UPSC Indian Polity and Civics The Indian Constitution Notes - Amendments And Articles of The Indian Constitution

 

AMENDMENTS & ARTICLES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

 

Amendment Procedures under Indian Constitution

Indian Constitution is a balanced Constitution. The farmers of the constitution desired to secure balance and moderate in incorporating various provision in our Constitution. As far as the amendments of the Constitution is concerned, a balance is struck in making the Constitution partly rigid and partly flexible. A flexible Constitution is one, which can be easily amended like ordinary law of the land. On the contrary, a rigid Constitution is one whose amendment is very difficult and where there is a distinction between the amendment of the Constitutional law and ordinary law. Both the types of Constitutions had their merits and demerits.

The proposal for amending the Constitution can be initiated only in the Union Legislature and the state legislatures have no such power. But the farmers of the Indian Constitution did not go to the extreme. They incorporated a unique procedure of amendment which combines both rigidity and flexibility. In this connection, it is worldwhile to quote Pandit Nehru who clearly stated, "While one wants this constitution to be solid and permanent as we can make it, there is no permanence in the Constitution. There should be certain flexibility. If you make anything rigid and permanent you stop the nation's growth, the growth of a living vital organic people.

Methods of Amendments Article 368 of the Constitution deals with procedure of amendments of the Constitution. It can be amended in three different ways:

1. An amendment of the Constitution may be initiated only by the introduction of a bill for the purpose in either house of Parliament and when a bill is passed in each house.

(i) By a majority of total membership of that house.

(ii) By a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that house present and voting, it shall be presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill and there upon the Constitution shall stand amended in accordance with the term of the Bill.

Most of the provisions of the Constitution can be amended by this procedure.

2. For amending certain provisions a special procedure to be followed, e.g.

(i) A Bill for the purpose must be passed in each house of parliament by a majority of total membership of the house.

(ii) By a majority of not less than two-third of the members of that house present and voting and

(iii) It should be notified by the legislatures of not less than one-half of the states before the Bill is presented to the President for assent.

The provisions requiring this special procedure to be followed include:

(a) Manner of the election of the President.

(b) Matters relating to the executive power of the Union and of the state.

(c) Representation of me states in Parliament.

(d) Matters relating to the Union Judiciary and High Courts in the states.

(e) Distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States.

(f) any of the list in the Seventh Schedule.

 

 

(g) Provisions of Article 368 relating to the procedure for amendment of the Constitution, etc.

3. There are certain provisions which require simple majority for amendments. They can be amended by the ordinary law making process they include:

(a) formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing ones.

(b) creation or abolition of legislative councils in the states.

(c) administration and control of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes.

(d) the salaries and allowances of the Supreme Court and High Court Judges.

(e) laws regarding citizenship, etc. It is significant that the laws passed by Parliament to change the above provisions would not be deemed to be amendments of the Constitution for the purpose of Article 368.

 

Scope ofAmendability: Basic Features

How far can the constitution be amended? Can any of its provisions be amended? Over the years, there has been some confusion over this issue. Until the Golak Nath Case (1967), the Supreme Court had been holding me view that no part of the Constitution is unamendable. In the Golak Nath case it was held that the Fundamental Rights cannot be amended. The decision was over turned in the Keshavananda Bharti Case (1973). However, it was also held by the Supreme Court that there are certain basic features of the Constitution that cannot be altered in the course of Parliament exercising its amending power under Article 368. As to what these basic features are, there seems to be no unanimous opinion. One may only reach certain broad conclusion on the matter, as pointed out by

Dr. D. D. Basu in his Introduction to the Constitution of India: that any part of the Constitution may be amended after complying with the procedure laid down in Article 368; a reference to a Constituent Assembly or a referendum is not required to amend any part of the Constitution; however, no provision of the Constitution can be amended if it takes away or destroys any of the basic features of the Constitution.

While no list of 'basic features' has been drawn up by the court, different judgements lead one to view the 'basic features' as -

(i) Supremacy of the Constitution,

(ii) Rule of law,

(iii) Separation of powers,

(iv) Objectives mentioned in the Preamble,

(v) Judicial review,

(vi) Federalism,

(vii) Securalism,

(viii) Soverign, democratic and republician structure,

(ix) Principle of equality and the essence of other Fundamental Rights,

(x) Social and economic justice,

(xi) balance between Part III and Part IV,

(xii) Concept of free and fair elections,

(xiii) independence of the judiciary,

(xiv) effective access of justice,

(xv) Limitations on the amending power, conferred by Article 368.

 

List of Amendments of the Constitution of India

C.A. Acts	Coverage	Date of Assembly Enforced since	Objectives
1st C.A. Act 1951	Amend articles 15, 19, 85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and 376. Insert articles 31 A and 3 IB. Insert Schedule 9.	18 June 1951	To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition laws and to place reasonable restriction on freedom to speech. A new constitutional device, called Schedule Ninth introduced to protect laws that are contrary to the Constitutionally guaranteed.
2nd C.A. Act 1952	Amend article 81(l)(b).	1 May 1953	Removed the upper population limit for a parliamentary constituency by amending Article 81 (1) (b).
3rd C.A. Act 1954	Amend schedule 7.	22 February 1955	Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule with relation to include trade and commerce in, and the production, supply and distribution of 4 classes of essential commodities, viz, foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and oils; cat.
4th C.A. Act 1955	Amend articles 31, 35 and 305. Amend 9th Schedule.	27 April 1955	Restriction on property rights and inclusion of related bills in 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
5th C.A. Act 1955	Amend article 3.	24 December 1955	Empowered the President to prescribe a time limit of a State Legislature to convey its views on proposed Central laws relating to the formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.
6th C.A. Act 1956	Amend articles 269 and 286. Amend 7th Schedule. Amend articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81, 82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170, 171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224, 230, 231 and 232.	11 September 1956	Amend the Union and State Lists with respect to raising of taxes.
7th C.A. Act 1956	Insert articles 258A, 290A, 298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A and 378A. Amend part 8. Amend schedules I, II, III and IV.	1 November 1956	Reorganization of states on linguistic lines, abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and introduction of Union Territories.
8th C.A. Act 1959	Amend article 334.	5 January 1960	Extended the period of reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies till 1970.
9th C.A. Act 1960	Amend I Schedule.	28 December 1960	Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc.
10th C.A. Act 1961	Amend article 240. Amend 1st Schedule.	11 August 1961	Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
11th C.A. Act 1961	Amend articles 66 and 71.	19 December 1961	Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of Parliament, Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure from challenge on grounds of existence.
12th C.A. Act 1962	1st Amend article 240. Amend Schedule.	20 December 1961	Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition from Portugal.
13th C.A. Act 1962	Amend article 170. Insert new article 371A.	1 December 1963	Formation of State of Nagaland, with special potection under Article 371A
14th C.A. Act 1962	Amend articles 81 and 240. Insert article 239A. Amend schedules 1 and 4.	28 December 1962	Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India and creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa.
15th C.A. Act 1963	Amend articles 124, 128, 217, 222, 224, 226, 297, 311 and 316. Insert article 224A. Amend 7th Schedule.	5 October 1963	Raise retirement age of High court judges from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments for rationalizing interpretation of rules regarding judges, etc.
16th C.A. Act 1963	Amend articles 19, 84 and 173. Amend 3rd Schedule.	5 October 1963	Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various obligtory templates..
17th C.A. Act 1964	Amend article 31A. Amend 9th schedule.	20 June 1964	To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land acquisition laws in 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
18th C.A. Act 1966	Amend article 3.	27 August 1966	Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories
19th C.A. Act 1966	Amend article 324.	11 December 1966	Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts.
20th C.A. Act 1966	Insert article 233A.	22 December 1966	Indemnity and validate judgements, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges and to validate the appoimnent, posting, promotion and transfer of judges barring a few who were not eligible for appointment under article 233.
21st C.A. Act 1967	Amend 8th Schedule.	10 April 1967	Include Sindhi as an Official Language.
22th C.A. Act 1969	Amend article 275. Insert articles 244A and 371B.	25 September 1969	Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam.
23th C.A. Act 1969	Amend articles 330, 332, 333 and 334.	23 January 1970	Discontinued reservation of seats for the Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assembly and stipulated that not more than one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the Governor to any State Legislative Assembly. Extend reservation for SC/ST and Anglo Indian members in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 1980.
24th C.A. Act 1971	Amend articles 13 and 369.	5 November 1971	Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through amendments to the Constitution.
25th C.A. Act 1971	Amend article 31. Insert article 31C. Insert article 31C.	20 April 1972	Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property.
26th C.A. Act 1971	Amend article 366. Insert article 363A. Remove articles 291 and 362.	28 December 1972	Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated Indian Republic.
27th C.A. Act 1971	Amend articles 239A and 240. Insert articles 239B and 371C.	15 February 1972	reorganization of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and Council of Ministers.
28th C.A. Act 1972	Insert article 312A. Remove article 314.	29 August 1972	Rationalize Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to independence and post independence.
29th C.A. Act 1972	Amend 9th Schedule.	9 June 1972	Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
30th C.A. Act 1972	Amend article 133.	27 February 1973	Change the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law.
31st C.A. Act 1973	Amend articles 81, 330 and 332.	17 October 1973	Increase size of Lok Sabha from 525 to 545 seats. Increased seats going to the new states formed in North East India and minor adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation exercise.
32rd C.A. Act 1973	Amend article 371. Insert articles 371D and 371E. Amend 7th Schedule.	1 July 1974	Protection of regional rights in Telengana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh.
33rd C.A. Act 1974	Amend articles 101 and 190.	19 May 1974	Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of Parliament and state legislature and the procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house speaker.
34th C.A. Act 1974	Amend 9th  Schedule	7 September 1974	Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
35th C.A. Act 1974	Amend articles 80 and 81. Insert article 2A. Insert schedule 10.	1 March 1974	Terms and Conditions for the incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India.
36th C.A. Act 1975	Amend articles 80 and 81. Insert article 371F. Amend 1st and 4th Schedules. Remove Schedule 10.	26 April 1975	Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union
37th C.A. Act 1975	Amend articles 239A and 240.	3 May 1975	Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly.
38th C.A. Act 1975	Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 352. 356, 359 and 360.	1 August 1975	Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances.
39th C.A. Act 1975	Amend articles 71 and 329. Insert article 329A. Amend schedule 9.	10 August 1975	Amendment designed to negate the judgement of Allahabad High Court invalidating Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election to Parliament. Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister.
40th C.A. Act 1976	Amend article 297. Amend 9th Schedule.	27 May 1976	Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India. Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act under 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
41st C.A. Act 1976	Amend article 316.	7 September 1976	Raise Retirement age Limit of Chairman and Members of Joint Public Service Commissions and State Public Service Commissions for sixty to sixty two.
42nd C.A. Act 1976	Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102, 103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166, 170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194, 208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356, 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and 371F. Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A, 43A, 48A. 131A, 139A, 144A, 226A, 228A and 257A. Insert parts 4A and 14A. Amend 7th Schedule.	1 April 1977	Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the Constitution by making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic
43rd C.A. Act 1977	Amend articles 145» 226, 228 and 366 Remove articles 31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A and 228A.	13 April 1978	Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Repeals some of the 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through 42nd Amendment Bill.
44th C.A. Act 1978	Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A, 31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103, 105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A, 150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213, 217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329, 352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and 371F. Insert articles 134A and 361A. Remove articles 31, 257A and 329A. Amend part 12. Amend 9th Schedule.	6 September 1978	Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country. Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and legislative authority. Annuls some Amendments enacted in 42nd Amendment Bill 42
45th C.A. Act 1980	Amend article 334.	25 January 1980	Extend reservation for SC/ST and nomination ofAnglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. upto 1990.
46th C.A. Act 1982	Amend articles 269, 286 and 366 Amend 7th Schedule.	2 February 1983	Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales Tax.
47th C.A. Act 1984	Amend 9th Schedule.	26 August 1984	Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
48th C.A. Act 1984	Amend article 356.	1 April 1985	Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab.
49th C.A. Act 1984	Amend article 244. Amend 5th and 6th Schedules.	11 September 1984	Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.
50th C.A. Act 1984	Amend article 33.	11 September 1984	Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protection property and communication infrastructure.
51st C.A. Act 1984	Amend articles 330 and 332.	16 June 1986	Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies.
52nd C.A. Act 1985	Amend articles 101, 102, 190 and 191. Insert schedule 10.	11 March 1985	Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of members from Parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other.
53rd C.A. Act 1986	Insert article 371G.	20 February 1987	Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
54th C.A. Act 1986	Amend articles 125 and 221. Amend 2nd Schedule.	1 April 1986	Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges and to provide for determining future increases without the need for constitutional amendment.
55th C.A. Act 1986	Insert article 371H.	20 February 1987	Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh.
56th C.A. Act 1987	Insert article 3711.	30 May 1987	Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa.
57th C.A. Act 1987	Amend article 332.	21 September 1987	Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies.
58th C.A. Act 1987	Insert article 394A. Amend part 22.	9 December 1987	Provision to public authentic Hindi translation of constitution as on date and provision to public authentic Hindi translation of future amendments.
59th C.A. Act 1988	Amend article 356. Insert article 359A.	30 March 1988       20 December 1988	Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years in the state of Punjab, Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of Punjab.
60th C.A. Act 1988	Amend article 276.		Profession Tax increased from a minimum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-
61st C.A. Act 1988	Amend article 326.	28 March 1989	Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18.
62nd C.A. Act 1989	Amend article 334.	20 December 1989	Extend reservation for SC/ST and nomination ofAnglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. upto 2000.
63rd C.A. Act 1989	Amend article 356. Remove article 359A.	6 January 1990	Emergency powers application to State of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per amendment 59th repealed.
64th C.A. Act 1990	Amend article 356.	16 April 1990	Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years and six months in the state of Punjab.
65th C.A. Act 1990	Amend article 338.	12 March 1990	National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers specified in the Constitution.
66th C.A. Act 1990	Amend 9th Schedule.	7 June 1990	Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
67th C.A. Act 1990	Amend article 356.	4 October 1990	Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in the state of Punjab.
68th C.A. Act 1991	Amend article 356.	12 March 1991	Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in the state of Punjab.
69th C.A. Act 1991	Insert articles 239AA and 239AB.	1 February 1992	To provide for a legislative assembly and Council of ministers for Federal National Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory.
70th C.A. Act 1992	Amend articles 54 and 239AA.	21 December 1991	Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in electoral college for Presidential Election.
71st C.A. Act 1992	Amend 8th Schedule.	31 August 1992	Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as Official Languages.
72nd C.A. Act 1992	Amend article 332.	5 December 1992	Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly.
73rd C.A. Act 1992	Insert part 9.	24 April 1993	Statutory provisions for Panchayat Raj as third level of administration in villages.
74th C.A. Act 1992	Insert part 9A.	1 June 1993	Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities.
75th C.A. Act 1993	Amend article 323B.	15 May 1994	Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals..
76th C.A. Act 1994	Amend 9th Schedule.	31 August 1994	Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the constitution.
77th C.A. Act 1995	Amend article 16.	17 June 1995	A technical amendment to protect reservation to SC/ST Employees in promotions.
78th C.A. Act 1995	Amend 9th Schedule.	30 August 1995	Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
79th C.A. Act 2000	Amend article 334.	25 January 2000	Extend reservation for SC/ST and nomination ofAnglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years, i.e. up to 2010.
80th C.A. Act 2000	Amend articles 269 and 270. Remove article 272.	9 June 2000	Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simply the tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states and the Centre.
81st C.A. Act 2000	Amend article 16.	9 June 2000	Protect SC/ST reservation in filling backlog of vacancies.
82nd C.A. Act 2000	Amend article 335.	8 September 2000	Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion for SC/ST candidates.
83rd C.A. Act 2000	Amend article 243M.	8 September 2000	Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj institutions.
84th C.A. Act 2001	Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330 and 332.	21 February 2002     4 January 2002	Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for statewise distribution of Parliamentary seats.
85th C.A. Act 2002	Amend article 16.		A technical amendment to protect Consequential seniority in case of promotions ofSC/ST Employees
86th C.A. Act 2002	Amend articles 45 and 51 A. Insert article 21A.	12 December 2002	Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early childhood care until the age of six.
87th C.A. Act 2003	Amend articles 81, 82, 170 and 330.	22 June 2003	Extend the usage of 2001 National Census population figures for statewise distribution of parliamentary seats.
88th C.A. Act 2003	Amend article 270. Insert article 268A.	15 January 2004	To extend statutory cover for levy and utilization of Service Tax.
89th C.A. Act 2003	Amend 7th Schedule.   Amend article 338. Insert article 338A.	28 September 2003.	The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.
90th C.A. Act 2003	Amend article 332.	28 September 2003	Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area.
91stC.A. Act 2003	Amend articles 75 and 164. Insert article 361 B. Amend 10th Schedule.	1 January 2004	Restrict the size of council of Ministers to 15 % of legislative members and to strengthen Anti Defection laws.
92nd C.A. Act 2003	Amend 8th Schedule.	7 January 2004	Include Bodo, Dogri, Santhali, Maithali as official languages.
93rd C.A. Act 2005	Amend article 15.	20 January 2006	To enable provision of reservation (27%) for Other Backward Classes (O.B.C.) in government as well as private educational institutions.
94th C.A. Act 2006	Amend article 164.	12 June 2006	To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States including Madhyapradesh, Orrissa.
95th C.A. Act 2009	Amend article 334.	25 January 2010	To extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states assemblies from Sixty years to Seventy years.
96th C.A. Act 2011	Amend schedule 8.	23 September 2011	Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya"
97th C.A. Act 2011	Amend Art 19 and added Part IXB.	12 January 2012	Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or unions" in Article 19(1) (c) and insertion of article 43B, i.e. Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part- IXB, i.e. the Co-operative Societies. The amendment objective is to encourage economic activities of cooperatives which in turn help progress of rural India. It is expected to not only ensure autonomous and democratic functioning of cooperatives, but also the accountability of the management to the members and other stakeholders.
98th C.A. Act 2012	To insert Article 371J in the Constitution	2 January 2013	To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Kamataka Region.
99th C.A. Act 2014	Amend Article 127,128 Insert new Articles 124 A, 124 B & 124 C.	13 April 2015	Amendment provides for the formation of a National Indician Appointments Commission.
100th C.A. Act 2015	Amendment of First Schedule to Constitution.	1 August 2015	To operationalise the land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh.
To be added till date 101st C.A. Act 2016	Amendment of Arts 248-250, 268- 271, 286, 368 Deleted Art. 268A & [107] Amend Schedule VI & VII.	8 September 2016	To implement Goods & Service Tax (GST).

 

Article List

 

Part / Schedule	Chapter	Articles	Subject matter
I		1-4	The Union and its Territory
II		5-11	Citizenship
III		12-35	Fundamental Rights
IV		36-51	Directive Principles of State Policy
IV A		51 A	Fundamental Duties
V		52-151	The Union
	I	52-78	The Executive - The President and Vice President, Council of Ministers, The Attorney General for India, Conduct of Government Business, Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.
	II	79-122	Parliament, Conduct of business. Disqualifications of Members, Legislative procedure etc.
	III	123	Legislative powers of the President.
	IV	124-147	The Union Judiciary.
	V	148-151	Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
VI		152-237	The States
	I	152	Definition
	II	153-167	The Executive - The Governor, Council of Ministers, The Advocate-General for the State, Conduct of Government business, Duties of Chief Minister in respects of furnishing of information to Governor, etc.
	III	168-212	The State Legislature, Disqualification of Members, Legislative Procedure, etc.
	IV	213	Legislative power of the Governor.
	V	214-232	The High Courts in the States.
	VI	233-237	Subordinate Courts.
VII		238	Repealed.
VIII		239-242	The Union Territories - administration. High Courts for Union Territories etc.
IX		243-243 O	The Panchayats.
IX A		243 P-243 ZG	The Municipalities.
X		244-244 A	The Scheduled and Tribal Areas.
XI		245-263	Relations between the Union and the States
	I	245-255	Legislative Relations - distribution of legislative powers, residuary powers of legislation, etc.
	II	256-263	Administrative Relations.
XII		264-300A	Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
	I	264-291	Finance - taxes, grants. Finance Commission, recommendations of Finance Commission, exemption from taxes etc.
	II	292-293	Borrowing - by the Government of India and by States.
	III	294-300	Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits and proceedings.
	IV	300 A	Right to Property.
XIII		301-307	Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the territory of India.
XIV		308-323	Services under the Union and the States
	I	308-314	Services - recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or State,
	II	315-323	Public Service Commissions.
XIV		323 A-323 B	Tribunals.
XV		324-329 A	Elections.
XVI		330-342	Special Provisions relating to certain Classes- Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in House of the People, etc. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
XVII		343-351	Official Language
	I	343-344	Language of the Union.
	II	345-347	Regional Languages.
	III	348-349	Language of the Supreme Court, High Court, etc.
	IV	350-351	Special Directives,
XVIII		352-360	Emergency Provisions,
XIX		361-367	Miscellaneous - protection of President, Governors and Rajpramukhs, abolition of privy purses, special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes, etc.
XX		368	Amendment of the Constitution - Power of Parliament and procedure.
XXI		369-392	Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions.
XXII		393-395	Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals.

 

 

Part I: The Union And Its Territory

1. Name and territory of the Union.
2. Admission or establishment of new States. 2A [Repealed.]
3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States.
4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.

Part II: Citizenship

5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan.
7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan.
8. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India.
9. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens.
10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship.
11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

Part III: Fundamental Rights

General

13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights.

Right to Equality

14. Equality before law.
15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.
17. Abolition of Untouchability.
18. Abolition of titles.

Right to Freedom

19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
20. Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
21. Protection of life and personal liberty.
22. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.

Right against Exploitation

23. Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour.
24. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc,

Right to Freedom of Religion

25. Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
26. Freedom to manage religious affairs.
27. Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.
28. Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.

Cultural and Educational Rights

29. Protection of interests of minorities.
30. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.
31. [Repealed.]

Saving of Certain Laws

31A      Saving of Laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc.

31B      Validation of certain Acts and Regulations.

31C      Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles.

            [Repealed.]

Right to Constitutional Remedies

32. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part.

32A      [Repealed.]

33. Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc.
34. Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area.
35. Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.

 

Part IV: Directive Principles Of State Policy

37. Application of the principles contained in this Part.
38. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people.
39. Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State.

39A      Equal justice and free legal aid.

40. Organisation of village panchayats.
41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases.
42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief.
43. Living wage, etc., for workers.

43A      Participation of workers in management of industries.

44. Uniform civil code for the citizens.
45. Provision for free and compulsory education for children.
46. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections.
47. Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
48. Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry.

48A      Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life.

49. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance.
50. Separation of judiciary from executive.
51. Promotion of international peace and security.

Part IVA: Fundamental duties

51A      Fundamental duties.

Part V: The Union

Chapter I. The Executive

The President and Vice-President

52. The President of India.
53. Executive power of the Union.
54. Election of President.
55. Manner of election of President.
56. Term of office of President.
57. Eligibility for re-election.
58. Qualifications for election as President.
59. Conditions of President's office.
60. Oath or affirmation by the President.
61. Procedure for impeachment of the President.
62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
63. The Vice-President of India.
64. The Vice-President to be ex offieio Chairman of the Council of States.
65. The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President.
66. Election of Vice-President.
67. Term of office of Vice-President.
68. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy.
69. Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President.
70. Discharge of President's functions in other contingencies.
71. Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President.
72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
73. Extent of executive power of the Union.

Council of Ministers

74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President.
75. Other provisions as to Ministers.

The Attorney-General for India

76. Attorney-General for India.

Conduct of Government Business

77. Conduct of business of the Government of India.
78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.

Chapter II. Parliament

General

79. Constitution of Parliament.
80. Composition of the Council of States.
81. Composition of the House of the People.
82. Readjustment after each census.
83. Duration of Houses of Parliament.
84. Qualification for membership of Parliament.
85. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution.
86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses.
87. Special address by the President.
88. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses.

Officers of Parliament

89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.
90. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman.
91. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
92. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
93. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People.
94. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker.
96. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
97. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
98. Secretariat of Parliament.

Conduct of Business

99. Oath or affirmation by members.
100. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.

Disqualifications of Members

101. Vacation of seats.
102. Disqualifications for membership.
103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article or when not qualified or when disqualified.

Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members

105. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof.
106. Salaries and allowances of members.

Legislative Procedure

107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
109. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
110. Definition of "Money Bills".
111. Assent to Bills.

Procedure in Financial Matters

112. Annual financial statement.
113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates.
114. Appropriation Bills.
115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
117. Special provisions as to financial Bills.

Procedure Generally

118. Rules of procedure.
119. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business.
120. Language to be used in Parliament.
121. Restriction on discussion in Parliament.
122. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.

Chapter III. Legislative Powers of the President

123. Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament.

Chapter IV. The Union Judiciary

124. Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court.
125. Salaries, etc., of Judges.
126. Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
127. Appointment of ad hoc judges.
128. Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court.
129. Supreme Court to be a court of record.
130. Seat of Supreme Court.
131. Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

131A     [Repealed.]

132. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases.
133. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters.
134. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters.

134A     Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court.

135. Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court.
136. Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court.
137. Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court.
138. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
139. Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs.

139A     Transfer of certain cases.

140. Ancillary powers of Supreme Court.
141. Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts.
142. Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc.
143. Power of President to consult Supreme Court.
144. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court.

144A     [Repealed.]

145. Rules of Court, etc.
146. Officers and servants and the expenses of toe Supreme Court.

Chapter V. Comptroller and Auditor General of India

148. Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
149. Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor- General.
150. Form of accounts of the Union and of the States.
151. Audit reports.

Part VI: The States

Chapter I. General

Chapter II. The Executive

The Governor

153. Governors of States.
154. Executive power of State.
155. Appointment of Governor.
156. Term of office of Governor.
157. Qualifications for appointment as Governor.
158. Conditions of Governor's office
159. Oath or affirmation by the Governor.
160. Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies.
161. Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases.
162. Extent of executive power of State.

Council of Ministers

163. Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor.
164. Other provisions as to Ministers.

The Advocate-General for the State

165. Advocate-General for the State.

Conduct of Government Business

166. Conduct of business of the Government of a State.
167. Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.

Chapter III. The State Legislature

General

168. Constitution of Legislatures in States.
169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States.
170. Composition of the Legislative Assemblies.
171. Composition of the Legislative Councils.
172. Duration of State Legislatures.
173. Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.
174. Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution.
175. Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses.
176. Special address by the Governor.
177. Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses.

Officers of the State Legislature

178. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly.
179. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
180. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as. Speaker.
181. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
182. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council.
183. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman.
184. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman.
185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration.
186. Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy

Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman.

187. Secretariat of State Legislature.

Conduct of Business

188. Oath or affirmation by members.
189. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum.

Disqualifications of Members

190. Vacation of seats.
191. Disqualifications for membership.
192. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members.
193. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified.

Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members

194. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof.
195. Salaries and allowances of members.

Legislative Procedure

196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills.
197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills.
198. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills.
199. Definition of " Money Bills ".
200. Assent to Bills.
201. Bills reserved for consideration.

Procedure in Financial Matters

202. Annual financial statement.
203. Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates.
204. Appropriation Bills.
205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants.
206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants.
207. Special provisions as to financial Bills.

Procedure Generally

208. Rules of procedure.
209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the

State in relation to financial business.

210. Language to be used in the Legislature.
211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature.
212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature

Chapter IV: Legislative Power of The Governor

213. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.

Chapter V: The High Courts in the States

214. High Courts for States.
215. High Courts to be courts of record.
216. Constitution of High Courts.
217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court.
218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts.
219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts.
220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge.
221. Salaries, etc., of Judges.
222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another.
223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice.
224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges.

224A     Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts.

225. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts.
226. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs.

226A     [Repealed..]

227. Power of superintendence over aH courts by the High Court.
228. Transfer of certain cases to High Court.

228A     [Repealed.]

229. Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts.
230. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories.
231. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.
232. Not Available

 

Chapter VI: Subordinate Courts

233. Appointment of district judges.

233A.    Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges.

234. Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service.
235. Control over subordinate courts.
237. Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.

 

Part VII: The States In Part B Of The First Schedule

238. [Repealed.]

 

Part VIII: The Union Territories

239. Administration of Union territories.

239       (A) Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories.

239       (A) Special provisions with respect to Delhi.

239       (AA) Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery.

239       (AB) Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.

240. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union territories.
241. High Courts for Union territories.
242. [Repealed.]

 

Part IX: The Panchayats

243A     GramSabha.

243B     Constitution of Panchayats.

243C     Composition of Panchayats.

243D     Reservation of seats.

243E     Duration of Panchayats, etc.

243F     Disqualifications for membership.

243G    Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats.

243H    Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats.

243-I     Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position.

243J     Audit of accounts of Pachayats.

243K     Elections to the Panchayats.

243L     Application to Union territories.

243M    Part not to apply to certain areas.

243N     Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats.

243-O   Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

 

Part IXA: The Municipalities

243P     Definitions.

243Q    Constitution of Municipalities.

243R     Composition of Municipalities.

243S     Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc.

243T     Reservation of seats.

243U     Duration of Municipalities, etc.

243V     Disqualifications for membership.

243W    Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc.

243X     Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities.

243       Finance Commission.

243Z     Audit of accounts of Municipalities.

243ZA   Elections to the Municipalities.

243ZB   Application to Union territories.

243ZC   Part not to apply to certain areas.

243ZD   Committee for district planning.

243ZE   Committee for Metropolitan planning.

243ZF   Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities.

243ZG   Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters.

 

Part X: The Scheduled and Tribal Areas

244. Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas.

244A     Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.

 

Part XI; Relations Between The Union and The States

Chapter I: Legislative Relations

Distribution of Legislative Powers

245. Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
246. Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States.
247. Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts.
248. Residuary powers of legislation.
249. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest.
250. Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
251. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
252. Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State.
253. Legislation for giving effect to international agreements.
254. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States.
255. Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded- as matters of procedure only.

Chapter II. Administrative Relations

General

256. Obligation of States and the Union.
257. Control of the Union over States in certain cases.

257A     [Repealed.]

258. Power of the Union to confer powers, etc. on States in certain cases.

258A     Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union.

259. [Repealed.]
260. Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India.
261. Public acts, records and judicial proceedings.

Disputes relating to Waters

262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys.

Co-ordination between States

263. Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.

 

Part XIII Finance, Property, Contracts And Suits

Chapter I. Finance

General

265. Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law.
266. Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States.
267. Contingency Fund.

Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States.

268. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State.
269. Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States.
270. Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States.
271. Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.
272. [Repealed.]
273. Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products.
274. Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested.
275. Grants from the Union to certain States.
276. Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.
278. [Repealed.]
279. Calculation of "net proceeds", etc.
280. Finance Commission.
281. Recommendations of the Finance Commission.

Miscellaneous financial provisions

282. Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues.
283. Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts.
284. Custody of suitors' deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts.
285. Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation.
286. Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods.
287. Exemption from taxes on electricity.
288. Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases.
289. Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation.
290. Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions.

290A     Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds.

291. [Repealed.]

 

Chapter II. Borrowing

292. Borrowing by the Government of India.
293. Borrowing by States.

Chapter III. Property, Contracts, Rights, Liabilities,

Obligations and Suits

294. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases.
295. Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases.
296. Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia.
297. Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union.
298. Power to carry on trade, etc.
300. Suits and proceedings.

Chapter IV. Right to Property

300A     Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.

 

Part XII: Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India

301. Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse.
302. Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse.
303. Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce.
304. Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States.
305. Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies.
306. [Repealed.]
307. Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.

 

Part XIV: Services Under the Union and the States

Chapter I. Services

309. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State.
310. Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State.
311. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State.
312. All-India services.

312A     Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services.

313. Transitional provisions.
314. [Repeated.]

Chapter II. Public Service Commissions

315. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States.
316. Appointment and term of office of members.
317. Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission.
318. Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission.
319. Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members.
320. Functions of Public Service Commissions.
321. Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions.
322. Expenses of Public Service Commissions.
323. Reports of Public Service Commissions.

 

Part XIVA: Tribunals

323A     Administrative tribunals.

323B     Tribunals for other matters.

 

Part XV: Elections

324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission.
325. No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex.
326. Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage.
327. Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures.
328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature.
329. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

329A     [Repealed.]

 

Part XVI: Special Provisions Relating to Relating to Certain Classes

330. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.
331. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People.
332. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
333. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States.
334. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.
335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
336. Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.
337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of Anglo-Indian Community.
338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes.

338       A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

339. Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes.
340. Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
341. Scheduled Castes.
342. Scheduled Tribes.

 

Part XVII: Official Language

Chapter I. Language of the Union

343. Official language of the Union.
344. Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.

Chapter II. Regional Languages

345. Official language or languages of a State.
346. Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union.
347. Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.

Chapter III. Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, Etc.

348. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.
349. Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.

Chapter IV. Special Directives

350. Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances.

350A     Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage.

350B     Special Officer for linguistic minorities.

351. Directive for development of the Hindi language.

 

Part XVIII: Emergency Provisions

352. Proclamation of Emergency.
353. Effect of Proclamation of Emergency.
354. Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation.
355. Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance.
356. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States.
357. Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356.
358. Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies.
359. Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies.

359A     [Repealed.]

360. Provisions as to financial emergency.

 

Part XIX; Miscellaneous

361. Protection of President and Governors and Rajprakukhs.

361A     Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures.

361B     Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post.

362. [Repealed.]
363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc.

363A     Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States 10 cease and privy purses to be abolished.

364. Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes.
365. Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union.

 

Part XX; Amendment of the Constitution

368. Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.

 

Part XXI: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions

369. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List.
370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
371. Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat.

371A     Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland.

371B     Special provision with respect to the State of Assam.

371C     Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur.

371D     Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.

371E     Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh.

371F     Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim.

371G    Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.

371H    Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.

371-I     Special provision with respect to the State of Goa.

372. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation.

372A     Power of the President to adapt laws.

373. Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases.
374. Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council.
375. Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution.
376. Provisions as to Judges of High Courts.
377. Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India.
378. Provisions as to Public Service Commissions.

378A     Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly.

379. [Repealed.]
380. [Repealed.]
381. [Repealed.]
382. [Repealed.]
383. [Repealed.]
384. [Repealed.]
385. [Repealed.]
386. [Repealed.]
387. [Repealed.]
388. [Repealed.]
389. [Repealed.]
390. [Repealed.]
391. [Repealed.]
392. Power of the President to remove difficulties.

 

Part XXII: Short   Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text

In Hindi and Repeals

393. Short title.

394A     Authoritative text in the Hindi language.