. "The decision ... was taken primarily because of the signs of human-to-human transmission outside China and our concern of what might happen if the virus were to spread in a country with a weaker health system," he said. |
The recommendations also emphasised the need to combat the spread of rumours and misinformation. "We must review preparedness plans, identify gaps and evaluate the resources needed to identify, isolate and care for cases, and prevent transmission," DG said. |
Underlining the importance of sharing data, sequences, knowledge and experience with each other, WHO reminded the global community: "The only way we will defeat the 2019nCoV outbreak is for all countries to work together in a spirit of solidarity and cooperation." |
The X (WHO) announced on Monday that next month it will bring together ministers of health, finance and foreign affairs of its member states in Marrakech to discuss global preparedness for pandemics. |
This health diplomacy meeting will focus on "what can be done to improve global" response to outbreaks of deadly diseases, WHO Director General Y said in a tweet. |
He also "stressed the importance of the international community working together" to roll back the outbreak of the acute Coronavirus respiratory disease that has already spread to 29 countries. |
On Sunday, WHO urged people to avoid untested medicines and herbs that are being offered with claims that they can cure the novel coronavirus. |
Last week, WHO declared a public health emergency of international concern over the 2019nCoV outbreak. |
On Monday, WHO also issued recommendations to prevent and limit the further spread of this virus, calling on "all countries to implement decisions that are evidence-based and consistent." |
The recommendations stressed the need to "accelerate the development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics" to prevent further spread of this dangerous disease. "We need strong public-private partnership to find solutions," DG wrote in one of his tweets. |
He once again clarified that the decision to declare a public health emergency was not a vote of confidence against Chinas health system. "The decision ... was taken primarily because of the signs of human-to-human transmission outside China and our concern of what might happen if the virus were to spread in a country with a weaker health system," he said. |
The recommendations also emphasised the need to combat the spread of rumours and misinformation. "We must review preparedness plans, identify gaps and evaluate the resources needed to identify, isolate and care for cases, and prevent transmission," DG said. |
Underlining the importance of sharing data, sequences, knowledge and experience with each other, WHO reminded the global community: "The only way we will defeat the 2019nCoV outbreak is for all countries to work together in a spirit of solidarity and cooperation." |
The X (WHO) announced on Monday that next month it will bring together ministers of health, finance and foreign affairs of its member states in Marrakech to discuss global preparedness for pandemics. |
This health diplomacy meeting will focus on "what can be done to improve global" response to outbreaks of deadly diseases, WHO Director General Y said in a tweet. |
He also "stressed the importance of the international community working together" to roll back the outbreak of the acute Coronavirus respiratory disease that has already spread to 29 countries. |
On Sunday, WHO urged people to avoid untested medicines and herbs that are being offered with claims that they can cure the novel coronavirus. |
Last week, WHO declared a public health emergency of international concern over the 2019nCoV outbreak. |
On Monday, WHO also issued recommendations to prevent and limit the further spread of this virus, calling on "all countries to implement decisions that are evidence-based and consistent." |
The recommendations stressed the need to "accelerate the development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics" to prevent further spread of this dangerous disease. "We need strong public-private partnership to find solutions," DG wrote in one of his tweets. |
He once again clarified that the decision to declare a public health emergency was not a vote of confidence against Chinas health system. "The decision ... was taken primarily because of the signs of human-to-human transmission outside China and our concern of what might happen if the virus were to spread in a country with a weaker health system," he said. |
The recommendations also emphasised the need to combat the spread of rumours and misinformation. "We must review preparedness plans, identify gaps and evaluate the resources needed to identify, isolate and care for cases, and prevent transmission," DG said. |
Underlining the importance of sharing data, sequences, knowledge and experience with each other, WHO reminded the global community: "The only way we will defeat the 2019nCoV outbreak is for all countries to work together in a spirit of solidarity and cooperation." |
The X (WHO) announced on Monday that next month it will bring together ministers of health, finance and foreign affairs of its member states in Marrakech to discuss global preparedness for pandemics. |
This health diplomacy meeting will focus on what can be done to improve global response to outbreaks of deadly diseases, WHO Director General Y said in a tweet. |
He also stressed the importance of the international community working together to roll back the outbreak of the acute Coronavirus respiratory disease that has already spread to 29 countries. |
On Sunday, WHO urged people to avoid untested medicines and herbs that are being offered with claims that they can cure the novel coronavirus. |
Last week, WHO declared a public health emergency of international concern over the 2019nCoV outbreak. |
On Monday, WHO also issued recommendations to prevent and limit the further spread of this virus, calling on all countries to implement decisions that are evidence-based and consistent. |
The recommendations stressed the need to accelerate the development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics to prevent further spread of this dangerous disease. We need strong public-private partnership to find solutions, DG wrote in one of his tweets. |
He once again clarified that the decision to declare a public health emergency was not a vote of confidence against Chinas health system. The decision ... was taken primarily because of the signs of human-to-human transmission outside China and our concern of what might happen if the virus were to spread in a country with a weaker health system, he said. |
The recommendations also emphasised the need to combat the spread of rumours and misinformation. We must review preparedness plans, identify gaps and evaluate the resources needed to identify, isolate and care for cases, and prevent transmission, DG said. |
Underlining the importance of sharing data, sequences, knowledge and experience with each other, WHO reminded the global community: The only way we will defeat the 2019nCoV outbreak is for all countries to work together in a spirit of solidarity and cooperation. |
The X (WHO) announced on Monday that next month it will bring together ministers of health, finance and foreign affairs of its member states in Marrakech to discuss global preparedness for pandemics. |
This health diplomacy meeting will focus on "what can be done to improve global" response to outbreaks of deadly diseases, WHO Director General Y said in a tweet. |
He also "stressed the importance of the international community working together" to roll back the outbreak of the acute Coronavirus respiratory disease that has already spread to 29 countries. |
On Sunday, WHO urged people to avoid untested medicines and herbs that are being offered with claims that they can cure the novel coronavirus. |
Last week, WHO declared a public health emergency of international concern over the 2019nCoV outbreak. |
On Monday, WHO also issued recommendations to prevent and limit the further spread of this virus, calling on "all countries to implement decisions that are evidence-based and consistent." |
The recommendations stressed the need to "accelerate the development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics" to prevent further spread of this dangerous disease. "We need strong public-private partnership to find solutions," DG wrote in one of his tweets. |
He once again clarified that the decision to declare a public health emergency was not a vote of confidence against Chinas health system. "The decision ... was taken primarily because of the signs of human-to-human transmission outside China and our concern of what might happen if the virus were to spread in a country with a weaker health system," he said. |
The recommendations also emphasised the need to combat the spread of rumours and misinformation. "We must review preparedness plans, identify gaps and evaluate the resources needed to identify, isolate and care for cases, and prevent transmission," DG said. |
Underlining the importance of sharing data, sequences, knowledge and experience with each other, WHO reminded the global community: "The only way we will defeat the 2019nCoV outbreak is for all countries to work together in a spirit of solidarity and cooperation." |
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation on Monday rejected US President Donald Trump's peace plan for the Middle East, calling on its 57 member states not to help implement it. |
The pan-Islamic body, which represents more than 1.5 billion Muslims worldwide, "rejects this US-Israeli plan as it does not meet the minimum aspirations and legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and contradicts the terms of reference of the peace process," it said in a statement. |
A meeting of foreign ministers at OIC headquarters in the X Saudi city of Jeddah called on "all member states not (to) deal with this plan or cooperate with the US administration efforts to enforce it in any way or form." |
Under the US plan unveiled last week, Israel would retain control of the disputed city of Jerusalem as its "undivided capital" and annex settlements on Palestinian lands. |
Trump's plan suggests that Israel would retain control of the contested city of Jerusalem as its "undivided capital" but Palestinians would be allowed to declare a capital adjacent to Israeli-annexed east Jerusalem. |
The OIC reiterated its support for east Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state, stressing its "Arab and Islamic character." |
It said peace would "only be achieved with the end of the Israeli occupation, the full withdrawal from the territory of the State of Palestine in particular the holy city of Al Quds Al-Sharif (Jerusalem) and the other Arab territories occupied since (the) June 1967 (Middle East war)." |
Iran - a member of the OIC - was not represented in Mondays meeting, with its foreign ministry saying that the delegation was granted visas to arch rival Saudi Arabia "just hours" before the group was to convene. |
However, Tehran has already condemned the US plan, saying it amounted to the "treason of the century and was bound to fail." |
The Arab League on Saturday also rejected the controversial plan, saying at a meeting in Cairo that it did not meet the "minimum rights" of the Palestinians. They insisted on a two-state solution that includes a Palestinian state based on borders before the 1967 war - when Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza- and with east Jerusalem as its capital. |
In his opening remarks on Monday, Palestinian foreign minister Riyad al-Maliki said the plan "cannot be called a peace plan because the Palestinians are not a part of it, and it eliminates all chances of peace." |
Gulf powerhouses Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates said last week they "appreciated" US efforts to reach a Palestinian-Israel agreement in what was seen as a balancing act aimed at appeasing their powerful US ally. |
"The plan announced (on Jan 28) offers an important starting point for a return to negotiations within a US-led international framework," said UAE Ambassador to the US Yousef al-Otaiba, who - along with Omani and Bahraini envoys - was at the White House for the announcement. |
Saudi Arabia said it "appreciates" Trump's efforts and called for direct Israeli-Palestinian talks, while reiterating its steadfast support for the Palestinians. |
Palestinian leader Mahmud Abbas announced to Cairo during the Arab League meeting that he will cut all ties with Israel and the US. |
"We are informing you that there will be no relations with you (Israel) and the United States, including on security cooperation," he said. |
But on Monday he appeared to step back from that statement, implying he had not yet severed ties but still could. |
The Trump plan also gives Israel the green light to annex the strategic Jordan Valley - making up 30 percent of the West Bank - and all Jewish settlements, which number more than 200. |
"The plan from the beginning carries with it seeds of its demise", Nevine Mossaad, a political science professor at Cairo University, said. |
"After all this Palestinian, Arab and Islamic rejection, be assured of its death." |
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation on Monday rejected US President Donald Trump's peace plan for the Middle East, calling on its 57 member states not to help implement it. |
The pan-Islamic body, which represents more than 1.5 billion Muslims worldwide, "rejects this US-Israeli plan as it does not meet the minimum aspirations and legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and contradicts the terms of reference of the peace process," it said in a statement. |
A meeting of foreign ministers at OIC headquarters in the X Saudi city of Jeddah called on "all member states not (to) deal with this plan or cooperate with the US administration efforts to enforce it in any way or form." |
Under the US plan unveiled last week, Israel would retain control of the disputed city of Jerusalem as its "undivided capital" and annex settlements on Palestinian lands. |
Trump's plan suggests that Israel would retain control of the contested city of Jerusalem as its "undivided capital" but Palestinians would be allowed to declare a capital adjacent to Israeli-annexed east Jerusalem. |
The OIC reiterated its support for east Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state, stressing its "Arab and Islamic character." |
It said peace would "only be achieved with the end of the Israeli occupation, the full withdrawal from the territory of the State of Palestine in particular the holy city of Al Quds Al-Sharif (Jerusalem) and the other Arab territories occupied since (the) June 1967 (Middle East war)." |
Iran - a member of the OIC - was not represented in Mondays meeting, with its foreign ministry saying that the delegation was granted visas to arch rival Saudi Arabia "just hours" before the group was to convene. |
However, Tehran has already condemned the US plan, saying it amounted to the "treason of the century and was bound to fail." |
The Arab League on Saturday also rejected the controversial plan, saying at a meeting in Cairo that it did not meet the "minimum rights" of the Palestinians. They insisted on a two-state solution that includes a Palestinian state based on borders before the 1967 war - when Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza- and with east Jerusalem as its capital. |
In his opening remarks on Monday, Palestinian foreign minister Riyad al-Maliki said the plan "cannot be called a peace plan because the Palestinians are not a part of it, and it eliminates all chances of peace." |
Gulf powerhouses Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates said last week they "appreciated" US efforts to reach a Palestinian-Israel agreement in what was seen as a balancing act aimed at appeasing their powerful US ally. |
"The plan announced (on Jan 28) offers an important starting point for a return to negotiations within a US-led international framework," said UAE Ambassador to the US Yousef al-Otaiba, who - along with Omani and Bahraini envoys - was at the White House for the announcement. |
Saudi Arabia said it "appreciates" Trump's efforts and called for direct Israeli-Palestinian talks, while reiterating its steadfast support for the Palestinians. |
Palestinian leader Mahmud Abbas announced to Cairo during the Arab League meeting that he will cut all ties with Israel and the US. |
"We are informing you that there will be no relations with you (Israel) and the United States, including on security cooperation," he said. |
But on Monday he appeared to step back from that statement, implying he had not yet severed ties but still could. |
The Trump plan also gives Israel the green light to annex the strategic Jordan Valley - making up 30 percent of the West Bank - and all Jewish settlements, which number more than 200. |
"The plan from the beginning carries with it seeds of its demise", Nevine Mossaad, a political science professor at Cairo University, said. |
"After all this Palestinian, Arab and Islamic rejection, be assured of its death." |
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation on Monday rejected US President Donald Trump's peace plan for the Middle East, calling on its 57 member states not to help implement it. |
The pan-Islamic body, which represents more than 1.5 billion Muslims worldwide, "rejects this US-Israeli plan as it does not meet the minimum aspirations and legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and contradicts the terms of reference of the peace process," it said in a statement. |
A meeting of foreign ministers at OIC headquarters in the X Saudi city of Jeddah called on "all member states not (to) deal with this plan or cooperate with the US administration efforts to enforce it in any way or form." |
Under the US plan unveiled last week, Israel would retain control of the disputed city of Jerusalem as its "undivided capital" and annex settlements on Palestinian lands. |
Trump's plan suggests that Israel would retain control of the contested city of Jerusalem as its "undivided capital" but Palestinians would be allowed to declare a capital adjacent to Israeli-annexed east Jerusalem. |
The OIC reiterated its support for east Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state, stressing its "Arab and Islamic character." |
It said peace would "only be achieved with the end of the Israeli occupation, the full withdrawal from the territory of the State of Palestine in particular the holy city of Al Quds Al-Sharif (Jerusalem) and the other Arab territories occupied since (the) June 1967 (Middle East war)." |
Iran - a member of the OIC - was not represented in Mondays meeting, with its foreign ministry saying that the delegation was granted visas to arch rival Saudi Arabia "just hours" before the group was to convene. |
However, Tehran has already condemned the US plan, saying it amounted to the "treason of the century and was bound to fail." |
The Arab League on Saturday also rejected the controversial plan, saying at a meeting in Cairo that it did not meet the "minimum rights" of the Palestinians. They insisted on a two-state solution that includes a Palestinian state based on borders before the 1967 war - when Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza- and with east Jerusalem as its capital. |
In his opening remarks on Monday, Palestinian foreign minister Riyad al-Maliki said the plan "cannot be called a peace plan because the Palestinians are not a part of it, and it eliminates all chances of peace." |
Gulf powerhouses Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates said last week they "appreciated" US efforts to reach a Palestinian-Israel agreement in what was seen as a balancing act aimed at appeasing their powerful US ally. |
"The plan announced (on Jan 28) offers an important starting point for a return to negotiations within a US-led international framework," said UAE Ambassador to the US Yousef al-Otaiba, who - along with Omani and Bahraini envoys - was at the White House for the announcement. |
Saudi Arabia said it "appreciates" Trump's efforts and called for direct Israeli-Palestinian talks, while reiterating its steadfast support for the Palestinians. |
Palestinian leader Mahmud Abbas announced to Cairo during the Arab League meeting that he will cut all ties with Israel and the US. |
"We are informing you that there will be no relations with you (Israel) and the United States, including on security cooperation," he said. |
But on Monday he appeared to step back from that statement, implying he had not yet severed ties but still could. |
The Trump plan also gives Israel the green light to annex the strategic Jordan Valley - making up 30 percent of the West Bank - and all Jewish settlements, which number more than 200. |
"The plan from the beginning carries with it seeds of its demise", Nevine Mossaad, a political science professor at Cairo University, said. |
"After all this Palestinian, Arab and Islamic rejection, be assured of its death." |
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation on Monday rejected US President Donald Trump's peace plan for the Middle East, calling on its 57 member states not to help implement it. |
The pan-Islamic body, which represents more than 1.5 billion Muslims worldwide, "rejects this US-Israeli plan as it does not meet the minimum aspirations and legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and contradicts the terms of reference of the peace process," it said in a statement. |
A meeting of foreign ministers at OIC headquarters in the X Saudi city of Jeddah called on "all member states not (to) deal with this plan or cooperate with the US administration efforts to enforce it in any way or form." |
Under the US plan unveiled last week, Israel would retain control of the disputed city of Jerusalem as its "undivided capital" and annex settlements on Palestinian lands. |
Trump's plan suggests that Israel would retain control of the contested city of Jerusalem as its "undivided capital" but Palestinians would be allowed to declare a capital adjacent to Israeli-annexed east Jerusalem. |
The OIC reiterated its support for east Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state, stressing its "Arab and Islamic character." |
It said peace would "only be achieved with the end of the Israeli occupation, the full withdrawal from the territory of the State of Palestine in particular the holy city of Al Quds Al-Sharif (Jerusalem) and the other Arab territories occupied since (the) June 1967 (Middle East war)." |
Iran - a member of the OIC - was not represented in Mondays meeting, with its foreign ministry saying that the delegation was granted visas to arch rival Saudi Arabia "just hours" before the group was to convene. |
However, Tehran has already condemned the US plan, saying it amounted to the "treason of the century and was bound to fail." |
The Arab League on Saturday also rejected the controversial plan, saying at a meeting in Cairo that it did not meet the "minimum rights" of the Palestinians. They insisted on a two-state solution that includes a Palestinian state based on borders before the 1967 war - when Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza- and with east Jerusalem as its capital. |
In his opening remarks on Monday, Palestinian foreign minister Riyad al-Maliki said the plan "cannot be called a peace plan because the Palestinians are not a part of it, and it eliminates all chances of peace." |
Gulf powerhouses Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates said last week they "appreciated" US efforts to reach a Palestinian-Israel agreement in what was seen as a balancing act aimed at appeasing their powerful US ally. |
"The plan announced (on Jan 28) offers an important starting point for a return to negotiations within a US-led international framework," said UAE Ambassador to the US Yousef al-Otaiba, who - along with Omani and Bahraini envoys - was at the White House for the announcement. |
Saudi Arabia said it "appreciates" Trump's efforts and called for direct Israeli-Palestinian talks, while reiterating its steadfast support for the Palestinians. |
Palestinian leader Mahmud Abbas announced to Cairo during the Arab League meeting that he will cut all ties with Israel and the US. |
"We are informing you that there will be no relations with you (Israel) and the United States, including on security cooperation," he said. |
But on Monday he appeared to step back from that statement, implying he had not yet severed ties but still could. |
The Trump plan also gives Israel the green light to annex the strategic Jordan Valley - making up 30 percent of the West Bank - and all Jewish settlements, which number more than 200. |
"The plan from the beginning carries with it seeds of its demise", Nevine Mossaad, a political science professor at Cairo University, said. |
"After all this Palestinian, Arab and Islamic rejection, be assured of its death." |
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation on Monday rejected US President Donald Trump's peace plan for the Middle East, calling on its 57 member states not to help implement it. |
The pan-Islamic body, which represents more than 1.5 billion Muslims worldwide, "rejects this US-Israeli plan as it does not meet the minimum aspirations and legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and contradicts the terms of reference of the peace process," it said in a statement. |
A meeting of foreign ministers at OIC headquarters in the X Saudi city of Jeddah called on "all member states not (to) deal with this plan or cooperate with the US administration efforts to enforce it in any way or form." |
Under the US plan unveiled last week, Israel would retain control of the disputed city of Jerusalem as its "undivided capital" and annex settlements on Palestinian lands. |
Trump's plan suggests that Israel would retain control of the contested city of Jerusalem as its "undivided capital" but Palestinians would be allowed to declare a capital adjacent to Israeli-annexed east Jerusalem. |
The OIC reiterated its support for east Jerusalem as capital of a future Palestinian state, stressing its "Arab and Islamic character." |
It said peace would "only be achieved with the end of the Israeli occupation, the full withdrawal from the territory of the State of Palestine in particular the holy city of Al Quds Al-Sharif (Jerusalem) and the other Arab territories occupied since (the) June 1967 (Middle East war)." |
Iran - a member of the OIC - was not represented in Mondays meeting, with its foreign ministry saying that the delegation was granted visas to arch rival Saudi Arabia "just hours" before the group was to convene. |
However, Tehran has already condemned the US plan, saying it amounted to the "treason of the century and was bound to fail." |
The Arab League on Saturday also rejected the controversial plan, saying at a meeting in Cairo that it did not meet the "minimum rights" of the Palestinians. They insisted on a two-state solution that includes a Palestinian state based on borders before the 1967 war - when Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza- and with east Jerusalem as its capital. |
In his opening remarks on Monday, Palestinian foreign minister Riyad al-Maliki said the plan "cannot be called a peace plan because the Palestinians are not a part of it, and it eliminates all chances of peace." |
Gulf powerhouses Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates said last week they "appreciated" US efforts to reach a Palestinian-Israel agreement in what was seen as a balancing act aimed at appeasing their powerful US ally. |
"The plan announced (on Jan 28) offers an important starting point for a return to negotiations within a US-led international framework," said UAE Ambassador to the US Yousef al-Otaiba, who - along with Omani and Bahraini envoys - was at the White House for the announcement. |
Saudi Arabia said it "appreciates" Trump's efforts and called for direct Israeli-Palestinian talks, while reiterating its steadfast support for the Palestinians. |
Palestinian leader Mahmud Abbas announced to Cairo during the Arab League meeting that he will cut all ties with Israel and the US. |
"We are informing you that there will be no relations with you (Israel) and the United States, including on security cooperation," he said. |
But on Monday he appeared to step back from that statement, implying he had not yet severed ties but still could. |
The Trump plan also gives Israel the green light to annex the strategic Jordan Valley - making up 30 percent of the West Bank - and all Jewish settlements, which number more than 200. |
"The plan from the beginning carries with it seeds of its demise", Nevine Mossaad, a political science professor at Cairo University, said. |
"After all this Palestinian, Arab and Islamic rejection, be assured of its death." |
Recently, there were talks to replace judges by cyber judges, i.e. computers using AI. It might take some time, but it would be relatively simple in this age of Al, where reported cases have already been brought online, as reported by a New York-based law firm that has started using Al to draft petitions and arguments. |
For all cases, both sides must file all written arguments and pleadings with citation of law as well as case laws online before the "cyber judge" for its consideration, along with relevant proofs. The two sides should be given an opportunity to file their rebuttals of the assertions made by the other side. |
Based on arguments and counter arguments, the 'cyber judge' would pronounce the decision with complete reasoning, after appreciating all evidence, arguments, counter arguments, laws and legal cases cited. It is believed that such a decision would qualitatively be as good as what one would expect from a totally impartial judge. |
India as a true democracy takes immense pride in the separation of its executive and judiciary. However, it is a general perception that the judicial system today suffers from various Haws nepotism, favouritism, political pressures, media verdicts, public opinions, ego issues, besides alleged instances of corruption at various levels. |
A major problem in judicial system today is the fact that the influence of media reports and perceived public opinion weighs heavily on judges. As a result, the doctrines of 'law is blind' and that 'an accused is deemed innocent till proven guilty' seem to have been replaced by the principle that relief to an accused (say by way of bail) in a media reported case can only be considered when the particular news is no longer a major news. |
This situation prevails particularly with respect to high profile personalities accused for crimes ranging from criminal offences to economic offences to sexual misconduct and harassment, where the accused are pronounced guilty by media. It is generally perceived that the chances in cases involving such known personalities of getting a fair and unbiased hearing (at least at lower levels of judiciary) are low. |
Another serious problem that is well known is the exorbitantly expensive legal system where the legal fees of certain prominent lawyers have gone through the roof, mainly because it is believed that an 'appearance' by them can get the desired judgment or relief. For many individuals, and even corporates, legal remedies are getting beyond their means because of such high costs. |
If one is to carefully analyse the root cause for the issues pointed out above, there would only be one conclusion. And that is that all these problems and imperfections are caused due to the 'human angle' in the judiciary. Lack of human resources/capabilities and mixing human feelings and emotions with law and proofs cause the problems that we see in our judicial system today. |
In one stroke, the legal professionals will get judged and recognised on their abilities and intelligence as a lawyer and the hard work put in preparing a case and not on 'reputation', seniority or the ability to mould arguments, presentations and pitches according to the personal preference or learnings of a judge. |
This would mean the end of the exorbitant legal fees charged today by seniors who quote millions of rupees for a mere 'appearance' in a matter of admission of a petition or 'stay of proceedings' even if the case is adjourned or does not come up for hearing. |
No influence of media reports and trials or propaganda carried out by interested parties-whether they be religious groups, political parties, powerful lobbies or corporate rivals. |
No scope for nepotism, favouritism or corruption. |
No more pendencies as the 'cyber judges' would be able to work 24 7 without any fatigue. |
A radical reduction in the cost of maintaining judiciary, including freeing of very expensive and prime properties occupied by thousands of courts and lordships. |
Total elimination of government influence over judges. |
Recently, there were talks to replace judges by cyber judges, i.e. computers using AI. It might take some time, but it would be relatively simple in this age of Al, where reported cases have already been brought online, as reported by a New York-based law firm that has started using Al to draft petitions and arguments. |
For all cases, both sides must file all written arguments and pleadings with citation of law as well as case laws online before the "cyber judge" for its consideration, along with relevant proofs. The two sides should be given an opportunity to file their rebuttals of the assertions made by the other side. |
Based on arguments and counter arguments, the 'cyber judge' would pronounce the decision with complete reasoning, after appreciating all evidence, arguments, counter arguments, laws and legal cases cited. It is believed that such a decision would qualitatively be as good as what one would expect from a totally impartial judge. |
India as a true democracy takes immense pride in the separation of its executive and judiciary. However, it is a general perception that the judicial system today suffers from various Haws nepotism, favouritism, political pressures, media verdicts, public opinions, ego issues, besides alleged instances of corruption at various levels. |
A major problem in judicial system today is the fact that the influence of media reports and perceived public opinion weighs heavily on judges. As a result, the doctrines of 'law is blind' and that 'an accused is deemed innocent till proven guilty' seem to have been replaced by the principle that relief to an accused (say by way of bail) in a media reported case can only be considered when the particular news is no longer a major news. |
This situation prevails particularly with respect to high profile personalities accused for crimes ranging from criminal offences to economic offences to sexual misconduct and harassment, where the accused are pronounced guilty by media. It is generally perceived that the chances in cases involving such known personalities of getting a fair and unbiased hearing (at least at lower levels of judiciary) are low. |
Another serious problem that is well known is the exorbitantly expensive legal system where the legal fees of certain prominent lawyers have gone through the roof, mainly because it is believed that an 'appearance' by them can get the desired judgment or relief. For many individuals, and even corporates, legal remedies are getting beyond their means because of such high costs. |
If one is to carefully analyse the root cause for the issues pointed out above, there would only be one conclusion. And that is that all these problems and imperfections are caused due to the 'human angle' in the judiciary. Lack of human resources/capabilities and mixing human feelings and emotions with law and proofs cause the problems that we see in our judicial system today. |
In one stroke, the legal professionals will get judged and recognised on their abilities and intelligence as a lawyer and the hard work put in preparing a case and not on 'reputation', seniority or the ability to mould arguments, presentations and pitches according to the personal preference or learnings of a judge. |
This would mean the end of the exorbitant legal fees charged today by seniors who quote millions of rupees for a mere 'appearance' in a matter of admission of a petition or 'stay of proceedings' even if the case is adjourned or does not come up for hearing. |
No influence of media reports and trials or propaganda carried out by interested parties-whether they be religious groups, political parties, powerful lobbies or corporate rivals. |
No scope for nepotism, favouritism or corruption. |
No more pendencies as the 'cyber judges' would be able to work 24 7 without any fatigue. |
A radical reduction in the cost of maintaining judiciary, including freeing of very expensive and prime properties occupied by thousands of courts and lordships. |
Total elimination of government influence over judges. |
Recently, there were talks to replace judges by cyber judges, i.e. computers using AI. It might take some time, but it would be relatively simple in this age of Al, where reported cases have already been brought online, as reported by a New York-based law firm that has started using Al to draft petitions and arguments. |
For all cases, both sides must file all written arguments and pleadings with citation of law as well as case laws online before the "cyber judge" for its consideration, along with relevant proofs. The two sides should be given an opportunity to file their rebuttals of the assertions made by the other side. |
Based on arguments and counter arguments, the 'cyber judge' would pronounce the decision with complete reasoning, after appreciating all evidence, arguments, counter arguments, laws and legal cases cited. It is believed that such a decision would qualitatively be as good as what one would expect from a totally impartial judge. |
India as a true democracy takes immense pride in the separation of its executive and judiciary. However, it is a general perception that the judicial system today suffers from various Haws nepotism, favouritism, political pressures, media verdicts, public opinions, ego issues, besides alleged instances of corruption at various levels. |
A major problem in judicial system today is the fact that the influence of media reports and perceived public opinion weighs heavily on judges. As a result, the doctrines of 'law is blind' and that 'an accused is deemed innocent till proven guilty' seem to have been replaced by the principle that relief to an accused (say by way of bail) in a media reported case can only be considered when the particular news is no longer a major news. |
This situation prevails particularly with respect to high profile personalities accused for crimes ranging from criminal offences to economic offences to sexual misconduct and harassment, where the accused are pronounced guilty by media. It is generally perceived that the chances in cases involving such known personalities of getting a fair and unbiased hearing (at least at lower levels of judiciary) are low. |
Another serious problem that is well known is the exorbitantly expensive legal system where the legal fees of certain prominent lawyers have gone through the roof, mainly because it is believed that an 'appearance' by them can get the desired judgment or relief. For many individuals, and even corporates, legal remedies are getting beyond their means because of such high costs. |
If one is to carefully analyse the root cause for the issues pointed out above, there would only be one conclusion. And that is that all these problems and imperfections are caused due to the 'human angle' in the judiciary. Lack of human resources/capabilities and mixing human feelings and emotions with law and proofs cause the problems that we see in our judicial system today. |
In one stroke, the legal professionals will get judged and recognised on their abilities and intelligence as a lawyer and the hard work put in preparing a case and not on 'reputation', seniority or the ability to mould arguments, presentations and pitches according to the personal preference or learnings of a judge. |
This would mean the end of the exorbitant legal fees charged today by seniors who quote millions of rupees for a mere 'appearance' in a matter of admission of a petition or 'stay of proceedings' even if the case is adjourned or does not come up for hearing. |
No influence of media reports and trials or propaganda carried out by interested parties-whether they be religious groups, political parties, powerful lobbies or corporate rivals. |
No scope for nepotism, favouritism or corruption. |
No more pendencies as the 'cyber judges' would be able to work 24 7 without any fatigue. |
A radical reduction in the cost of maintaining judiciary, including freeing of very expensive and prime properties occupied by thousands of courts and lordships. |
Total elimination of government influence over judges. |
Recently, there were talks to replace judges by cyber judges, i.e. computers using AI. It might take some time, but it would be relatively simple in this age of Al, where reported cases have already been brought online, as reported by a New York-based law firm that has started using Al to draft petitions and arguments. |
For all cases, both sides must file all written arguments and pleadings with citation of law as well as case laws online before the "cyber judge" for its consideration, along with relevant proofs. The two sides should be given an opportunity to file their rebuttals of the assertions made by the other side. |
Based on arguments and counter arguments, the 'cyber judge' would pronounce the decision with complete reasoning, after appreciating all evidence, arguments, counter arguments, laws and legal cases cited. It is believed that such a decision would qualitatively be as good as what one would expect from a totally impartial judge. |
India as a true democracy takes immense pride in the separation of its executive and judiciary. However, it is a general perception that the judicial system today suffers from various Haws nepotism, favouritism, political pressures, media verdicts, public opinions, ego issues, besides alleged instances of corruption at various levels. |
A major problem in judicial system today is the fact that the influence of media reports and perceived public opinion weighs heavily on judges. As a result, the doctrines of 'law is blind' and that 'an accused is deemed innocent till proven guilty' seem to have been replaced by the principle that relief to an accused (say by way of bail) in a media reported case can only be considered when the particular news is no longer a major news. |
This situation prevails particularly with respect to high profile personalities accused for crimes ranging from criminal offences to economic offences to sexual misconduct and harassment, where the accused are pronounced guilty by media. It is generally perceived that the chances in cases involving such known personalities of getting a fair and unbiased hearing (at least at lower levels of judiciary) are low. |
Another serious problem that is well known is the exorbitantly expensive legal system where the legal fees of certain prominent lawyers have gone through the roof, mainly because it is believed that an 'appearance' by them can get the desired judgment or relief. For many individuals, and even corporates, legal remedies are getting beyond their means because of such high costs. |
If one is to carefully analyse the root cause for the issues pointed out above, there would only be one conclusion. And that is that all these problems and imperfections are caused due to the 'human angle' in the judiciary. Lack of human resources/capabilities and mixing human feelings and emotions with law and proofs cause the problems that we see in our judicial system today. |
In one stroke, the legal professionals will get judged and recognised on their abilities and intelligence as a lawyer and the hard work put in preparing a case and not on 'reputation', seniority or the ability to mould arguments, presentations and pitches according to the personal preference or learnings of a judge. |
This would mean the end of the exorbitant legal fees charged today by seniors who quote millions of rupees for a mere 'appearance' in a matter of admission of a petition or 'stay of proceedings' even if the case is adjourned or does not come up for hearing. |
No influence of media reports and trials or propaganda carried out by interested parties-whether they be religious groups, political parties, powerful lobbies or corporate rivals. |
No scope for nepotism, favouritism or corruption. |
No more pendencies as the 'cyber judges' would be able to work 24 7 without any fatigue. |
A radical reduction in the cost of maintaining judiciary, including freeing of very expensive and prime properties occupied by thousands of courts and lordships. |
Total elimination of government influence over judges. |
Recently, there were talks to replace judges by cyber judges, i.e. computers using AI. It might take some time, but it would be relatively simple in this age of Al, where reported cases have already been brought online, as reported by a New York-based law firm that has started using Al to draft petitions and arguments. |
For all cases, both sides must file all written arguments and pleadings with citation of law as well as case laws online before the "cyber judge" for its consideration, along with relevant proofs. The two sides should be given an opportunity to file their rebuttals of the assertions made by the other side. |
Based on arguments and counter arguments, the 'cyber judge' would pronounce the decision with complete reasoning, after appreciating all evidence, arguments, counter arguments, laws and legal cases cited. It is believed that such a decision would qualitatively be as good as what one would expect from a totally impartial judge. |
India as a true democracy takes immense pride in the separation of its executive and judiciary. However, it is a general perception that the judicial system today suffers from various Haws nepotism, favouritism, political pressures, media verdicts, public opinions, ego issues, besides alleged instances of corruption at various levels. |
A major problem in judicial system today is the fact that the influence of media reports and perceived public opinion weighs heavily on judges. As a result, the doctrines of 'law is blind' and that 'an accused is deemed innocent till proven guilty' seem to have been replaced by the principle that relief to an accused (say by way of bail) in a media reported case can only be considered when the particular news is no longer a major news. |
This situation prevails particularly with respect to high profile personalities accused for crimes ranging from criminal offences to economic offences to sexual misconduct and harassment, where the accused are pronounced guilty by media. It is generally perceived that the chances in cases involving such known personalities of getting a fair and unbiased hearing (at least at lower levels of judiciary) are low. |
Another serious problem that is well known is the exorbitantly expensive legal system where the legal fees of certain prominent lawyers have gone through the roof, mainly because it is believed that an 'appearance' by them can get the desired judgment or relief. For many individuals, and even corporates, legal remedies are getting beyond their means because of such high costs. |
If one is to carefully analyse the root cause for the issues pointed out above, there would only be one conclusion. And that is that all these problems and imperfections are caused due to the 'human angle' in the judiciary. Lack of human resources/capabilities and mixing human feelings and emotions with law and proofs cause the problems that we see in our judicial system today. |
In one stroke, the legal professionals will get judged and recognised on their abilities and intelligence as a lawyer and the hard work put in preparing a case and not on 'reputation', seniority or the ability to mould arguments, presentations and pitches according to the personal preference or learnings of a judge. |
This would mean the end of the exorbitant legal fees charged today by seniors who quote millions of rupees for a mere 'appearance' in a matter of admission of a petition or 'stay of proceedings' even if the case is adjourned or does not come up for hearing. |
No influence of media reports and trials or propaganda carried out by interested parties-whether they be religious groups, political parties, powerful lobbies or corporate rivals. |
No scope for nepotism, favouritism or corruption. |
No more pendencies as the 'cyber judges' would be able to work 24 7 without any fatigue. |
A radical reduction in the cost of maintaining judiciary, including freeing of very expensive and prime properties occupied by thousands of courts and lordships. |
Total elimination of government influence over judges. |
The Economic Survey forecasts that the next financial year will see a rebound in economic growth. GDP is expected to grow between 6% and 6.5%, higher than the 5% expected in the current year. Of course, risks to the forecast abound. But the Survey believes that NDA government has the political mandate to carry out big reforms quickly. On this point, the Survey is correct. No other prime minister in recent times has enjoyed the credibility that PM Narendra Modi does. The key question is: Does his government have a cogent plan to put the economy in another trajectory and rescue it from its current slump? A part of the Survey, which is prepared by the finance ministry, highlights the many mistakes in government policy. Most of these mistakes are inherent to the current government's approach. The Survey makes a compelling case for a policy approach friendlier to markets. It also points out that long standing laws probably contribute to market failures rather than address them. Laws such as the Essential Commodities Act are an anachronism today. Separately, poorly designed agricultural policies are exacerbating price swings and increasing farmer's risks. Agriculture needs a new deal. |
The Survey wants to reorient policy to capture the potential offered by global value chains and the shifting of production lines out of China. It also debunks myths about the negative impact of free trade agreements on India. Unfortunately, India's recent policies have run counter to whats needed to grab available opportunities. Import substitution and a degree of insularity mark trade policy. They are counterproductive. The Survey's most important takeaway is a set of arguments which call for greater market orientation and smarter government intervention. Today's Budget should offer a glimpse into whether the government is contemplating any change of track and could move to a more reformist path. |
The Economic Survey forecasts that the next financial year will see a rebound in economic growth. GDP is expected to grow between 6% and 6.5%, higher than the 5% expected in the current year. Of course, risks to the forecast abound. But the Survey believes that NDA government has the political mandate to carry out big reforms quickly. On this point, the Survey is correct. No other prime minister in recent times has enjoyed the credibility that PM Narendra Modi does. The key question is: Does his government have a cogent plan to put the economy in another trajectory and rescue it from its current slump? A part of the Survey, which is prepared by the finance ministry, highlights the many mistakes in government policy. Most of these mistakes are inherent to the current government's approach. The Survey makes a compelling case for a policy approach friendlier to markets. It also points out that long standing laws probably contribute to market failures rather than address them. Laws such as the Essential Commodities Act are an anachronism today. Separately, poorly designed agricultural policies are exacerbating price swings and increasing farmer's risks. Agriculture needs a new deal. |
The Survey wants to reorient policy to capture the potential offered by global value chains and the shifting of production lines out of China. It also debunks myths about the negative impact of free trade agreements on India. Unfortunately, India's recent policies have run counter to whats needed to grab available opportunities. Import substitution and a degree of insularity mark trade policy. They are counterproductive. The Survey's most important takeaway is a set of arguments which call for greater market orientation and smarter government intervention. Today's Budget should offer a glimpse into whether the government is contemplating any change of track and could move to a more reformist path. |
The Economic Survey forecasts that the next financial year will see a rebound in economic growth. GDP is expected to grow between 6% and 6.5%, higher than the 5% expected in the current year. Of course, risks to the forecast abound. But the Survey believes that NDA government has the political mandate to carry out big reforms quickly. On this point, the Survey is correct. No other prime minister in recent times has enjoyed the credibility that PM Narendra Modi does. The key question is: Does his government have a cogent plan to put the economy in another trajectory and rescue it from its current slump? A part of the Survey, which is prepared by the finance ministry, highlights the many mistakes in government policy. Most of these mistakes are inherent to the current government's approach. The Survey makes a compelling case for a policy approach friendlier to markets. It also points out that long standing laws probably contribute to market failures rather than address them. Laws such as the Essential Commodities Act are an anachronism today. Separately, poorly designed agricultural policies are exacerbating price swings and increasing farmer's risks. Agriculture needs a new deal. |
The Survey wants to reorient policy to capture the potential offered by global value chains and the shifting of production lines out of China. It also debunks myths about the negative impact of free trade agreements on India. Unfortunately, India's recent policies have run counter to whats needed to grab available opportunities. Import substitution and a degree of insularity mark trade policy. They are counterproductive. The Survey's most important takeaway is a set of arguments which call for greater market orientation and smarter government intervention. Today's Budget should offer a glimpse into whether the government is contemplating any change of track and could move to a more reformist path. |
The Economic Survey forecasts that the next financial year will see a rebound in economic growth. GDP is expected to grow between 6% and 6.5%, higher than the 5% expected in the current year. Of course, risks to the forecast abound. But the Survey believes that NDA government has the political mandate to carry out big reforms quickly. On this point, the Survey is correct. No other prime minister in recent times has enjoyed the credibility that PM Narendra Modi does. The key question is: Does his government have a cogent plan to put the economy in another trajectory and rescue it from its current slump? A part of the Survey, which is prepared by the finance ministry, highlights the many mistakes in government policy. Most of these mistakes are inherent to the current government's approach. The Survey makes a compelling case for a policy approach friendlier to markets. It also points out that long standing laws probably contribute to market failures rather than address them. Laws such as the Essential Commodities Act are an anachronism today. Separately, poorly designed agricultural policies are exacerbating price swings and increasing farmer's risks. Agriculture needs a new deal. |
The Survey wants to reorient policy to capture the potential offered by global value chains and the shifting of production lines out of China. It also debunks myths about the negative impact of free trade agreements on India. Unfortunately, India's recent policies have run counter to whats needed to grab available opportunities. Import substitution and a degree of insularity mark trade policy. They are counterproductive. The Survey's most important takeaway is a set of arguments which call for greater market orientation and smarter government intervention. Today's Budget should offer a glimpse into whether the government is contemplating any change of track and could move to a more reformist path. |
The Economic Survey forecasts that the next financial year will see a rebound in economic growth. GDP is expected to grow between 6% and 6.5%, higher than the 5% expected in the current year. Of course, risks to the forecast abound. But the Survey believes that NDA government has the political mandate to carry out big reforms quickly. On this point, the Survey is correct. No other prime minister in recent times has enjoyed the credibility that PM Narendra Modi does. The key question is: Does his government have a cogent plan to put the economy in another trajectory and rescue it from its current slump? A part of the Survey, which is prepared by the finance ministry, highlights the many mistakes in government policy. Most of these mistakes are inherent to the current government's approach. The Survey makes a compelling case for a policy approach friendlier to markets. It also points out that long standing laws probably contribute to market failures rather than address them. Laws such as the Essential Commodities Act are an anachronism today. Separately, poorly designed agricultural policies are exacerbating price swings and increasing farmer's risks. Agriculture needs a new deal. |
The Survey wants to reorient policy to capture the potential offered by global value chains and the shifting of production lines out of China. It also debunks myths about the negative impact of free trade agreements on India. Unfortunately, India's recent policies have run counter to whats needed to grab available opportunities. Import substitution and a degree of insularity mark trade policy. They are counterproductive. The Survey's most important takeaway is a set of arguments which call for greater market orientation and smarter government intervention. Today's Budget should offer a glimpse into whether the government is contemplating any change of track and could move to a more reformist path. |
In light of the contemporary debates in Indian society on the necessity and extent of protecting and recognizing legal rights of animals, there is an inclination in the legal society to recognize the importance of respect and protection of animals. As per the ancient Indian culture, animals are regarded as divine beings. Presently, animals hold various roles, such as agricultural and transportational purposes in the rural areas, pets as companions, in sports, circuses or zoos for entertainment, scientific experiments in the educational sectors in science and research etc. Animals have a major contribution to the Indian diet. Since the inception of mankind, humans have been dependent on domestic creatures: Hence, these animals must be protected by the means of law. There are various guidelines in the ancient religious scriptures of India for the protection of animals. India has some provisions in the Constitution and some acts, rules and regulations relating to protection of animals in India. |
"An Introduction to Animal Laws in India" discusses all types of laws relating to animals and their rights- from wild animals to domestic animals, cattle to foreign and migratory animals. This book is a compendious piece of legal materials as it comprises animal related laws containing acts, relevant provisions of other statutes, rules and orders passed there under, the state enactments and rules and judicial decisions. |
Meticulously summarised in the book, the author lists many facts from concerned case laws. The statutes, rules and orders have been reproduced in a systematic manner, supported with the amendments wherever made. The book is divided into nineteen chapters. The 'Introduction' of the book gives an apt foundation of the subject, covering the position of animals within human law. Chapter two, "Animal Rights and Laws" starts with a basic question whether animals can even be regarded as persons. The meaning of animal rights, position of animals under law of torts, provision of animals on the highway along with the Scienter Rule, position of animals under criminal laws and the principles of ownership of animals are minutely discussed in this chapter. |
Next Chapter "Animals in International Law" prescribes guidelines of the World Health Organization of Animal Health (OIE) on the five freedoms of animal welfare. The role of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare, the World Health Organization for animal health Internal League for Animal Rights, The European Unions Convention on Animal Protection and various other international conventions for wild animals have been highlighted here. In the next chapter, "Constitutional Position of Animals in India", the Entries of State List, Union List and the Concurrent List of our Constitution relating to animals, birds and fisheries are the main themes. The Right to Life of animals under Article 21, animal husbandry and prohibition of cow slaughter under Article 48, safeguarding the wildlife under Article 48A, compassion for living creatures under Article 51A(g) of the constitution have been analyzed here. Chapter five is "Cattle Preservation and Livestock Improvement" where the author emphasizes the provisions of cattle and livestock under various Entries of the Lists of the Constitution, registration of cattle premises along with the' Goshalas and Gosadans with various relevant judgments. |
In light of the contemporary debates in Indian society on the necessity and extent of protecting and recognizing legal rights of animals, there is an inclination in the legal society to recognize the importance of respect and protection of animals. As per the ancient Indian culture, animals are regarded as divine beings. Presently, animals hold various roles, such as agricultural and transportational purposes in the rural areas, pets as companions, in sports, circuses or zoos for entertainment, scientific experiments in the educational sectors in science and research etc. Animals have a major contribution to the Indian diet. Since the inception of mankind, humans have been dependent on domestic creatures: Hence, these animals must be protected by the means of law. There are various guidelines in the ancient religious scriptures of India for the protection of animals. India has some provisions in the Constitution and some acts, rules and regulations relating to protection of animals in India. |
"An Introduction to Animal Laws in India" discusses all types of laws relating to animals and their rights- from wild animals to domestic animals, cattle to foreign and migratory animals. This book is a compendious piece of legal materials as it comprises animal related laws containing acts, relevant provisions of other statutes, rules and orders passed there under, the state enactments and rules and judicial decisions. |
Meticulously summarised in the book, the author lists many facts from concerned case laws. The statutes, rules and orders have been reproduced in a systematic manner, supported with the amendments wherever made. The book is divided into nineteen chapters. The 'Introduction' of the book gives an apt foundation of the subject, covering the position of animals within human law. Chapter two, "Animal Rights and Laws" starts with a basic question whether animals can even be regarded as persons. The meaning of animal rights, position of animals under law of torts, provision of animals on the highway along with the Scienter Rule, position of animals under criminal laws and the principles of ownership of animals are minutely discussed in this chapter. |
Next Chapter "Animals in International Law" prescribes guidelines of the World Health Organization of Animal Health (OIE) on the five freedoms of animal welfare. The role of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare, the World Health Organization for animal health Internal League for Animal Rights, The European Unions Convention on Animal Protection and various other international conventions for wild animals have been highlighted here. In the next chapter, "Constitutional Position of Animals in India", the Entries of State List, Union List and the Concurrent List of our Constitution relating to animals, birds and fisheries are the main themes. The Right to Life of animals under Article 21, animal husbandry and prohibition of cow slaughter under Article 48, safeguarding the wildlife under Article 48A, compassion for living creatures under Article 51A(g) of the constitution have been analyzed here. Chapter five is "Cattle Preservation and Livestock Improvement" where the author emphasizes the provisions of cattle and livestock under various Entries of the Lists of the Constitution, registration of cattle premises along with the' Goshalas and Gosadans with various relevant judgments. |
In light of the contemporary debates in Indian society on the necessity and extent of protecting and recognizing legal rights of animals, there is an inclination in the legal society to recognize the importance of respect and protection of animals. As per the ancient Indian culture, animals are regarded as divine beings. Presently, animals hold various roles, such as agricultural and transportational purposes in the rural areas, pets as companions, in sports, circuses or zoos for entertainment, scientific experiments in the educational sectors in science and research etc. Animals have a major contribution to the Indian diet. Since the inception of mankind, humans have been dependent on domestic creatures: Hence, these animals must be protected by the means of law. There are various guidelines in the ancient religious scriptures of India for the protection of animals. India has some provisions in the Constitution and some acts, rules and regulations relating to protection of animals in India. |
"An Introduction to Animal Laws in India" discusses all types of laws relating to animals and their rights- from wild animals to domestic animals, cattle to foreign and migratory animals. This book is a compendious piece of legal materials as it comprises animal related laws containing acts, relevant provisions of other statutes, rules and orders passed there under, the state enactments and rules and judicial decisions. |
Meticulously summarised in the book, the author lists many facts from concerned case laws. The statutes, rules and orders have been reproduced in a systematic manner, supported with the amendments wherever made. The book is divided into nineteen chapters. The 'Introduction' of the book gives an apt foundation of the subject, covering the position of animals within human law. Chapter two, "Animal Rights and Laws" starts with a basic question whether animals can even be regarded as persons. The meaning of animal rights, position of animals under law of torts, provision of animals on the highway along with the Scienter Rule, position of animals under criminal laws and the principles of ownership of animals are minutely discussed in this chapter. |
Next Chapter "Animals in International Law" prescribes guidelines of the World Health Organization of Animal Health (OIE) on the five freedoms of animal welfare. The role of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare, the World Health Organization for animal health Internal League for Animal Rights, The European Unions Convention on Animal Protection and various other international conventions for wild animals have been highlighted here. In the next chapter, "Constitutional Position of Animals in India", the Entries of State List, Union List and the Concurrent List of our Constitution relating to animals, birds and fisheries are the main themes. The Right to Life of animals under Article 21, animal husbandry and prohibition of cow slaughter under Article 48, safeguarding the wildlife under Article 48A, compassion for living creatures under Article 51A(g) of the constitution have been analyzed here. Chapter five is "Cattle Preservation and Livestock Improvement" where the author emphasizes the provisions of cattle and livestock under various Entries of the Lists of the Constitution, registration of cattle premises along with the' Goshalas and Gosadans with various relevant judgments. |
In light of the contemporary debates in Indian society on the necessity and extent of protecting and recognizing legal rights of animals, there is an inclination in the legal society to recognize the importance of respect and protection of animals. As per the ancient Indian culture, animals are regarded as divine beings. Presently, animals hold various roles, such as agricultural and transportational purposes in the rural areas, pets as companions, in sports, circuses or zoos for entertainment, scientific experiments in the educational sectors in science and research etc. Animals have a major contribution to the Indian diet. Since the inception of mankind, humans have been dependent on domestic creatures: Hence, these animals must be protected by the means of law. There are various guidelines in the ancient religious scriptures of India for the protection of animals. India has some provisions in the Constitution and some acts, rules and regulations relating to protection of animals in India. |
"An Introduction to Animal Laws in India" discusses all types of laws relating to animals and their rights- from wild animals to domestic animals, cattle to foreign and migratory animals. This book is a compendious piece of legal materials as it comprises animal related laws containing acts, relevant provisions of other statutes, rules and orders passed there under, the state enactments and rules and judicial decisions. |
Meticulously summarised in the book, the author lists many facts from concerned case laws. The statutes, rules and orders have been reproduced in a systematic manner, supported with the amendments wherever made. The book is divided into nineteen chapters. The 'Introduction' of the book gives an apt foundation of the subject, covering the position of animals within human law. Chapter two, "Animal Rights and Laws" starts with a basic question whether animals can even be regarded as persons. The meaning of animal rights, position of animals under law of torts, provision of animals on the highway along with the Scienter Rule, position of animals under criminal laws and the principles of ownership of animals are minutely discussed in this chapter. |
Next Chapter "Animals in International Law" prescribes guidelines of the World Health Organization of Animal Health (OIE) on the five freedoms of animal welfare. The role of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare, the World Health Organization for animal health Internal League for Animal Rights, The European Unions Convention on Animal Protection and various other international conventions for wild animals have been highlighted here. In the next chapter, "Constitutional Position of Animals in India", the Entries of State List, Union List and the Concurrent List of our Constitution relating to animals, birds and fisheries are the main themes. The Right to Life of animals under Article 21, animal husbandry and prohibition of cow slaughter under Article 48, safeguarding the wildlife under Article 48A, compassion for living creatures under Article 51A(g) of the constitution have been analyzed here. Chapter five is "Cattle Preservation and Livestock Improvement" where the author emphasizes the provisions of cattle and livestock under various Entries of the Lists of the Constitution, registration of cattle premises along with the' Goshalas and Gosadans with various relevant judgments. |
In light of the contemporary debates in Indian society on the necessity and extent of protecting and recognizing legal rights of animals, there is an inclination in the legal society to recognize the importance of respect and protection of animals. As per the ancient Indian culture, animals are regarded as divine beings. Presently, animals hold various roles, such as agricultural and transportational purposes in the rural areas, pets as companions, in sports, circuses or zoos for entertainment, scientific experiments in the educational sectors in science and research etc. Animals have a major contribution to the Indian diet. Since the inception of mankind, humans have been dependent on domestic creatures: Hence, these animals must be protected by the means of law. There are various guidelines in the ancient religious scriptures of India for the protection of animals. India has some provisions in the Constitution and some acts, rules and regulations relating to protection of animals in India. |
"An Introduction to Animal Laws in India" discusses all types of laws relating to animals and their rights- from wild animals to domestic animals, cattle to foreign and migratory animals. This book is a compendious piece of legal materials as it comprises animal related laws containing acts, relevant provisions of other statutes, rules and orders passed there under, the state enactments and rules and judicial decisions. |
Meticulously summarised in the book, the author lists many facts from concerned case laws. The statutes, rules and orders have been reproduced in a systematic manner, supported with the amendments wherever made. The book is divided into nineteen chapters. The 'Introduction' of the book gives an apt foundation of the subject, covering the position of animals within human law. Chapter two, "Animal Rights and Laws" starts with a basic question whether animals can even be regarded as persons. The meaning of animal rights, position of animals under law of torts, provision of animals on the highway along with the Scienter Rule, position of animals under criminal laws and the principles of ownership of animals are minutely discussed in this chapter. |
Next Chapter "Animals in International Law" prescribes guidelines of the World Health Organization of Animal Health (OIE) on the five freedoms of animal welfare. The role of the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare, the World Health Organization for animal health Internal League for Animal Rights, The European Unions Convention on Animal Protection and various other international conventions for wild animals have been highlighted here. In the next chapter, "Constitutional Position of Animals in India", the Entries of State List, Union List and the Concurrent List of our Constitution relating to animals, birds and fisheries are the main themes. The Right to Life of animals under Article 21, animal husbandry and prohibition of cow slaughter under Article 48, safeguarding the wildlife under Article 48A, compassion for living creatures under Article 51A(g) of the constitution have been analyzed here. Chapter five is "Cattle Preservation and Livestock Improvement" where the author emphasizes the provisions of cattle and livestock under various Entries of the Lists of the Constitution, registration of cattle premises along with the' Goshalas and Gosadans with various relevant judgments. |
The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India and it acts as a final arbiter of the Constitution of India. It is the protector of our Constitution; if any act of the executive or legislature goes against the constitutional principles, the Supreme Court can declare that act to be null and void. Apart from protecting the Constitution, it also interprets it whenever required. The role of the courts can be understood under the following heads: |
Resolution of disputes |
A dispute could arise between State Governments or even between Central Government and other State Governments. In these cases. The Supreme Court resolve the disputes amongst them. To exercise these functions, the Supreme Court has been vested with original Jurisdiction by the Constitution of India under Article 131. It means that in case of a dispute between the Union Government and State Government or two State Governments, the Supreme Court shall exclusively exercise its jurisdiction. |
As a protector of rights |
Article 32 vests writ jurisdiction (power to issue an order which is binding and must be compulsorily complied with by all Authorities) on the Supreme Court which means in case of violation of fundamental rights, the-aggrieved person can directly approach the Supreme Court for their enforcement. Similarly, the High Courts exercise their jurisdiction at the State-level and they also have the power to issue writs to enforce fundamental rights of the citizens. They also supervise all the courts within their jurisdiction. Lastly, the District Courts are the courts which are usually approached by the parties in the first instance. |
Interpretation |
In case of an ambiguous provision under any law, the courts undertake the task of interpreting the provision. The interpretation given by the judges must be in accordance with the principles enshrined in the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court is the, final authority to interpret and uphold the law of the land in accordance with the Constitution of India. |
Advisory role |
This role is exercised by the Supreme Court of India under Article 143 of the Constitution of India, which is also called "Presidential Reference". It means that in case of a question of law or fact of public importance, the President of India can request the Supreme Court to render its advice on the same. The references made under this article are not law declared by the Supreme Court under Article 141, but they do have a high persuasive value. |
The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India and it acts as a final arbiter of the Constitution of India. It is the protector of our Constitution; if any act of the executive or legislature goes against the constitutional principles, the Supreme Court can declare that act to be null and void. Apart from protecting the Constitution, it also interprets it whenever required. The role of the courts can be understood under the following heads: |
Resolution of disputes |
A dispute could arise between State Governments or even between Central Government and other State Governments. In these cases. The Supreme Court resolve the disputes amongst them. To exercise these functions, the Supreme Court has been vested with original Jurisdiction by the Constitution of India under Article 131. It means that in case of a dispute between the Union Government and State Government or two State Governments, the Supreme Court shall exclusively exercise its jurisdiction. |
As a protector of rights |
Article 32 vests writ jurisdiction (power to issue an order which is binding and must be compulsorily complied with by all Authorities) on the Supreme Court which means in case of violation of fundamental rights, the-aggrieved person can directly approach the Supreme Court for their enforcement. Similarly, the High Courts exercise their jurisdiction at the State-level and they also have the power to issue writs to enforce fundamental rights of the citizens. They also supervise all the courts within their jurisdiction. Lastly, the District Courts are the courts which are usually approached by the parties in the first instance. |
Interpretation |
In case of an ambiguous provision under any law, the courts undertake the task of interpreting the provision. The interpretation given by the judges must be in accordance with the principles enshrined in the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court is the, final authority to interpret and uphold the law of the land in accordance with the Constitution of India. |
Advisory role |
This role is exercised by the Supreme Court of India under Article 143 of the Constitution of India, which is also called "Presidential Reference". It means that in case of a question of law or fact of public importance, the President of India can request the Supreme Court to render its advice on the same. The references made under this article are not law declared by the Supreme Court under Article 141, but they do have a high persuasive value. |
The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India and it acts as a final arbiter of the Constitution of India. It is the protector of our Constitution; if any act of the executive or legislature goes against the constitutional principles, the Supreme Court can declare that act to be null and void. Apart from protecting the Constitution, it also interprets it whenever required. The role of the courts can be understood under the following heads: |
Resolution of disputes |
A dispute could arise between State Governments or even between Central Government and other State Governments. In these cases. The Supreme Court resolve the disputes amongst them. To exercise these functions, the Supreme Court has been vested with original Jurisdiction by the Constitution of India under Article 131. It means that in case of a dispute between the Union Government and State Government or two State Governments, the Supreme Court shall exclusively exercise its jurisdiction. |
As a protector of rights |
Article 32 vests writ jurisdiction (power to issue an order which is binding and must be compulsorily complied with by all Authorities) on the Supreme Court which means in case of violation of fundamental rights, the-aggrieved person can directly approach the Supreme Court for their enforcement. Similarly, the High Courts exercise their jurisdiction at the State-level and they also have the power to issue writs to enforce fundamental rights of the citizens. They also supervise all the courts within their jurisdiction. Lastly, the District Courts are the courts which are usually approached by the parties in the first instance. |
Interpretation |
In case of an ambiguous provision under any law, the courts undertake the task of interpreting the provision. The interpretation given by the judges must be in accordance with the principles enshrined in the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court is the, final authority to interpret and uphold the law of the land in accordance with the Constitution of India. |
Advisory role |
This role is exercised by the Supreme Court of India under Article 143 of the Constitution of India, which is also called "Presidential Reference". It means that in case of a question of law or fact of public importance, the President of India can request the Supreme Court to render its advice on the same. The references made under this article are not law declared by the Supreme Court under Article 141, but they do have a high persuasive value. |
The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India and it acts as a final arbiter of the Constitution of India. It is the protector of our Constitution; if any act of the executive or legislature goes against the constitutional principles, the Supreme Court can declare that act to be null and void. Apart from protecting the Constitution, it also interprets it whenever required. The role of the courts can be understood under the following heads: |
Resolution of disputes |
A dispute could arise between State Governments or even between Central Government and other State Governments. In these cases. The Supreme Court resolve the disputes amongst them. To exercise these functions, the Supreme Court has been vested with original Jurisdiction by the Constitution of India under Article 131. It means that in case of a dispute between the Union Government and State Government or two State Governments, the Supreme Court shall exclusively exercise its jurisdiction. |
As a protector of rights |
Article 32 vests writ jurisdiction (power to issue an order which is binding and must be compulsorily complied with by all Authorities) on the Supreme Court which means in case of violation of fundamental rights, the-aggrieved person can directly approach the Supreme Court for their enforcement. Similarly, the High Courts exercise their jurisdiction at the State-level and they also have the power to issue writs to enforce fundamental rights of the citizens. They also supervise all the courts within their jurisdiction. Lastly, the District Courts are the courts which are usually approached by the parties in the first instance. |
Interpretation |
In case of an ambiguous provision under any law, the courts undertake the task of interpreting the provision. The interpretation given by the judges must be in accordance with the principles enshrined in the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court is the, final authority to interpret and uphold the law of the land in accordance with the Constitution of India. |
Advisory role |
This role is exercised by the Supreme Court of India under Article 143 of the Constitution of India, which is also called "Presidential Reference". It means that in case of a question of law or fact of public importance, the President of India can request the Supreme Court to render its advice on the same. The references made under this article are not law declared by the Supreme Court under Article 141, but they do have a high persuasive value. |
The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in India and it acts as a final arbiter of the Constitution of India. It is the protector of our Constitution; if any act of the executive or legislature goes against the constitutional principles, the Supreme Court can declare that act to be null and void. Apart from protecting the Constitution, it also interprets it whenever required. The role of the courts can be understood under the following heads: |
Resolution of disputes |
A dispute could arise between State Governments or even between Central Government and other State Governments. In these cases. The Supreme Court resolve the disputes amongst them. To exercise these functions, the Supreme Court has been vested with original Jurisdiction by the Constitution of India under Article 131. It means that in case of a dispute between the Union Government and State Government or two State Governments, the Supreme Court shall exclusively exercise its jurisdiction. |
As a protector of rights |
Article 32 vests writ jurisdiction (power to issue an order which is binding and must be compulsorily complied with by all Authorities) on the Supreme Court which means in case of violation of fundamental rights, the-aggrieved person can directly approach the Supreme Court for their enforcement. Similarly, the High Courts exercise their jurisdiction at the State-level and they also have the power to issue writs to enforce fundamental rights of the citizens. They also supervise all the courts within their jurisdiction. Lastly, the District Courts are the courts which are usually approached by the parties in the first instance. |
Interpretation |
In case of an ambiguous provision under any law, the courts undertake the task of interpreting the provision. The interpretation given by the judges must be in accordance with the principles enshrined in the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court is the, final authority to interpret and uphold the law of the land in accordance with the Constitution of India. |
Advisory role |
This role is exercised by the Supreme Court of India under Article 143 of the Constitution of India, which is also called "Presidential Reference". It means that in case of a question of law or fact of public importance, the President of India can request the Supreme Court to render its advice on the same. The references made under this article are not law declared by the Supreme Court under Article 141, but they do have a high persuasive value. |
There is no getting around the reality that the six resolutions tabled in the European Parliament against the Citizenship Amendment Act and proposed NRC, as well as the detentions and restrictions on communications in Kashmir, show India in poor light. The resolutions, which will be taken up for discussion on January 29, varyingly denounce the CAA as having the potential to create the largest crisis of statelessness in the world, of having adverse consequences for India's internal stability, of being discriminatory on the grounds of religion, and of violating the principle of equality. In all, the resolutions involve 626 of the 751 members of the European parliament. Only one of the resolutions, by a centre-right bloc in the EP, was willing to give any quarter to India, coming close in its formulation to India's position that these are internal matters on which a sovereign power has the right to take its decisions. |
The resolutions have come weeks before Prime Minister Narendra Modi is to go to Brussels for the EU-India summit in March, an important event in Delhi's diplomatic calendar. The two sides have been trying to tie up a Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement, a pact that acquires more significance after Indias withdrawal from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The EU is India's largest trading partner and some parliamentarians had earlier said that any trade agreement with India should include a human rights clause. Delhi has not made an official statement yet, but has put out unofficially that the European Parliament has no business debating the authority and rights of a democratically elected government and its legislature. However, it has to be borne in mind that just three months ago, it was the Indian government that invited two dozen European lawmakers from India-friendly far-right groups and took them on a guided tour of Kashmir as part of its diplomatic outreach to explain the August 5 decisions, hoping their pro-India views would carry the day. As a seasoned international player, the Ministry of External Affairs should know that it cannot take the position that only favourable views on its internal affairs are kosher. |
Today's globalised world is as concerned about the movement of people as it is about the movement of goods. Actions by any country with potential for causing ripples elsewhere worries the international community. India cannot turn its face away from such concerns though no European nation has criticised the government's moves. The resolutions should also give pause for Delhi to consider how much headway diplomacy can make when the ground situation inspires little confidence. |
There is no getting around the reality that the six resolutions tabled in the European Parliament against the Citizenship Amendment Act and proposed NRC, as well as the detentions and restrictions on communications in Kashmir, show India in poor light. The resolutions, which will be taken up for discussion on January 29, varyingly denounce the CAA as having the potential to create the largest crisis of statelessness in the world, of having adverse consequences for India's internal stability, of being discriminatory on the grounds of religion, and of violating the principle of equality. In all, the resolutions involve 626 of the 751 members of the European parliament. Only one of the resolutions, by a centre-right bloc in the EP, was willing to give any quarter to India, coming close in its formulation to India's position that these are internal matters on which a sovereign power has the right to take its decisions. |
The resolutions have come weeks before Prime Minister Narendra Modi is to go to Brussels for the EU-India summit in March, an important event in Delhi's diplomatic calendar. The two sides have been trying to tie up a Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement, a pact that acquires more significance after Indias withdrawal from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The EU is India's largest trading partner and some parliamentarians had earlier said that any trade agreement with India should include a human rights clause. Delhi has not made an official statement yet, but has put out unofficially that the European Parliament has no business debating the authority and rights of a democratically elected government and its legislature. However, it has to be borne in mind that just three months ago, it was the Indian government that invited two dozen European lawmakers from India-friendly far-right groups and took them on a guided tour of Kashmir as part of its diplomatic outreach to explain the August 5 decisions, hoping their pro-India views would carry the day. As a seasoned international player, the Ministry of External Affairs should know that it cannot take the position that only favourable views on its internal affairs are kosher. |
Today's globalised world is as concerned about the movement of people as it is about the movement of goods. Actions by any country with potential for causing ripples elsewhere worries the international community. India cannot turn its face away from such concerns though no European nation has criticised the government's moves. The resolutions should also give pause for Delhi to consider how much headway diplomacy can make when the ground situation inspires little confidence. |
There is no getting around the reality that the six resolutions tabled in the European Parliament against the Citizenship Amendment Act and proposed NRC, as well as the detentions and restrictions on communications in Kashmir, show India in poor light. The resolutions, which will be taken up for discussion on January 29, varyingly denounce the CAA as having the potential to create the largest crisis of statelessness in the world, of having adverse consequences for India's internal stability, of being discriminatory on the grounds of religion, and of violating the principle of equality. In all, the resolutions involve 626 of the 751 members of the European parliament. Only one of the resolutions, by a centre-right bloc in the EP, was willing to give any quarter to India, coming close in its formulation to India's position that these are internal matters on which a sovereign power has the right to take its decisions. |
The resolutions have come weeks before Prime Minister Narendra Modi is to go to Brussels for the EU-India summit in March, an important event in Delhi's diplomatic calendar. The two sides have been trying to tie up a Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement, a pact that acquires more significance after Indias withdrawal from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The EU is India's largest trading partner and some parliamentarians had earlier said that any trade agreement with India should include a human rights clause. Delhi has not made an official statement yet, but has put out unofficially that the European Parliament has no business debating the authority and rights of a democratically elected government and its legislature. However, it has to be borne in mind that just three months ago, it was the Indian government that invited two dozen European lawmakers from India-friendly far-right groups and took them on a guided tour of Kashmir as part of its diplomatic outreach to explain the August 5 decisions, hoping their pro-India views would carry the day. As a seasoned international player, the Ministry of External Affairs should know that it cannot take the position that only favourable views on its internal affairs are kosher. |
Today's globalised world is as concerned about the movement of people as it is about the movement of goods. Actions by any country with potential for causing ripples elsewhere worries the international community. India cannot turn its face away from such concerns though no European nation has criticised the government's moves. The resolutions should also give pause for Delhi to consider how much headway diplomacy can make when the ground situation inspires little confidence. |
There is no getting around the reality that the six resolutions tabled in the European Parliament against the Citizenship Amendment Act and proposed NRC, as well as the detentions and restrictions on communications in Kashmir, show India in poor light. The resolutions, which will be taken up for discussion on January 29, varyingly denounce the CAA as having the potential to create the largest crisis of statelessness in the world, of having adverse consequences for India's internal stability, of being discriminatory on the grounds of religion, and of violating the principle of equality. In all, the resolutions involve 626 of the 751 members of the European parliament. Only one of the resolutions, by a centre-right bloc in the EP, was willing to give any quarter to India, coming close in its formulation to India's position that these are internal matters on which a sovereign power has the right to take its decisions. |
The resolutions have come weeks before Prime Minister Narendra Modi is to go to Brussels for the EU-India summit in March, an important event in Delhi's diplomatic calendar. The two sides have been trying to tie up a Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement, a pact that acquires more significance after Indias withdrawal from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The EU is India's largest trading partner and some parliamentarians had earlier said that any trade agreement with India should include a human rights clause. Delhi has not made an official statement yet, but has put out unofficially that the European Parliament has no business debating the authority and rights of a democratically elected government and its legislature. However, it has to be borne in mind that just three months ago, it was the Indian government that invited two dozen European lawmakers from India-friendly far-right groups and took them on a guided tour of Kashmir as part of its diplomatic outreach to explain the August 5 decisions, hoping their pro-India views would carry the day. As a seasoned international player, the Ministry of External Affairs should know that it cannot take the position that only favourable views on its internal affairs are kosher. |
Today's globalised world is as concerned about the movement of people as it is about the movement of goods. Actions by any country with potential for causing ripples elsewhere worries the international community. India cannot turn its face away from such concerns though no European nation has criticised the government's moves. The resolutions should also give pause for Delhi to consider how much headway diplomacy can make when the ground situation inspires little confidence. |
There is no getting around the reality that the six resolutions tabled in the European Parliament against the Citizenship Amendment Act and proposed NRC, as well as the detentions and restrictions on communications in Kashmir, show India in poor light. The resolutions, which will be taken up for discussion on January 29, varyingly denounce the CAA as having the potential to create the largest crisis of statelessness in the world, of having adverse consequences for India's internal stability, of being discriminatory on the grounds of religion, and of violating the principle of equality. In all, the resolutions involve 626 of the 751 members of the European parliament. Only one of the resolutions, by a centre-right bloc in the EP, was willing to give any quarter to India, coming close in its formulation to India's position that these are internal matters on which a sovereign power has the right to take its decisions. |
The resolutions have come weeks before Prime Minister Narendra Modi is to go to Brussels for the EU-India summit in March, an important event in Delhi's diplomatic calendar. The two sides have been trying to tie up a Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement, a pact that acquires more significance after Indias withdrawal from the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership. The EU is India's largest trading partner and some parliamentarians had earlier said that any trade agreement with India should include a human rights clause. Delhi has not made an official statement yet, but has put out unofficially that the European Parliament has no business debating the authority and rights of a democratically elected government and its legislature. However, it has to be borne in mind that just three months ago, it was the Indian government that invited two dozen European lawmakers from India-friendly far-right groups and took them on a guided tour of Kashmir as part of its diplomatic outreach to explain the August 5 decisions, hoping their pro-India views would carry the day. As a seasoned international player, the Ministry of External Affairs should know that it cannot take the position that only favourable views on its internal affairs are kosher. |
Today's globalised world is as concerned about the movement of people as it is about the movement of goods. Actions by any country with potential for causing ripples elsewhere worries the international community. India cannot turn its face away from such concerns though no European nation has criticised the government's moves. The resolutions should also give pause for Delhi to consider how much headway diplomacy can make when the ground situation inspires little confidence. |
There are various situations which govern transfer of a "moveable or immoveable property", which may be in the form of gift or inheritance. The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 gets attracted in situations of transfer inter vivos. On the other hand, the exchange between two living individuals attracts the Transfer of Property Act, 18 82 (TP Act). Again, if one of the party involved in the exchange is dead, then succession laws come into picture. Intestate' succession laws apply if the aforementioned person dies without a Will. |
While in a vice versa scenario, testamentary succession applies. |
BACKGROUND |
The TP Act was enacted in 1882, while the Indian Contract Act, 1872 governed this aspect in a large scale with regard to moveable property. |
OBJECTIVES |
The TP Act did not wish to bring in new principles but to modify existing laws and give meaning to them. Thus, the Act is to modify the property transfer laws between parties. It applies only to voluntary transfers. |
DEFINITION |
Transfer of property "means an act by which a living person conveys property. In present or in future, to one or more other living persons, or to himself, and one or more other living persons and to transfer property is perform such act" |
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND SECTIONS |
Vested interest [S. 19] |
While "vested in possession" means possessing property at present, "vested in interest" means getting its acquisition at some time in future. |
For example5 A gifts property to B which he can hold till he dies and after his death, it is to be transferred to C. Here, formers right is vested in possession while later's right is vested in interest. |
Transferability and heritability underlie vested interest. |
Contingent interest |
Contingent interest-interest to be effected on occurrence or non-occurrence of a certain unspecified event of the future. |
For example, B transfers property to C till he remains a bachelor but once he marries, the property is to go to D. D's interest is contingent. |
As per the General Clauses Act, 1897, movable property means property except immovable property. |
For example, machinery fixed on a land is temporary, intellectual property right, growing grass, etc. |
Immovable property |
It is not denned under the TP Act. As per Section 3, immovable property excludes growing crop and grass. For example, chattel embedded in the earth. |
Chance of heir apparent (Spes successionis) [S. 6] |
This means an interest which has not yet arisen and may arise in future on the happening of an event. It is a mere chance where the deceased's estate may or may not be succeeded and thus is not a property, and its transfer is For example, D is the owner of the property and G is his son. This type of property which G hopes to get after the death of his father cannot be transferred, sold, mortgaged or relinquished |
There are various situations which govern transfer of a "moveable or immoveable property", which may be in the form of gift or inheritance. The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 gets attracted in situations of transfer inter vivos. On the other hand, the exchange between two living individuals attracts the Transfer of Property Act, 18 82 (TP Act). Again, if one of the party involved in the exchange is dead, then succession laws come into picture. Intestate' succession laws apply if the aforementioned person dies without a Will. |
While in a vice versa scenario, testamentary succession applies. |
BACKGROUND |
The TP Act was enacted in 1882, while the Indian Contract Act, 1872 governed this aspect in a large scale with regard to moveable property. |
OBJECTIVES |
The TP Act did not wish to bring in new principles but to modify existing laws and give meaning to them. Thus, the Act is to modify the property transfer laws between parties. It applies only to voluntary transfers. |
DEFINITION |
Transfer of property "means an act by which a living person conveys property. In present or in future, to one or more other living persons, or to himself, and one or more other living persons and to transfer property is perform such act" |
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND SECTIONS |
Vested interest [S. 19] |
While "vested in possession" means possessing property at present, "vested in interest" means getting its acquisition at some time in future. |
For example5 A gifts property to B which he can hold till he dies and after his death, it is to be transferred to C. Here, formers right is vested in possession while later's right is vested in interest. |
Transferability and heritability underlie vested interest. |
Contingent interest |
Contingent interest-interest to be effected on occurrence or non-occurrence of a certain unspecified event of the future. |
For example, B transfers property to C till he remains a bachelor but once he marries, the property is to go to D. D's interest is contingent. |
As per the General Clauses Act, 1897, movable property means property except immovable property. |
For example, machinery fixed on a land is temporary, intellectual property right, growing grass, etc. |
Immovable property |
It is not denned under the TP Act. As per Section 3, immovable property excludes growing crop and grass. For example, chattel embedded in the earth. |
Chance of heir apparent (Spes successionis) [S. 6] |
This means an interest which has not yet arisen and may arise in future on the happening of an event. It is a mere chance where the deceased's estate may or may not be succeeded and thus is not a property, and its transfer is For example, D is the owner of the property and G is his son. This type of property which G hopes to get after the death of his father cannot be transferred, sold, mortgaged or relinquished |
There are various situations which govern transfer of a "moveable or immoveable property", which may be in the form of gift or inheritance. The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 gets attracted in situations of transfer inter vivos. On the other hand, the exchange between two living individuals attracts the Transfer of Property Act, 18 82 (TP Act). Again, if one of the party involved in the exchange is dead, then succession laws come into picture. Intestate' succession laws apply if the aforementioned person dies without a Will. |
While in a vice versa scenario, testamentary succession applies. |
BACKGROUND |
The TP Act was enacted in 1882, while the Indian Contract Act, 1872 governed this aspect in a large scale with regard to moveable property. |
OBJECTIVES |
The TP Act did not wish to bring in new principles but to modify existing laws and give meaning to them. Thus, the Act is to modify the property transfer laws between parties. It applies only to voluntary transfers. |
DEFINITION |
Transfer of property "means an act by which a living person conveys property. In present or in future, to one or more other living persons, or to himself, and one or more other living persons and to transfer property is perform such act" |
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND SECTIONS |
Vested interest [S. 19] |
While "vested in possession" means possessing property at present, "vested in interest" means getting its acquisition at some time in future. |
For example5 A gifts property to B which he can hold till he dies and after his death, it is to be transferred to C. Here, formers right is vested in possession while later's right is vested in interest. |
Transferability and heritability underlie vested interest. |
Contingent interest |
Contingent interest-interest to be effected on occurrence or non-occurrence of a certain unspecified event of the future. |
For example, B transfers property to C till he remains a bachelor but once he marries, the property is to go to D. D's interest is contingent. |
As per the General Clauses Act, 1897, movable property means property except immovable property. |
For example, machinery fixed on a land is temporary, intellectual property right, growing grass, etc. |
Immovable property |
It is not denned under the TP Act. As per Section 3, immovable property excludes growing crop and grass. For example, chattel embedded in the earth. |
Chance of heir apparent (Spes successionis) [S. 6] |
This means an interest which has not yet arisen and may arise in future on the happening of an event. It is a mere chance where the deceased's estate may or may not be succeeded and thus is not a property, and its transfer is For example, D is the owner of the property and G is his son. This type of property which G hopes to get after the death of his father cannot be transferred, sold, mortgaged or relinquished |
There are various situations which govern transfer of a "moveable or immoveable property", which may be in the form of gift or inheritance. The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 gets attracted in situations of transfer inter vivos. On the other hand, the exchange between two living individuals attracts the Transfer of Property Act, 18 82 (TP Act). Again, if one of the party involved in the exchange is dead, then succession laws come into picture. Intestate' succession laws apply if the aforementioned person dies without a Will. |
While in a vice versa scenario, testamentary succession applies. |
BACKGROUND |
The TP Act was enacted in 1882, while the Indian Contract Act, 1872 governed this aspect in a large scale with regard to moveable property. |
OBJECTIVES |
The TP Act did not wish to bring in new principles but to modify existing laws and give meaning to them. Thus, the Act is to modify the property transfer laws between parties. It applies only to voluntary transfers. |
DEFINITION |
Transfer of property "means an act by which a living person conveys property. In present or in future, to one or more other living persons, or to himself, and one or more other living persons and to transfer property is perform such act" |
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND SECTIONS |
Vested interest [S. 19] |
While "vested in possession" means possessing property at present, "vested in interest" means getting its acquisition at some time in future. |
For example5 A gifts property to B which he can hold till he dies and after his death, it is to be transferred to C. Here, formers right is vested in possession while later's right is vested in interest. |
Transferability and heritability underlie vested interest. |
Contingent interest |
Contingent interest-interest to be effected on occurrence or non-occurrence of a certain unspecified event of the future. |
For example, B transfers property to C till he remains a bachelor but once he marries, the property is to go to D. D's interest is contingent. |
As per the General Clauses Act, 1897, movable property means property except immovable property. |
For example, machinery fixed on a land is temporary, intellectual property right, growing grass, etc. |
Immovable property |
It is not denned under the TP Act. As per Section 3, immovable property excludes growing crop and grass. For example, chattel embedded in the earth. |
Chance of heir apparent (Spes successionis) [S. 6] |
This means an interest which has not yet arisen and may arise in future on the happening of an event. It is a mere chance where the deceased's estate may or may not be succeeded and thus is not a property, and its transfer is For example, D is the owner of the property and G is his son. This type of property which G hopes to get after the death of his father cannot be transferred, sold, mortgaged or relinquished |
There are various situations which govern transfer of a "moveable or immoveable property", which may be in the form of gift or inheritance. The Sale of Goods Act, 1930 gets attracted in situations of transfer inter vivos. On the other hand, the exchange between two living individuals attracts the Transfer of Property Act, 18 82 (TP Act). Again, if one of the party involved in the exchange is dead, then succession laws come into picture. Intestate' succession laws apply if the aforementioned person dies without a Will. |
While in a vice versa scenario, testamentary succession applies. |
BACKGROUND |
The TP Act was enacted in 1882, while the Indian Contract Act, 1872 governed this aspect in a large scale with regard to moveable property. |
OBJECTIVES |
The TP Act did not wish to bring in new principles but to modify existing laws and give meaning to them. Thus, the Act is to modify the property transfer laws between parties. It applies only to voluntary transfers. |
DEFINITION |
Transfer of property "means an act by which a living person conveys property. In present or in future, to one or more other living persons, or to himself, and one or more other living persons and to transfer property is perform such act" |
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND SECTIONS |
Vested interest [S. 19] |
While "vested in possession" means possessing property at present, "vested in interest" means getting its acquisition at some time in future. |
For example5 A gifts property to B which he can hold till he dies and after his death, it is to be transferred to C. Here, formers right is vested in possession while later's right is vested in interest. |
Transferability and heritability underlie vested interest. |
Contingent interest |
Contingent interest-interest to be effected on occurrence or non-occurrence of a certain unspecified event of the future. |
For example, B transfers property to C till he remains a bachelor but once he marries, the property is to go to D. D's interest is contingent. |
As per the General Clauses Act, 1897, movable property means property except immovable property. |
For example, machinery fixed on a land is temporary, intellectual property right, growing grass, etc. |
Immovable property |
It is not denned under the TP Act. As per Section 3, immovable property excludes growing crop and grass. For example, chattel embedded in the earth. |
Chance of heir apparent (Spes successionis) [S. 6] |
This means an interest which has not yet arisen and may arise in future on the happening of an event. It is a mere chance where the deceased's estate may or may not be succeeded and thus is not a property, and its transfer is For example, D is the owner of the property and G is his son. This type of property which G hopes to get after the death of his father cannot be transferred, sold, mortgaged or relinquished |
In its Judgment in Kashmir Lock Down case, the Supreme Court observed that the power under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure, 1973 cannot be used as a tool to prevent the legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights. |
The Supreme Court held that provisions of Section 144 Cr. P. C. will only be applicable in a situation of emergency and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed. |
As emergency does not shield the actions of Government completely; disagreement does not justify destabilisation; the beacon of rule of law shines always, the bench observed thus while starting its discussion about the restrictions under Section 144 Cr P C. |
The Bench comprising Justice N. V. Ramana, Justice R. Subhash Reddy & Justice B. R. Gavai while summarising the principles on exercise of power under Section 144 Cr. P. C in Writ Petition (Civil) 1031/2019 titled Ms. Anuradha Bhasin Vs Union of India & Ors., held as under: |
The power under Section 144, Cr. P. C., being remedial as well as preventive, is exercisable not only where there exists present danger, but also when there is an apprehension of danger. However, the danger contemplated should be in the nature of an emergency and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed. |
The power under Section 144, Cr. P. C cannot be used to suppress legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights. |
An order passed under Section 144, Cr. P. C. should state the material facts to enable judicial review of the same. The power should be exercised in a bona fide and reasonable manner, and the same should be passed by relying on the material facts, indicative of application of mind. This will enable judicial scrutiny of the aforesaid order. |
While exercising the power under Section 144, Cr. P. C. the Magistrate is duty bound to balance the rights and restrictions based on the principles of proportionality and thereafter apply the least intrusive measure. |
Repetitive orders under Section 144 Cr. P. C. would be an abuse of power. |
The genesis of the issue starts with the Security Advisory issued by the Civil Secretariat, Home Department, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, advising the tourists and the Amarnath Yatris to curtail their stay and make arrangements for their return in the interest of safety and security. |
Subsequently, Educational Institutions and Offices were ordered to remain shut until further orders. |
On August 04, 2019, Mobile Phone Networks, Internet Services, and Landline Connectivity were all discontinued in the Valley, with restrictions on movement also being imposed in some areas. On August 05, 2019, Constitutional Order 272 was issued by the President of India, applying all provisions of the Constitution of India to the State of Jammu & Kashmir, and modifying Article 367of Constitution of India in its application to the State of Jammu & Kashmir. |
In light of the prevailing circumstances, on the same day, the District Magistrates, apprehending breach of peace and tranquillity, imposed restrictions on movement and public gatherings by virtue of powers vested under Section 144 Cr. P. C. Due to the aforesaid restrictions, the Petitioner in W. P. (C) No. 1031 of 2019 claims that the movement of journalists was severely restricted and on 05.08.2019, the Kashmir Times Srinagar Edition could not be distributed. The Petitioner has submitted that since 06.08.2019, she has been unable to publish the Srinagar edition of Kashmir Times pursuant to the aforesaid restrictions. |
In its Judgment in Kashmir Lock Down case, the Supreme Court observed that the power under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure, 1973 cannot be used as a tool to prevent the legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights. |
The Supreme Court held that provisions of Section 144 Cr. P. C. will only be applicable in a situation of emergency and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed. |
As emergency does not shield the actions of Government completely; disagreement does not justify destabilisation; the beacon of rule of law shines always, the bench observed thus while starting its discussion about the restrictions under Section 144 Cr P C. |
The Bench comprising Justice N. V. Ramana, Justice R. Subhash Reddy & Justice B. R. Gavai while summarising the principles on exercise of power under Section 144 Cr. P. C in Writ Petition (Civil) 1031/2019 titled Ms. Anuradha Bhasin Vs Union of India & Ors., held as under: |
The power under Section 144, Cr. P. C., being remedial as well as preventive, is exercisable not only where there exists present danger, but also when there is an apprehension of danger. However, the danger contemplated should be in the nature of an emergency and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed. |
The power under Section 144, Cr. P. C cannot be used to suppress legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights. |
An order passed under Section 144, Cr. P. C. should state the material facts to enable judicial review of the same. The power should be exercised in a bona fide and reasonable manner, and the same should be passed by relying on the material facts, indicative of application of mind. This will enable judicial scrutiny of the aforesaid order. |
While exercising the power under Section 144, Cr. P. C. the Magistrate is duty bound to balance the rights and restrictions based on the principles of proportionality and thereafter apply the least intrusive measure. |
Repetitive orders under Section 144 Cr. P. C. would be an abuse of power. |
The genesis of the issue starts with the Security Advisory issued by the Civil Secretariat, Home Department, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, advising the tourists and the Amarnath Yatris to curtail their stay and make arrangements for their return in the interest of safety and security. |
Subsequently, Educational Institutions and Offices were ordered to remain shut until further orders. |
On August 04, 2019, Mobile Phone Networks, Internet Services, and Landline Connectivity were all discontinued in the Valley, with restrictions on movement also being imposed in some areas. On August 05, 2019, Constitutional Order 272 was issued by the President of India, applying all provisions of the Constitution of India to the State of Jammu & Kashmir, and modifying Article 367of Constitution of India in its application to the State of Jammu & Kashmir. |
In light of the prevailing circumstances, on the same day, the District Magistrates, apprehending breach of peace and tranquillity, imposed restrictions on movement and public gatherings by virtue of powers vested under Section 144 Cr. P. C. Due to the aforesaid restrictions, the Petitioner in W. P. (C) No. 1031 of 2019 claims that the movement of journalists was severely restricted and on 05.08.2019, the Kashmir Times Srinagar Edition could not be distributed. The Petitioner has submitted that since 06.08.2019, she has been unable to publish the Srinagar edition of Kashmir Times pursuant to the aforesaid restrictions. |
In its Judgment in Kashmir Lock Down case, the Supreme Court observed that the power under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure, 1973 cannot be used as a tool to prevent the legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights. |
The Supreme Court held that provisions of Section 144 Cr. P. C. will only be applicable in a situation of emergency and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed. |
As emergency does not shield the actions of Government completely; disagreement does not justify destabilisation; the beacon of rule of law shines always, the bench observed thus while starting its discussion about the restrictions under Section 144 Cr P C. |
The Bench comprising Justice N. V. Ramana, Justice R. Subhash Reddy & Justice B. R. Gavai while summarising the principles on exercise of power under Section 144 Cr. P. C in Writ Petition (Civil) 1031/2019 titled Ms. Anuradha Bhasin Vs Union of India & Ors., held as under: |
The power under Section 144, Cr. P. C., being remedial as well as preventive, is exercisable not only where there exists present danger, but also when there is an apprehension of danger. However, the danger contemplated should be in the nature of an emergency and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed. |
The power under Section 144, Cr. P. C cannot be used to suppress legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights. |
An order passed under Section 144, Cr. P. C. should state the material facts to enable judicial review of the same. The power should be exercised in a bona fide and reasonable manner, and the same should be passed by relying on the material facts, indicative of application of mind. This will enable judicial scrutiny of the aforesaid order. |
While exercising the power under Section 144, Cr. P. C. the Magistrate is duty bound to balance the rights and restrictions based on the principles of proportionality and thereafter apply the least intrusive measure. |
Repetitive orders under Section 144 Cr. P. C. would be an abuse of power. |
The genesis of the issue starts with the Security Advisory issued by the Civil Secretariat, Home Department, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, advising the tourists and the Amarnath Yatris to curtail their stay and make arrangements for their return in the interest of safety and security. |
Subsequently, Educational Institutions and Offices were ordered to remain shut until further orders. |
On August 04, 2019, Mobile Phone Networks, Internet Services, and Landline Connectivity were all discontinued in the Valley, with restrictions on movement also being imposed in some areas. On August 05, 2019, Constitutional Order 272 was issued by the President of India, applying all provisions of the Constitution of India to the State of Jammu & Kashmir, and modifying Article 367of Constitution of India in its application to the State of Jammu & Kashmir. |
In light of the prevailing circumstances, on the same day, the District Magistrates, apprehending breach of peace and tranquillity, imposed restrictions on movement and public gatherings by virtue of powers vested under Section 144 Cr. P. C. Due to the aforesaid restrictions, the Petitioner in W. P. (C) No. 1031 of 2019 claims that the movement of journalists was severely restricted and on 05.08.2019, the Kashmir Times Srinagar Edition could not be distributed. The Petitioner has submitted that since 06.08.2019, she has been unable to publish the Srinagar edition of Kashmir Times pursuant to the aforesaid restrictions. |
In its Judgment in Kashmir Lock Down case, the Supreme Court observed that the power under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure, 1973 cannot be used as a tool to prevent the legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights. |
The Supreme Court held that provisions of Section 144 Cr. P. C. will only be applicable in a situation of emergency and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed. |
As emergency does not shield the actions of Government completely; disagreement does not justify destabilisation; the beacon of rule of law shines always, the bench observed thus while starting its discussion about the restrictions under Section 144 Cr P C. |
The Bench comprising Justice N. V. Ramana, Justice R. Subhash Reddy & Justice B. R. Gavai while summarising the principles on exercise of power under Section 144 Cr. P. C in Writ Petition (Civil) 1031/2019 titled Ms. Anuradha Bhasin Vs Union of India & Ors., held as under: |
The power under Section 144, Cr. P. C., being remedial as well as preventive, is exercisable not only where there exists present danger, but also when there is an apprehension of danger. However, the danger contemplated should be in the nature of an emergency and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed. |
The power under Section 144, Cr. P. C cannot be used to suppress legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights. |
An order passed under Section 144, Cr. P. C. should state the material facts to enable judicial review of the same. The power should be exercised in a bona fide and reasonable manner, and the same should be passed by relying on the material facts, indicative of application of mind. This will enable judicial scrutiny of the aforesaid order. |
While exercising the power under Section 144, Cr. P. C. the Magistrate is duty bound to balance the rights and restrictions based on the principles of proportionality and thereafter apply the least intrusive measure. |
Repetitive orders under Section 144 Cr. P. C. would be an abuse of power. |
The genesis of the issue starts with the Security Advisory issued by the Civil Secretariat, Home Department, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, advising the tourists and the Amarnath Yatris to curtail their stay and make arrangements for their return in the interest of safety and security. |
Subsequently, Educational Institutions and Offices were ordered to remain shut until further orders. |
On August 04, 2019, Mobile Phone Networks, Internet Services, and Landline Connectivity were all discontinued in the Valley, with restrictions on movement also being imposed in some areas. On August 05, 2019, Constitutional Order 272 was issued by the President of India, applying all provisions of the Constitution of India to the State of Jammu & Kashmir, and modifying Article 367of Constitution of India in its application to the State of Jammu & Kashmir. |
In light of the prevailing circumstances, on the same day, the District Magistrates, apprehending breach of peace and tranquillity, imposed restrictions on movement and public gatherings by virtue of powers vested under Section 144 Cr. P. C. Due to the aforesaid restrictions, the Petitioner in W. P. (C) No. 1031 of 2019 claims that the movement of journalists was severely restricted and on 05.08.2019, the Kashmir Times Srinagar Edition could not be distributed. The Petitioner has submitted that since 06.08.2019, she has been unable to publish the Srinagar edition of Kashmir Times pursuant to the aforesaid restrictions. |
In its Judgment in Kashmir Lock Down case, the Supreme Court observed that the power under Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure, 1973 cannot be used as a tool to prevent the legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights. |
The Supreme Court held that provisions of Section 144 Cr. P. C. will only be applicable in a situation of emergency and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed. |
As emergency does not shield the actions of Government completely; disagreement does not justify destabilisation; the beacon of rule of law shines always, the bench observed thus while starting its discussion about the restrictions under Section 144 Cr P C. |
The Bench comprising Justice N. V. Ramana, Justice R. Subhash Reddy & Justice B. R. Gavai while summarising the principles on exercise of power under Section 144 Cr. P. C in Writ Petition (Civil) 1031/2019 titled Ms. Anuradha Bhasin Vs Union of India & Ors., held as under: |
The power under Section 144, Cr. P. C., being remedial as well as preventive, is exercisable not only where there exists present danger, but also when there is an apprehension of danger. However, the danger contemplated should be in the nature of an emergency and for the purpose of preventing obstruction and annoyance or injury to any person lawfully employed. |
The power under Section 144, Cr. P. C cannot be used to suppress legitimate expression of opinion or grievance or exercise of any democratic rights. |
An order passed under Section 144, Cr. P. C. should state the material facts to enable judicial review of the same. The power should be exercised in a bona fide and reasonable manner, and the same should be passed by relying on the material facts, indicative of application of mind. This will enable judicial scrutiny of the aforesaid order. |
While exercising the power under Section 144, Cr. P. C. the Magistrate is duty bound to balance the rights and restrictions based on the principles of proportionality and thereafter apply the least intrusive measure. |
Repetitive orders under Section 144 Cr. P. C. would be an abuse of power. |
The genesis of the issue starts with the Security Advisory issued by the Civil Secretariat, Home Department, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, advising the tourists and the Amarnath Yatris to curtail their stay and make arrangements for their return in the interest of safety and security. |
Subsequently, Educational Institutions and Offices were ordered to remain shut until further orders. |
On August 04, 2019, Mobile Phone Networks, Internet Services, and Landline Connectivity were all discontinued in the Valley, with restrictions on movement also being imposed in some areas. On August 05, 2019, Constitutional Order 272 was issued by the President of India, applying all provisions of the Constitution of India to the State of Jammu & Kashmir, and modifying Article 367of Constitution of India in its application to the State of Jammu & Kashmir. |
In light of the prevailing circumstances, on the same day, the District Magistrates, apprehending breach of peace and tranquillity, imposed restrictions on movement and public gatherings by virtue of powers vested under Section 144 Cr. P. C. Due to the aforesaid restrictions, the Petitioner in W. P. (C) No. 1031 of 2019 claims that the movement of journalists was severely restricted and on 05.08.2019, the Kashmir Times Srinagar Edition could not be distributed. The Petitioner has submitted that since 06.08.2019, she has been unable to publish the Srinagar edition of Kashmir Times pursuant to the aforesaid restrictions. |
The holding of interest in land for a particular use or benefit is defined as easement. |
For example if C the owner of a house, has a right of way over an adjoining plot of land belonging to r, he cannot give this right to D. But if C transfers the house itself to D the easement is also transferred to D. |
"Transfer for benefit of unborn person" (S. 13] |
No direct transfer can be made to an unborn person. Interest of the unborn person must be preceded by a prior interest. The unborn person must be the exclusive owner of the whole of the property. |
For example, perpetuity for a child of 10 years who will become owner at 18, is 8. |
Doctrine of lis pendens [S. 52] |
Meaning: Lis means litigation and pendens means pending. |
Lis is pending suit or petition before a court. |
If any party has transferred property under litigation in suit, the transferee is bound by the judgment of the court. |
For example: An office building is under litigation. E and F are parties to litigation. E during the pendency of the suit transfers property to F. The suit ends in favour of F. |
Exception: The doctrine is Inapplicable to transfers made to strangers. |
Gift [Ss. 122-129] |
Meaning: "Gift means transfer of certain existing movable or immovable property made voluntarily and without consideration, by one person to another." |
Essentials of gift |
1. Transfer of ownership from donor to donee. |
2. The transfer must be made voluntarily and without consideration. |
3. The transfer must be accepted by the donee. Acceptance by donee should be during his lifetime |
Lease [S. 105] |
The transfer for a particular time and consideration to enjoy property from one person to another. |
Mortgages [S. 58] |
Mortgage means transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of securing payment of money advanced or to be advanced by way of loan or performance of an engagement which may give rise to pecuniary liability. It can be of various types. |
Rights and liabilities of lessor and lessee [S. 108] |
1. Rights and liabilities of the lessor |
(a) The lessor is bound to disclose to the lessee any material defect in the property. |
(b) The lessor is bound on the lessee's request to put him in possession of the property. |
(c) The lessor shall be deemed to be bound to the contract with the lessee that, if the latter pays the rent reserved by the lease and performs the contract binding on the lessee. |
2. Rights and liabilities of the lessee |
(a) If during the continuance of the lease any accession is made to the property shall be deemed to be comprised in the lease. |
(b) If by fire, tempest or flood, or violence of any army or of a mob, or other irresistible force, any material part of the property be wholly destroyed or rendered substantially and permanently unfit for the purposes for which it was let lease shall, at the option of the lessee, be void. |
(c) The lessee may transfer absolutely or by way of mortgage or sub-lease the whole or any part of his interest in the properly, and any transferee of such interest or part may again transfer it. The lessee shall not, by reason only of such transfer, cease to be subject to any of the liabilities attaching to the lease. |
The holding of interest in land for a particular use or benefit is defined as easement. |
For example if C the owner of a house, has a right of way over an adjoining plot of land belonging to r, he cannot give this right to D. But if C transfers the house itself to D the easement is also transferred to D. |
"Transfer for benefit of unborn person" (S. 13] |
No direct transfer can be made to an unborn person. Interest of the unborn person must be preceded by a prior interest. The unborn person must be the exclusive owner of the whole of the property. |
For example, perpetuity for a child of 10 years who will become owner at 18, is 8. |
Doctrine of lis pendens [S. 52] |
Meaning: Lis means litigation and pendens means pending. |
Lis is pending suit or petition before a court. |
If any party has transferred property under litigation in suit, the transferee is bound by the judgment of the court. |
For example: An office building is under litigation. E and F are parties to litigation. E during the pendency of the suit transfers property to F. The suit ends in favour of F. |
Exception: The doctrine is Inapplicable to transfers made to strangers. |
Gift [Ss. 122-129] |
Meaning: "Gift means transfer of certain existing movable or immovable property made voluntarily and without consideration, by one person to another." |
Essentials of gift |
1. Transfer of ownership from donor to donee. |
2. The transfer must be made voluntarily and without consideration. |
3. The transfer must be accepted by the donee. Acceptance by donee should be during his lifetime |
Lease [S. 105] |
The transfer for a particular time and consideration to enjoy property from one person to another. |
Mortgages [S. 58] |
Mortgage means transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of securing payment of money advanced or to be advanced by way of loan or performance of an engagement which may give rise to pecuniary liability. It can be of various types. |
Rights and liabilities of lessor and lessee [S. 108] |
1. Rights and liabilities of the lessor |
(a) The lessor is bound to disclose to the lessee any material defect in the property. |
(b) The lessor is bound on the lessee's request to put him in possession of the property. |
(c) The lessor shall be deemed to be bound to the contract with the lessee that, if the latter pays the rent reserved by the lease and performs the contract binding on the lessee. |
2. Rights and liabilities of the lessee |
(a) If during the continuance of the lease any accession is made to the property shall be deemed to be comprised in the lease. |
(b) If by fire, tempest or flood, or violence of any army or of a mob, or other irresistible force, any material part of the property be wholly destroyed or rendered substantially and permanently unfit for the purposes for which it was let lease shall, at the option of the lessee, be void. |
(c) The lessee may transfer absolutely or by way of mortgage or sub-lease the whole or any part of his interest in the properly, and any transferee of such interest or part may again transfer it. The lessee shall not, by reason only of such transfer, cease to be subject to any of the liabilities attaching to the lease. |
The holding of interest in land for a particular use or benefit is defined as easement. |
For example if C the owner of a house, has a right of way over an adjoining plot of land belonging to r, he cannot give this right to D. But if C transfers the house itself to D the easement is also transferred to D. |
"Transfer for benefit of unborn person" (S. 13] |
No direct transfer can be made to an unborn person. Interest of the unborn person must be preceded by a prior interest. The unborn person must be the exclusive owner of the whole of the property. |
For example, perpetuity for a child of 10 years who will become owner at 18, is 8. |
Doctrine of lis pendens [S. 52] |
Meaning: Lis means litigation and pendens means pending. |
Lis is pending suit or petition before a court. |
If any party has transferred property under litigation in suit, the transferee is bound by the judgment of the court. |
For example: An office building is under litigation. E and F are parties to litigation. E during the pendency of the suit transfers property to F. The suit ends in favour of F. |
Exception: The doctrine is Inapplicable to transfers made to strangers. |
Gift [Ss. 122-129] |
Meaning: "Gift means transfer of certain existing movable or immovable property made voluntarily and without consideration, by one person to another." |
Essentials of gift |
1. Transfer of ownership from donor to donee. |
2. The transfer must be made voluntarily and without consideration. |
3. The transfer must be accepted by the donee. Acceptance by donee should be during his lifetime |
Lease [S. 105] |
The transfer for a particular time and consideration to enjoy property from one person to another. |
Mortgages [S. 58] |
Mortgage means transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of securing payment of money advanced or to be advanced by way of loan or performance of an engagement which may give rise to pecuniary liability. It can be of various types. |
Rights and liabilities of lessor and lessee [S. 108] |
1. Rights and liabilities of the lessor |
(a) The lessor is bound to disclose to the lessee any material defect in the property. |
(b) The lessor is bound on the lessee's request to put him in possession of the property. |
(c) The lessor shall be deemed to be bound to the contract with the lessee that, if the latter pays the rent reserved by the lease and performs the contract binding on the lessee. |
2. Rights and liabilities of the lessee |
(a) If during the continuance of the lease any accession is made to the property shall be deemed to be comprised in the lease. |
(b) If by fire, tempest or flood, or violence of any army or of a mob, or other irresistible force, any material part of the property be wholly destroyed or rendered substantially and permanently unfit for the purposes for which it was let lease shall, at the option of the lessee, be void. |
(c) The lessee may transfer absolutely or by way of mortgage or sub-lease the whole or any part of his interest in the properly, and any transferee of such interest or part may again transfer it. The lessee shall not, by reason only of such transfer, cease to be subject to any of the liabilities attaching to the lease. |
The holding of interest in land for a particular use or benefit is defined as easement. |
For example if C the owner of a house, has a right of way over an adjoining plot of land belonging to r, he cannot give this right to D. But if C transfers the house itself to D the easement is also transferred to D. |
Transfer for benefit of unborn person (S. 13] |
No direct transfer can be made to an unborn person. Interest of the unborn person must be preceded by a prior interest. The unborn person must be the exclusive owner of the whole of the property. |
For example, perpetuity for a child of 10 years who will become owner at 18, is 8. |
Doctrine of lis pendens [S. 52] |
Meaning: Lis means litigation and pendens means pending. |
Lis is pending suit or petition before a court. |
If any party has transferred property under litigation in suit, the transferee is bound by the judgment of the court. |
For example: An office building is under litigation. E and F are parties to litigation. E during the pendency of the suit transfers property to F. The suit ends in favour of F. |
Exception: The doctrine is Inapplicable to transfers made to strangers. |
Gift [Ss. 122-129] |
Meaning: Gift means transfer of certain existing movable or immovable property made voluntarily and without consideration, by one person to another. |
Essentials of gift |
1. Transfer of ownership from donor to donee. |
2. The transfer must be made voluntarily and without consideration. |
3. The transfer must be accepted by the donee. Acceptance by donee should be during his lifetime |
Lease [S. 105] |
The transfer for a particular time and consideration to enjoy property from one person to another. |
Mortgages [S. 58] |
Mortgage means transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of securing payment of money advanced or to be advanced by way of loan or performance of an engagement which may give rise to pecuniary liability. It can be of various types. |
Rights and liabilities of lessor and lessee [S. 108] |
1. Rights and liabilities of the lessor |
(a) The lessor is bound to disclose to the lessee any material defect in the property. |
(b) The lessor is bound on the lessees request to put him in possession of the property. |
(c) The lessor shall be deemed to be bound to the contract with the lessee that, if the latter pays the rent reserved by the lease and performs the contract binding on the lessee. |
2. Rights and liabilities of the lessee |
(a) If during the continuance of the lease any accession is made to the property shall be deemed to be comprised in the lease. |
(b) If by fire, tempest or flood, or violence of any army or of a mob, or other irresistible force, any material part of the property be wholly destroyed or rendered substantially and permanently unfit for the purposes for which it was let lease shall, at the option of the lessee, be void. |
(c) The lessee may transfer absolutely or by way of mortgage or sub-lease the whole or any part of his interest in the properly, and any transferee of such interest or part may again transfer it. The lessee shall not, by reason only of such transfer, cease to be subject to any of the liabilities attaching to the lease. |
(i) Transfer |
(ii) Time and consideration |
(iii) From one person to another |
The holding of interest in land for a particular use or benefit is defined as easement. |
For example if C the owner of a house, has a right of way over an adjoining plot of land belonging to r, he cannot give this right to D. But if C transfers the house itself to D the easement is also transferred to D. |
"Transfer for benefit of unborn person" (S. 13] |
No direct transfer can be made to an unborn person. Interest of the unborn person must be preceded by a prior interest. The unborn person must be the exclusive owner of the whole of the property. |
For example, perpetuity for a child of 10 years who will become owner at 18, is 8. |
Doctrine of lis pendens [S. 52] |
Meaning: Lis means litigation and pendens means pending. |
Lis is pending suit or petition before a court. |
If any party has transferred property under litigation in suit, the transferee is bound by the judgment of the court. |
For example: An office building is under litigation. E and F are parties to litigation. E during the pendency of the suit transfers property to F. The suit ends in favour of F. |
Exception: The doctrine is Inapplicable to transfers made to strangers. |
Gift [Ss. 122-129] |
Meaning: "Gift means transfer of certain existing movable or immovable property made voluntarily and without consideration, by one person to another." |
Essentials of gift |
1. Transfer of ownership from donor to donee. |
2. The transfer must be made voluntarily and without consideration. |
3. The transfer must be accepted by the donee. Acceptance by donee should be during his lifetime |
Lease [S. 105] |
The transfer for a particular time and consideration to enjoy property from one person to another. |
Mortgages [S. 58] |
Mortgage means transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of securing payment of money advanced or to be advanced by way of loan or performance of an engagement which may give rise to pecuniary liability. It can be of various types. |
Rights and liabilities of lessor and lessee [S. 108] |
1. Rights and liabilities of the lessor |
(a) The lessor is bound to disclose to the lessee any material defect in the property. |
(b) The lessor is bound on the lessee's request to put him in possession of the property. |
(c) The lessor shall be deemed to be bound to the contract with the lessee that, if the latter pays the rent reserved by the lease and performs the contract binding on the lessee. |
2. Rights and liabilities of the lessee |
(a) If during the continuance of the lease any accession is made to the property shall be deemed to be comprised in the lease. |
(b) If by fire, tempest or flood, or violence of any army or of a mob, or other irresistible force, any material part of the property be wholly destroyed or rendered substantially and permanently unfit for the purposes for which it was let lease shall, at the option of the lessee, be void. |
(c) The lessee may transfer absolutely or by way of mortgage or sub-lease the whole or any part of his interest in the properly, and any transferee of such interest or part may again transfer it. The lessee shall not, by reason only of such transfer, cease to be subject to any of the liabilities attaching to the lease. |
In our society marriage has a great significance. According to article 16 of the universal declaration of human rights, marriage means men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. |
They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. In marital life many women are facing cruelty by husbands and their relatives. To safeguard women from cruelty, section 498A of Indian penal code, was inserted by the criminal law (second amendment) act, 1983. |
Section 498A of Indian penal code, 1860 |
Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty - whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine. |
Explanation - for the purpose of this section, cruelty means- |
1. Any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or |
2. Harassment of the women where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand. |
Section 113A of Indian evidence act, 1872 |
Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman - when the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. |
Explanation - for the purposes of this section, cruelty shall have the same meaning as in section 498A of the Indian penal code (45 of 1860) |
The mere fact that if a married woman commits suicide within a period of seven years of her marriage, the presumption under section 113A of the evidence act would not automatically apply. The legislative mandate is that where a woman commits suicide within seven years of her marriage and it is shown that her husband or any relative of her husband has subjected her to cruelty, the presumption under section 498A of Indian penal code, may attract, having regard to all other circumstances of the case, that such suicide has been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. The term the court may presume, having regard to all other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband would indicate that the presumption is discretionary. |
Section 198A of criminal procedure code, 1973 |
Prosecution of offences under section 498A of the Indian penal code - no court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under section 498A of the Indian penal code (45 of 1960) except upon a police report of facts which constitute such offence or upon a complaint made by the person aggrieved by the offence or by her father, mother, brother, sister, or by her fathers or mothers brother or sister or with the leave of the court, by any other person related to her by blood, marriage or adoption. |
Period of limitation |
As per section 468 CRPC, a complaint under section 498A IPC can be filed within 3 years of the alleged incident. However, section 473 CRPC, any court may take cognizance of an offence after the expiry of the period of limitation, if it is satisfied on the facts and in the circumstances of the case that the delay has been properly explained or that it is necessary so to do in the interests of justice. |
In our society marriage has a great significance. According to article 16 of the universal declaration of human rights, marriage means men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. |
They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. In marital life many women are facing cruelty by husbands and their relatives. To safeguard women from cruelty, section 498A of Indian penal code, was inserted by the criminal law (second amendment) act, 1983. |
Section 498A of Indian penal code, 1860 |
Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty - whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine. |
Explanation - for the purpose of this section, cruelty means- |
1. Any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or |
2. Harassment of the women where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand. |
Section 113A of Indian evidence act, 1872 |
Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman - when the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. |
Explanation - for the purposes of this section, cruelty shall have the same meaning as in section 498A of the Indian penal code (45 of 1860) |
The mere fact that if a married woman commits suicide within a period of seven years of her marriage, the presumption under section 113A of the evidence act would not automatically apply. The legislative mandate is that where a woman commits suicide within seven years of her marriage and it is shown that her husband or any relative of her husband has subjected her to cruelty, the presumption under section 498A of Indian penal code, may attract, having regard to all other circumstances of the case, that such suicide has been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. The term the court may presume, having regard to all other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband would indicate that the presumption is discretionary. |
Section 198A of criminal procedure code, 1973 |
Prosecution of offences under section 498A of the Indian penal code - no court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under section 498A of the Indian penal code (45 of 1960) except upon a police report of facts which constitute such offence or upon a complaint made by the person aggrieved by the offence or by her father, mother, brother, sister, or by her fathers or mothers brother or sister or with the leave of the court, by any other person related to her by blood, marriage or adoption. |
Period of limitation |
As per section 468 CRPC, a complaint under section 498A IPC can be filed within 3 years of the alleged incident. However, section 473 CRPC, any court may take cognizance of an offence after the expiry of the period of limitation, if it is satisfied on the facts and in the circumstances of the case that the delay has been properly explained or that it is necessary so to do in the interests of justice. |
In our society marriage has a great significance. According to article 16 of the universal declaration of human rights, marriage means men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. |
They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. In marital life many women are facing cruelty by husbands and their relatives. To safeguard women from cruelty, section 498A of Indian penal code, was inserted by the criminal law (second amendment) act, 1983. |
Section 498A of Indian penal code, 1860 |
Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty - whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine. |
Explanation - for the purpose of this section, cruelty means- |
1. Any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or |
2. Harassment of the women where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand. |
Section 113A of Indian evidence act, 1872 |
Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman - when the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. |
Explanation - for the purposes of this section, cruelty shall have the same meaning as in section 498A of the Indian penal code (45 of 1860) |
The mere fact that if a married woman commits suicide within a period of seven years of her marriage, the presumption under section 113A of the evidence act would not automatically apply. The legislative mandate is that where a woman commits suicide within seven years of her marriage and it is shown that her husband or any relative of her husband has subjected her to cruelty, the presumption under section 498A of Indian penal code, may attract, having regard to all other circumstances of the case, that such suicide has been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. The term the court may presume, having regard to all other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband would indicate that the presumption is discretionary. |
Section 198A of criminal procedure code, 1973 |
Prosecution of offences under section 498A of the Indian penal code - no court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under section 498A of the Indian penal code (45 of 1960) except upon a police report of facts which constitute such offence or upon a complaint made by the person aggrieved by the offence or by her father, mother, brother, sister, or by her fathers or mothers brother or sister or with the leave of the court, by any other person related to her by blood, marriage or adoption. |
Period of limitation |
As per section 468 CRPC, a complaint under section 498A IPC can be filed within 3 years of the alleged incident. However, section 473 CRPC, any court may take cognizance of an offence after the expiry of the period of limitation, if it is satisfied on the facts and in the circumstances of the case that the delay has been properly explained or that it is necessary so to do in the interests of justice. |
In our society marriage has a great significance. According to article 16 of the universal declaration of human rights, marriage means men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. |
They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. In marital life many women are facing cruelty by husbands and their relatives. To safeguard women from cruelty, section 498A of Indian penal code, was inserted by the criminal law (second amendment) act, 1983. |
Section 498A of Indian penal code, 1860 |
Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty - whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine. |
Explanation - for the purpose of this section, cruelty means- |
1. Any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or |
2. Harassment of the women where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand. |
Section 113A of Indian evidence act, 1872 |
Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman - when the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. |
Explanation - for the purposes of this section, cruelty shall have the same meaning as in section 498A of the Indian penal code (45 of 1860) |
The mere fact that if a married woman commits suicide within a period of seven years of her marriage, the presumption under section 113A of the evidence act would not automatically apply. The legislative mandate is that where a woman commits suicide within seven years of her marriage and it is shown that her husband or any relative of her husband has subjected her to cruelty, the presumption under section 498A of Indian penal code, may attract, having regard to all other circumstances of the case, that such suicide has been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. The term the court may presume, having regard to all other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband would indicate that the presumption is discretionary. |
Section 198A of criminal procedure code, 1973 |
Prosecution of offences under section 498A of the Indian penal code - no court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under section 498A of the Indian penal code (45 of 1960) except upon a police report of facts which constitute such offence or upon a complaint made by the person aggrieved by the offence or by her father, mother, brother, sister, or by her fathers or mothers brother or sister or with the leave of the court, by any other person related to her by blood, marriage or adoption. |
Period of limitation |
As per section 468 CRPC, a complaint under section 498A IPC can be filed within 3 years of the alleged incident. However, section 473 CRPC, any court may take cognizance of an offence after the expiry of the period of limitation, if it is satisfied on the facts and in the circumstances of the case that the delay has been properly explained or that it is necessary so to do in the interests of justice. |
In our society marriage has a great significance. According to article 16 of the universal declaration of human rights, marriage means men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. |
They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. In marital life many women are facing cruelty by husbands and their relatives. To safeguard women from cruelty, section 498A of Indian penal code, was inserted by the criminal law (second amendment) act, 1983. |
Section 498A of Indian penal code, 1860 |
Husband or relative of husband of a woman subjecting her to cruelty - whoever, being the husband or the relative of the husband of a woman, subjects such woman to cruelty shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine. |
Explanation - for the purpose of this section, cruelty means- |
1. Any willful conduct which is of such a nature as is likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave injury or danger to life, limb or health (whether mental or physical) of the woman; or |
2. Harassment of the women where such harassment is with a view to coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security or is on account of failure by her or any person related to her to meet such demand. |
Section 113A of Indian evidence act, 1872 |
Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman - when the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. |
Explanation - for the purposes of this section, cruelty shall have the same meaning as in section 498A of the Indian penal code (45 of 1860) |
The mere fact that if a married woman commits suicide within a period of seven years of her marriage, the presumption under section 113A of the evidence act would not automatically apply. The legislative mandate is that where a woman commits suicide within seven years of her marriage and it is shown that her husband or any relative of her husband has subjected her to cruelty, the presumption under section 498A of Indian penal code, may attract, having regard to all other circumstances of the case, that such suicide has been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. The term the court may presume, having regard to all other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband would indicate that the presumption is discretionary. |
Section 198A of criminal procedure code, 1973 |
Prosecution of offences under section 498A of the Indian penal code - no court shall take cognizance of an offence punishable under section 498A of the Indian penal code (45 of 1960) except upon a police report of facts which constitute such offence or upon a complaint made by the person aggrieved by the offence or by her father, mother, brother, sister, or by her fathers or mothers brother or sister or with the leave of the court, by any other person related to her by blood, marriage or adoption. |
Period of limitation |
As per section 468 CRPC, a complaint under section 498A IPC can be filed within 3 years of the alleged incident. However, section 473 CRPC, any court may take cognizance of an offence after the expiry of the period of limitation, if it is satisfied on the facts and in the circumstances of the case that the delay has been properly explained or that it is necessary so to do in the interests of justice. |
The Indian Contract Act was enforced in September 1872 and is applicable to the whole of India with the exception of J&K. |
An agreement enforceable by law, the Act defines the term agreement "as every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other." |
VALID CONTRACT [S.10J] |
The essential ingredients for formation of a valid contract are |
1. Two parties to the contract to make offer and acceptance |
2. Intention to create legal relationship |
3. Certainty of meaning |
4. Possibility of performance of agreement |
5. Free consent |
6. Presence of consideration |
7. Lawful consideration |
Offer and acceptance |
A proposal/offer is defined as: "When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal." |
Essentials of a valid offer. It must create legal relations, must be clear, not vague, must be communicated to the offeree, can be specific or general. |
Acceptance is defined as: "When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted." |
Acceptance must be: absolute + unqualified + communicated + express or implicit. |
Consideration |
"When, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain from doing, something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise." |
Consideration must be: at promisor's desire + from promisee or third person + past or present or future + value in eyes of law + not unlawful. |
Discharge of contract |
It means making the contract or agreement null and void or ending it. Ways of discharge: |
1. Contract performance |
2. Release |
3. Set off |
4. Extinguishing it |
5. Lapse of time |
6. Bankruptcy |
Damages |
The Indian Contract Act does not define the term. However in layman's terms, it means compensation for injury or loss suffered by one party and given by the party at fault. Thus, "Damages are the pecuniary compensation, obtainable by success in an action, for a wrong which is either a tort or a breach of contract, the compensation being in the form of a lump sum which is awarded unconditionally." 13 |
Essentials" suffering to 1 party + award of reparation + pecuniary compensation. |
Types: general/special; consequential; pecuniary/ non-pecuniary; compensatory/non-compensatory, etc. |
Capacity to contract |
Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. |
The Indian Contract Act was enforced in September 1872 and is applicable to the whole of India with the exception of J&K. |
An agreement enforceable by law, the Act defines the term agreement "as every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other." |
VALID CONTRACT [S.10J] |
The essential ingredients for formation of a valid contract are |
1. Two parties to the contract to make offer and acceptance |
2. Intention to create legal relationship |
3. Certainty of meaning |
4. Possibility of performance of agreement |
5. Free consent |
6. Presence of consideration |
7. Lawful consideration |
Offer and acceptance |
A proposal/offer is defined as: "When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal." |
Essentials of a valid offer. It must create legal relations, must be clear, not vague, must be communicated to the offeree, can be specific or general. |
Acceptance is defined as: "When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted." |
Acceptance must be: absolute + unqualified + communicated + express or implicit. |
Consideration |
"When, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain from doing, something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise." |
Consideration must be: at promisor's desire + from promisee or third person + past or present or future + value in eyes of law + not unlawful. |
Discharge of contract |
It means making the contract or agreement null and void or ending it. Ways of discharge: |
1. Contract performance |
2. Release |
3. Set off |
4. Extinguishing it |
5. Lapse of time |
6. Bankruptcy |
Damages |
The Indian Contract Act does not define the term. However in layman's terms, it means compensation for injury or loss suffered by one party and given by the party at fault. Thus, "Damages are the pecuniary compensation, obtainable by success in an action, for a wrong which is either a tort or a breach of contract, the compensation being in the form of a lump sum which is awarded unconditionally." 13 |
Essentials" suffering to 1 party + award of reparation + pecuniary compensation. |
Types: general/special; consequential; pecuniary/ non-pecuniary; compensatory/non-compensatory, etc. |
Capacity to contract |
Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. |
The Indian Contract Act was enforced in September 1872 and is applicable to the whole of India with the exception of J&K. |
An agreement enforceable by law, the Act defines the term agreement "as every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other." |
VALID CONTRACT [S.10J] |
The essential ingredients for formation of a valid contract are |
1. Two parties to the contract to make offer and acceptance |
2. Intention to create legal relationship |
3. Certainty of meaning |
4. Possibility of performance of agreement |
5. Free consent |
6. Presence of consideration |
7. Lawful consideration |
Offer and acceptance |
A proposal/offer is defined as: "When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal." |
Essentials of a valid offer. It must create legal relations, must be clear, not vague, must be communicated to the offeree, can be specific or general. |
Acceptance is defined as: "When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted." |
Acceptance must be: absolute + unqualified + communicated + express or implicit. |
Consideration |
"When, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain from doing, something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise." |
Consideration must be: at promisor's desire + from promisee or third person + past or present or future + value in eyes of law + not unlawful. |
Discharge of contract |
It means making the contract or agreement null and void or ending it. Ways of discharge: |
1. Contract performance |
2. Release |
3. Set off |
4. Extinguishing it |
5. Lapse of time |
6. Bankruptcy |
Damages |
The Indian Contract Act does not define the term. However in layman's terms, it means compensation for injury or loss suffered by one party and given by the party at fault. Thus, "Damages are the pecuniary compensation, obtainable by success in an action, for a wrong which is either a tort or a breach of contract, the compensation being in the form of a lump sum which is awarded unconditionally." 13 |
Essentials" suffering to 1 party + award of reparation + pecuniary compensation. |
Types: general/special; consequential; pecuniary/ non-pecuniary; compensatory/non-compensatory, etc. |
Capacity to contract |
Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. |
The Indian Contract Act was enforced in September 1872 and is applicable to the whole of India with the exception of J&K. |
An agreement enforceable by law, the Act defines the term agreement "as every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other." |
VALID CONTRACT [S.10J] |
The essential ingredients for formation of a valid contract are |
1. Two parties to the contract to make offer and acceptance |
2. Intention to create legal relationship |
3. Certainty of meaning |
4. Possibility of performance of agreement |
5. Free consent |
6. Presence of consideration |
7. Lawful consideration |
Offer and acceptance |
A proposal/offer is defined as: "When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal." |
Essentials of a valid offer. It must create legal relations, must be clear, not vague, must be communicated to the offeree, can be specific or general. |
Acceptance is defined as: "When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted." |
Acceptance must be: absolute + unqualified + communicated + express or implicit. |
Consideration |
"When, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain from doing, something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise." |
Consideration must be: at promisor's desire + from promisee or third person + past or present or future + value in eyes of law + not unlawful. |
Discharge of contract |
It means making the contract or agreement null and void or ending it. Ways of discharge: |
1. Contract performance |
2. Release |
3. Set off |
4. Extinguishing it |
5. Lapse of time |
6. Bankruptcy |
Damages |
The Indian Contract Act does not define the term. However in layman's terms, it means compensation for injury or loss suffered by one party and given by the party at fault. Thus, "Damages are the pecuniary compensation, obtainable by success in an action, for a wrong which is either a tort or a breach of contract, the compensation being in the form of a lump sum which is awarded unconditionally." 13 |
Essentials" suffering to 1 party + award of reparation + pecuniary compensation. |
Types: general/special; consequential; pecuniary/ non-pecuniary; compensatory/non-compensatory, etc. |
Capacity to contract |
Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. |
The Indian Contract Act was enforced in September 1872 and is applicable to the whole of India with the exception of J&K. |
An agreement enforceable by law, the Act defines the term agreement "as every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other." |
VALID CONTRACT [S.10J] |
The essential ingredients for formation of a valid contract are |
1. Two parties to the contract to make offer and acceptance |
2. Intention to create legal relationship |
3. Certainty of meaning |
4. Possibility of performance of agreement |
5. Free consent |
6. Presence of consideration |
7. Lawful consideration |
Offer and acceptance |
A proposal/offer is defined as: "When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal." |
Essentials of a valid offer. It must create legal relations, must be clear, not vague, must be communicated to the offeree, can be specific or general. |
Acceptance is defined as: "When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted." |
Acceptance must be: absolute + unqualified + communicated + express or implicit. |
Consideration |
"When, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain from doing, something, such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise." |
Consideration must be: at promisor's desire + from promisee or third person + past or present or future + value in eyes of law + not unlawful. |
Discharge of contract |
It means making the contract or agreement null and void or ending it. Ways of discharge: |
1. Contract performance |
2. Release |
3. Set off |
4. Extinguishing it |
5. Lapse of time |
6. Bankruptcy |
Damages |
The Indian Contract Act does not define the term. However in layman's terms, it means compensation for injury or loss suffered by one party and given by the party at fault. Thus, "Damages are the pecuniary compensation, obtainable by success in an action, for a wrong which is either a tort or a breach of contract, the compensation being in the form of a lump sum which is awarded unconditionally." 13 |
Essentials" suffering to 1 party + award of reparation + pecuniary compensation. |
Types: general/special; consequential; pecuniary/ non-pecuniary; compensatory/non-compensatory, etc. |
Capacity to contract |
Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is of sound mind and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
International relations are a perpetual puzzle in which it is impossible to have certainty regarding the events that will occur within it. However, to help predict what will happen within international politics, political theories have been created, three of which are realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Realism is a structural theory that favors observing the realistic nature of states concerning the idea that they pursue self-interested policies and wish to maximize power in order to ensure survival. Contrary to realism, liberalism leads to a more optimistic outlook of the world, in which international cooperation is feasible for allowing goals like peace and economic development to be achieved. On the other hand, constructivism contains a different perspective of anarchy in that states pursuing self-interested policies are not inherent to an anarchical system but socially constructed from the interaction between states. Analyzing major conflicts through realist, liberalist, and constructivist frameworks from different states can provide insight as to how the globe will approach and handle international relations. |
(1) Realism is observed by the states but liberalism is global |
(2) Realism is self centered whereas liberalism is optimistic |
(3) Realism ensures survival whereas liberalism is development |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
International relations are a perpetual puzzle in which it is impossible to have certainty regarding the events that will occur within it. However, to help predict what will happen within international politics, political theories have been created, three of which are realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Realism is a structural theory that favors observing the realistic nature of states concerning the idea that they pursue self-interested policies and wish to maximize power in order to ensure survival. Contrary to realism, liberalism leads to a more optimistic outlook of the world, in which international cooperation is feasible for allowing goals like peace and economic development to be achieved. On the other hand, constructivism contains a different perspective of anarchy in that states pursuing self-interested policies are not inherent to an anarchical system but socially constructed from the interaction between states. Analyzing major conflicts through realist, liberalist, and constructivist frameworks from different states can provide insight as to how the globe will approach and handle international relations. |
1. It has self-interested policies |
2. Inclined to inherent anarchical system |
3. Social interaction between states |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
International relations are a perpetual puzzle in which it is impossible to have certainty regarding the events that will occur within it. However, to help predict what will happen within international politics, political theories have been created, three of which are realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Realism is a structural theory that favors observing the realistic nature of states concerning the idea that they pursue self-interested policies and wish to maximize power in order to ensure survival. Contrary to realism, liberalism leads to a more optimistic outlook of the world, in which international cooperation is feasible for allowing goals like peace and economic development to be achieved. On the other hand, constructivism contains a different perspective of anarchy in that states pursuing self-interested policies are not inherent to an anarchical system but socially constructed from the interaction between states. Analyzing major conflicts through realist, liberalist, and constructivist frameworks from different states can provide insight as to how the globe will approach and handle international relations. |
1. Emergence of international relations |
2. Coordination of international relations |
3. Cooperation between international relations |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
International relations are a perpetual puzzle in which it is impossible to have certainty regarding the events that will occur within it. However, to help predict what will happen within international politics, political theories have been created, three of which are realism, liberalism, and constructivism. Realism is a structural theory that favors observing the realistic nature of states concerning the idea that they pursue self-interested policies and wish to maximize power in order to ensure survival. Contrary to realism, liberalism leads to a more optimistic outlook of the world, in which international cooperation is feasible for allowing goals like peace and economic development to be achieved. On the other hand, constructivism contains a different perspective of anarchy in that states pursuing self-interested policies are not inherent to an anarchical system but socially constructed from the interaction between states. Analyzing major conflicts through realist, liberalist, and constructivist frameworks from different states can provide insight as to how the globe will approach and handle international relations. |
1. International relations are determined by diversified ideologies |
2. International relations are managed by various states with various policies |
3. International relations are not perfect framework but a possible cooperation |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
For any worker working in an organization or an enterprise, employee motivation is a critical part of the day-to-day work to bring out more significant levels of creativity. Other factors that benefit from employee motivation are employees become progressive in problem-solving, eagerness to engage and deal with customer problems, thereby increasing customer satisfaction, higher outcome and productivity, increase in employee standards for dependability. Motivation is a worker's natural energy drive to achieve tasks identified with work and an internal drive that makes an individual choose to make a move and advance in their work. A person's motivation is impacted by academic, social, and emotional variables. Accordingly, motivation is an intricate power that can likewise be affected by external components like family, peers, governments and even weather change that influences through our physical nature. However, keeping a, break even motivational level is an important process for any individuals and workers in an organization to maintain survival in any conditions. |
1. It creates customer satisfaction |
2. It is affected by the environments |
3. It is a natural force of choice |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
For any worker working in an organization or an enterprise, employee motivation is a critical part of the day-to-day work to bring out more significant levels of creativity. Other factors that benefit from employee motivation are employees become progressive in problem-solving, eagerness to engage and deal with customer problems, thereby increasing customer satisfaction, higher outcome and productivity, increase in employee standards for dependability. Motivation is a worker's natural energy drive to achieve tasks identified with work and an internal drive that makes an individual choose to make a move and advance in their work. A person's motivation is impacted by academic, social, and emotional variables. Accordingly, motivation is an intricate power that can likewise be affected by external components like family, peers, governments and even weather change that influences through our physical nature. However, keeping a, break even motivational level is an important process for any individuals and workers in an organization to maintain survival in any conditions. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
For any worker working in an organization or an enterprise, employee motivation is a critical part of the day-to-day work to bring out more significant levels of creativity. Other factors that benefit from employee motivation are employees become progressive in problem-solving, eagerness to engage and deal with customer problems, thereby increasing customer satisfaction, higher outcome and productivity, increase in employee standards for dependability. Motivation is a worker's natural energy drive to achieve tasks identified with work and an internal drive that makes an individual choose to make a move and advance in their work. A person's motivation is impacted by academic, social, and emotional variables. Accordingly, motivation is an intricate power that can likewise be affected by external components like family, peers, governments and even weather change that influences through our physical nature. However, keeping a, break even motivational level is an important process for any individuals and workers in an organization to maintain survival in any conditions. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
For any worker working in an organization or an enterprise, employee motivation is a critical part of the day-to-day work to bring out more significant levels of creativity. Other factors that benefit from employee motivation are employees become progressive in problem-solving, eagerness to engage and deal with customer problems, thereby increasing customer satisfaction, higher outcome and productivity, increase in employee standards for dependability. Motivation is a worker's natural energy drive to achieve tasks identified with work and an internal drive that makes an individual choose to make a move and advance in their work. A person's motivation is impacted by academic, social, and emotional variables. Accordingly, motivation is an intricate power that can likewise be affected by external components like family, peers, governments and even weather change that influences through our physical nature. However, keeping a, break even motivational level is an important process for any individuals and workers in an organization to maintain survival in any conditions. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The discussion of human rights always remains a critical and sensitive issue in the world. East Asia in particular. Controversial debates, regarding the practices and ideologies of different states, have often been raised in the region. In terms of a holistic perspective, in both the western and eastern worlds, contradiction of social principles to ideologies and the enforcement of human rights are often found to be a mutually exclusive issue. In fact, international organizations such as International Committee of the Red Cross and UNICEF have been established to advocate human rights worldwide. Human Rights Watch (HRW), another example of recognized body, has also been prominent in the area. Also, politics has been seen to be more interconnected around the globe under globalization and misuse of power is apparent. However, as progresses more issues, found to be the adverse problems of human rights, are put under the limelight in contemporary society. The main stance is that human rights are universal in nature, and actual practices of human rights in different places are to show various interpretations on universalism of human rights. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The discussion of human rights always remains a critical and sensitive issue in the world. East Asia in particular. Controversial debates, regarding the practices and ideologies of different states, have often been raised in the region. In terms of a holistic perspective, in both the western and eastern worlds, contradiction of social principles to ideologies and the enforcement of human rights are often found to be a mutually exclusive issue. In fact, international organizations such as International Committee of the Red Cross and UNICEF have been established to advocate human rights worldwide. Human Rights Watch (HRW), another example of recognized body, has also been prominent in the area. Also, politics has been seen to be more interconnected around the globe under globalization and misuse of power is apparent. However, as progresses more issues, found to be the adverse problems of human rights, are put under the limelight in contemporary society. The main stance is that human rights are universal in nature, and actual practices of human rights in different places are to show various interpretations on universalism of human rights. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The discussion of human rights always remains a critical and sensitive issue in the world. East Asia in particular. Controversial debates, regarding the practices and ideologies of different states, have often been raised in the region. In terms of a holistic perspective, in both the western and eastern worlds, contradiction of social principles to ideologies and the enforcement of human rights are often found to be a mutually exclusive issue. In fact, international organizations such as International Committee of the Red Cross and UNICEF have been established to advocate human rights worldwide. Human Rights Watch (HRW), another example of recognized body, has also been prominent in the area. Also, politics has been seen to be more interconnected around the globe under globalization and misuse of power is apparent. However, as progresses more issues, found to be the adverse problems of human rights, are put under the limelight in contemporary society. The main stance is that human rights are universal in nature, and actual practices of human rights in different places are to show various interpretations on universalism of human rights. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The discussion of human rights always remains a critical and sensitive issue in the world. East Asia in particular. Controversial debates, regarding the practices and ideologies of different states, have often been raised in the region. In terms of a holistic perspective, in both the western and eastern worlds, contradiction of social principles to ideologies and the enforcement of human rights are often found to be a mutually exclusive issue. In fact, international organizations such as International Committee of the Red Cross and UNICEF have been established to advocate human rights worldwide. Human Rights Watch (HRW), another example of recognized body, has also been prominent in the area. Also, politics has been seen to be more interconnected around the globe under globalization and misuse of power is apparent. However, as progresses more issues, found to be the adverse problems of human rights, are put under the limelight in contemporary society. The main stance is that human rights are universal in nature, and actual practices of human rights in different places are to show various interpretations on universalism of human rights. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The discussion of human rights always remains a critical and sensitive issue in the world. East Asia in particular. Controversial debates, regarding the practices and ideologies of different states, have often been raised in the region. In terms of a holistic perspective, in both the western and eastern worlds, contradiction of social principles to ideologies and the enforcement of human rights are often found to be a mutually exclusive issue. In fact, international organizations such as International Committee of the Red Cross and UNICEF have been established to advocate human rights worldwide. Human Rights Watch (HRW), another example of recognized body, has also been prominent in the area. Also, politics has been seen to be more interconnected around the globe under globalization and misuse of power is apparent. However, as progresses more issues, found to be the adverse problems of human rights, are put under the limelight in contemporary society. The main stance is that human rights are universal in nature, and actual practices of human rights in different places are to show various interpretations on universalism of human rights. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The Management has moved an extraordinary separation along the continuum of improvement. This gradual development has led to management having a unique position that its influence is felt in all activities of our life. The management process was first witnessed during the period of human civilization and even before that. During this early period, several groups of people such as military personnel utilized discrete practices and experiences, which later culminated to become theories. Classical approach was the first one to be adopted in management and it resulted from the initial efforts to build up an assemblage of administration thought. The approach accentuated on soundness and made organizational employees more proficient in their activities. The scientific approach was mostly adopted in lower level management and is a process, which involves investigating how an undertaking circumstance can be organized to get the highest production from employees. This approach has helped organizations to save on the operational costs, thus realizing increased profits. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The Management has moved an extraordinary separation along the continuum of improvement. This gradual development has led to management having a unique position that its influence is felt in all activities of our life. The management process was first witnessed during the period of human civilization and even before that. During this early period, several groups of people such as military personnel utilized discrete practices and experiences, which later culminated to become theories. Classical approach was the first one to be adopted in management and it resulted from the initial efforts to build up an assemblage of administration thought. The approach accentuated on soundness and made organizational employees more proficient in their activities. The scientific approach was mostly adopted in lower level management and is a process, which involves investigating how an undertaking circumstance can be organized to get the highest production from employees. This approach has helped organizations to save on the operational costs, thus realizing increased profits. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The Management has moved an extraordinary separation along the continuum of improvement. This gradual development has led to management having a unique position that its influence is felt in all activities of our life. The management process was first witnessed during the period of human civilization and even before that. During this early period, several groups of people such as military personnel utilized discrete practices and experiences, which later culminated to become theories. Classical approach was the first one to be adopted in management and it resulted from the initial efforts to build up an assemblage of administration thought. The approach accentuated on soundness and made organizational employees more proficient in their activities. The scientific approach was mostly adopted in lower level management and is a process, which involves investigating how an undertaking circumstance can be organized to get the highest production from employees. This approach has helped organizations to save on the operational costs, thus realizing increased profits. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The Management has moved an extraordinary separation along the continuum of improvement. This gradual development has led to management having a unique position that its influence is felt in all activities of our life. The management process was first witnessed during the period of human civilization and even before that. During this early period, several groups of people such as military personnel utilized discrete practices and experiences, which later culminated to become theories. Classical approach was the first one to be adopted in management and it resulted from the initial efforts to build up an assemblage of administration thought. The approach accentuated on soundness and made organizational employees more proficient in their activities. The scientific approach was mostly adopted in lower level management and is a process, which involves investigating how an undertaking circumstance can be organized to get the highest production from employees. This approach has helped organizations to save on the operational costs, thus realizing increased profits. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The Management has moved an extraordinary separation along the continuum of improvement. This gradual development has led to management having a unique position that its influence is felt in all activities of our life. The management process was first witnessed during the period of human civilization and even before that. During this early period, several groups of people such as military personnel utilized discrete practices and experiences, which later culminated to become theories. Classical approach was the first one to be adopted in management and it resulted from the initial efforts to build up an assemblage of administration thought. The approach accentuated on soundness and made organizational employees more proficient in their activities. The scientific approach was mostly adopted in lower level management and is a process, which involves investigating how an undertaking circumstance can be organized to get the highest production from employees. This approach has helped organizations to save on the operational costs, thus realizing increased profits. |
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"Globalization can be defined as the process of social, political, economic, cultural, and technological integration among countries around the world". This concept has paved the way for Multinational Corporations to expand their business to all Countries. The expansion of ideas has made the face paced world now even faster. Globalization allows businesses to communicate efficiently and timely through technology and also Corporations can travel to see their direct work in a country due to the advancement of transportation, and off-shoring of businesses has become quite common and beneficial to both home and foreign Country. |
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"Globalization can be defined as the process of social, political, economic, cultural, and technological integration among countries around the world". This concept has paved the way for Multinational Corporations to expand their business to all Countries. The expansion of ideas has made the face paced world now even faster. Globalization allows businesses to communicate efficiently and timely through technology and also Corporations can travel to see their direct work in a country due to the advancement of transportation, and off-shoring of businesses has become quite common and beneficial to both home and foreign Country. |
1. Corporations have invested in other lands |
2. Corporations have to monitor invested works |
3. Transportation has reduced the distance |
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"Globalization can be defined as the process of social, political, economic, cultural, and technological integration among countries around the world". This concept has paved the way for Multinational Corporations to expand their business to all Countries. The expansion of ideas has made the face paced world now even faster. Globalization allows businesses to communicate efficiently and timely through technology and also Corporations can travel to see their direct work in a country due to the advancement of transportation, and off-shoring of businesses has become quite common and beneficial to both home and foreign Country. |
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The U.S and India partnership has its foundation in common values, including the rule of law and democratic principles. The United States and India have shared interests in promoting global security, stability, and economic prosperity through trade, investment, and connectivity. The United States supports Indias emergence as a leading global power and vital partner in efforts to ensure that the Indo-Pacific is a region of peace, stability, and growing prosperity. The strong people-to-people ties between these countries, grounded in shared values are a tremendous source of strength for the partnership. The partnership has shown interest in tackling terrorism in both countries and greater economic progress. |
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The U.S and India partnership has its foundation in common values, including the rule of law and democratic principles. The United States and India have shared interests in promoting global security, stability, and economic prosperity through trade, investment, and connectivity. The United States supports Indias emergence as a leading global power and vital partner in efforts to ensure that the Indo-Pacific is a region of peace, stability, and growing prosperity. The strong people-to-people ties between these countries, grounded in shared values are a tremendous source of strength for the partnership. The partnership has shown interest in tackling terrorism in both countries and greater economic progress. |
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The U.S and India partnership has its foundation in common values, including the rule of law and democratic principles. The United States and India have shared interests in promoting global security, stability, and economic prosperity through trade, investment, and connectivity. The United States supports Indias emergence as a leading global power and vital partner in efforts to ensure that the Indo-Pacific is a region of peace, stability, and growing prosperity. The strong people-to-people ties between these countries, grounded in shared values are a tremendous source of strength for the partnership. The partnership has shown interest in tackling terrorism in both countries and greater economic progress. |
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The emergence of economic problems will definitely bring a series of effects. The health problems will occur to those unemployed and low-income groups, such as obesity, mental illness. Compared with western countries living upon the poverty line, those who live in the poorest communities have further probability to be obese. Furthermore, jobless have relatedness with identity crisis results in growing risk of mental illness and these psychological distresses are more likely to be faced by unemployed young men. The crime rate and drug use are likely to increase. From an economic point of view, higher crime rates commonly exist in unequal societies. Unemployment and income inequality can affect political stability as more unequal societies may be more politically unstable. |
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The emergence of economic problems will definitely bring a series of effects. The health problems will occur to those unemployed and low-income groups, such as obesity, mental illness. Compared with western countries living upon the poverty line, those who live in the poorest communities have further probability to be obese. Furthermore, jobless have relatedness with identity crisis results in growing risk of mental illness and these psychological distresses are more likely to be faced by unemployed young men. The crime rate and drug use are likely to increase. From an economic point of view, higher crime rates commonly exist in unequal societies. Unemployment and income inequality can affect political stability as more unequal societies may be more politically unstable. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
The emergence of economic problems will definitely bring a series of effects. The health problems will occur to those unemployed and low-income groups, such as obesity, mental illness. Compared with western countries living upon the poverty line, those who live in the poorest communities have further probability to be obese. Furthermore, jobless have relatedness with identity crisis results in growing risk of mental illness and these psychological distresses are more likely to be faced by unemployed young men. The crime rate and drug use are likely to increase. From an economic point of view, higher crime rates commonly exist in unequal societies. Unemployment and income inequality can affect political stability as more unequal societies may be more politically unstable. |
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Dowry is wealth and goods gifted to the bride by her family at the time of marriage. It was thought of as economic support for the newly-wed couple. It is the property of the bride and the groom has management rights over it. The system dates back to the ancient Greek-city states around 800 to 300 BC. Dowry was required under Roman law, as it was believed to do good deeds. The expansions of the Roman law due to the establishments of empires caused this system to be implemented in a large part of the world. The dowry system was also practiced in the countries of the modern western world, but modernization with liberalized and democratic educational systems allowed curtail of the system. India is the best example of this notorious practice and also the successful curtailer in the world by its revolutionized educational and political ambitions. |
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Dowry is wealth and goods gifted to the bride by her family at the time of marriage. It was thought of as economic support for the newly-wed couple. It is the property of the bride and the groom has management rights over it. The system dates back to the ancient Greek-city states around 800 to 300 BC. Dowry was required under Roman law, as it was believed to do good deeds. The expansions of the Roman law due to the establishments of empires caused this system to be implemented in a large part of the world. The dowry system was also practiced in the countries of the modern western world, but modernization with liberalized and democratic educational systems allowed curtail of the system. India is the best example of this notorious practice and also the successful curtailer in the world by its revolutionized educational and political ambitions. |
Study the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below: |
Dowry is wealth and goods gifted to the bride by her family at the time of marriage. It was thought of as economic support for the newly-wed couple. It is the property of the bride and the groom has management rights over it. The system dates back to the ancient Greek-city states around 800 to 300 BC. Dowry was required under Roman law, as it was believed to do good deeds. The expansions of the Roman law due to the establishments of empires caused this system to be implemented in a large part of the world. The dowry system was also practiced in the countries of the modern western world, but modernization with liberalized and democratic educational systems allowed curtail of the system. India is the best example of this notorious practice and also the successful curtailer in the world by its revolutionized educational and political ambitions. |
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Number of trees planted by three different NGOs in five different States |
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Number of trees planted by three different NGOs in five different States |
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Number of trees planted by three different NGOs in five different States |
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Number of trees planted by three different NGOs in five different States |
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Number of trees planted by three different NGOs in five different States |
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Number of students (in thousands) enrolled in three different districts in six different years |
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Number of students (in thousands) enrolled in three different districts in six different years |
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Number of students (in thousands) enrolled in three different districts in six different years |
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Number of students (in thousands) enrolled in three different districts in six different years |
Direction: Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that follow: |
Number of students (in thousands) enrolled in three different districts in six different years |
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The premises of a bank are to be renovated. The renovation is in terms of flooring. Certain areas are to be floored either with marble or wood. All rooms/halls and pantry are rectangular. The area to be renovated comprises of a hall for customer transaction measuring 23 m by 29 m, branch manager's room measuring 13 m by 17 m, a pantry measuring 14 m by 13 m, a record keeping cum server room measuring 21 m by 13 m and locker area measuring 29 m by 21m. The total area of the bank is 2000 square meters. The cost of wooden flooring is Rs. 170 per square metre and the cost of marble flooring is Rs. 190 per square metre. The locker area, record keeping cum server room and pantry are to be floored with marble. The branch managers room and the hall for customer transaction are to be floored with wood. No other area is to be renovated in terms of flooring. |
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The premises of a bank are to be renovated. The renovation is in terms of flooring. Certain areas are to be floored either with marble or wood. All rooms/halls and pantry are rectangular. The area to be renovated comprises of a hall for customer transaction measuring 23 m by 29 m, branch manager's room measuring 13 m by 17 m, a pantry measuring 14 m by 13 m, a record keeping cum server room measuring 21 m by 13 m and locker area measuring 29 m by 21m. The total area of the bank is 2000 square meters. The cost of wooden flooring is Rs. 170 per square metre and the cost of marble flooring is Rs. 190 per square metre. The locker area, record keeping cum server room and pantry are to be floored with marble. The branch managers room and the hall for customer transaction are to be floored with wood. No other area is to be renovated in terms of flooring. |
Study the following information and answer the questions that follow : |
The premises of a bank are to be renovated. The renovation is in terms of flooring. Certain areas are to be floored either with marble or wood. All rooms/halls and pantry are rectangular. The area to be renovated comprises of a hall for customer transaction measuring 23 m by 29 m, branch manager's room measuring 13 m by 17 m, a pantry measuring 14 m by 13 m, a record keeping cum server room measuring 21 m by 13 m and locker area measuring 29 m by 21m. The total area of the bank is 2000 square meters. The cost of wooden flooring is Rs. 170 per square metre and the cost of marble flooring is Rs. 190 per square metre. The locker area, record keeping cum server room and pantry are to be floored with marble. The branch managers room and the hall for customer transaction are to be floored with wood. No other area is to be renovated in terms of flooring. |
Study the following information and answer the questions that follow : |
The premises of a bank are to be renovated. The renovation is in terms of flooring. Certain areas are to be floored either with marble or wood. All rooms/halls and pantry are rectangular. The area to be renovated comprises of a hall for customer transaction measuring 23 m by 29 m, branch manager's room measuring 13 m by 17 m, a pantry measuring 14 m by 13 m, a record keeping cum server room measuring 21 m by 13 m and locker area measuring 29 m by 21m. The total area of the bank is 2000 square meters. The cost of wooden flooring is Rs. 170 per square metre and the cost of marble flooring is Rs. 190 per square metre. The locker area, record keeping cum server room and pantry are to be floored with marble. The branch managers room and the hall for customer transaction are to be floored with wood. No other area is to be renovated in terms of flooring. |
Study the following information and answer the questions that follow : |
The premises of a bank are to be renovated. The renovation is in terms of flooring. Certain areas are to be floored either with marble or wood. All rooms/halls and pantry are rectangular. The area to be renovated comprises of a hall for customer transaction measuring 23 m by 29 m, branch manager's room measuring 13 m by 17 m, a pantry measuring 14 m by 13 m, a record keeping cum server room measuring 21 m by 13 m and locker area measuring 29 m by 21m. The total area of the bank is 2000 square meters. The cost of wooden flooring is Rs. 170 per square metre and the cost of marble flooring is Rs. 190 per square metre. The locker area, record keeping cum server room and pantry are to be floored with marble. The branch managers room and the hall for customer transaction are to be floored with wood. No other area is to be renovated in terms of flooring. |
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