Short Notes - World History
Category : UPSC
WORLD HISTORY
World Ancient History
Mesopotamian Civilization
Time Period |
Events |
5000-3500 BC |
The first city built by Sumerian people in southern Mesopotamia. |
3500 BC |
Writing started with pictogram based script and took about a thousand year to be evolved in full cuneiform script. |
2300 BC |
The first akkadian ruler Sargon started to conquer Sumerian cities |
2112-2095 BC |
The central city of Ur was built by Ur-Nammu and called as the third dynasty of Mesopotamian. |
1792-49BC |
Development of Babylonian civilization by king Hammurabi along Euphrates River. |
1530 BC |
Kassite came into being in Hammurabi's rule in 1750 BC and categorized into minorities of Mesopotamia. |
1500 BC |
Northern Mesopotamia is conquered by an Indo-European ruler called Mittani. He has also conquered Syria and Asia Minor. |
1200-900 BC |
Assyria started to lose its importance due to political instability engulfing Anatolia Syria and the Levant coast. |
Egyptian Civilization
Time Period |
Events |
5000BC |
Farming started along the bank of Nile River. |
3500-3000 BC |
Starting of Pre dynastic period which was characterized by permanent settlement. |
2650BC |
Old kingdom began to flourish which was known to be the era of dynamic development of Egyptian art. |
12575-2465 BC |
Pharaoh Khufu built Great pyramid of Giza having a height of 481 feet |
2381-2345 BC |
The Old Kingdom ended during the realm of Unas. |
12055-1650 BC |
The era of middle kingdom started with reunion of Egypt. |
1539 BC |
With the expulsion of the Hyksos and reunification of Egypt, it became the leading power in the Middle East. | |
1344-1328 BC |
The first ever instance of monotheism had been illustrated by the religious reforms of pharaoh Akhenaton. |
1336-1327 BC |
The realm of Tutankhamen. |
1279-1213 BC |
The existence of Ramses Realm when Egypt experienced the heigh- of its power. |
728 BC |
Nubian kings took over the power of Egypt. |
639 BC |
The period of revival started with the expulsion of Assyrians by Egyptians. |
525 BC |
Persians started ruling the Egypt. |
332 BC |
Alexander the great conquered Egypt. |
305BC |
A greek-speaking dynasty was established by one of the generals of Alexander the Great. |
30 BC |
The last queen of independent Egypt died and Roman empire occupied Egypt |
Greek Civilization
Time Period |
Events |
776 BC |
The first official date of Olympic Games |
750BC |
Greek started planting colonies on the Mediterranean coast |
490-479 |
Athens and Sparta took lead for defending their land against invasion from the huge Persian Empire |
447BC |
Athenian Empire was at the height of its power |
431-404 |
Athens was defeated by Sparta in the Second Peloponnesian War |
399 |
Socrates, the famous philosopher of Athens was sentenced to death as he was questioning conventional ideas |
338 |
The Greek city-states were defeated by King Phillip II of Macedon |
Roman Civilization
Time Period |
Events |
753 BC |
Rome was founded |
509BC |
Roman republic was built |
390BC |
Rome was sacked by the Gauls |
264-241BC |
First Punic War between Carthage and Rome took place |
218-202 BC |
Second Punic War consisting of several small battles took place where Rome was the ultimate winner |
83-31 BC |
Decline of Roman Republic due to the continuous phases of civil wars |
27 BC |
Augustus established himself as the first of the Roman emperors |
117AD |
Roman Empire became the largest empire of its time |
312AD |
Constantine the Great got converted to Christianity |
410AD |
Goths sacked Roman Empire |
476AD |
The last Roman emperor was thrown out by German Tribes |
Seven wonders of Ancient World
World Medieval History
MEDIEVAL EUROPE CIVILIZATION
Time Period |
Events |
500-600 AD |
· A monastery was built in Italy. · Christianity was introduced in England. · The foundation stone of Roman Catholic Church was laid by Gregory the Great. |
650-700 AD |
History of the English Church and People was written by Bede |
800 AD |
Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor. |
850-900 AD |
First Russian states founded at Kiev and Novgorod |
900-950 AD |
Viking raids across Western Europe |
1000-1050 |
Medical school set up in Salerno, Italy (1030) |
1050-1100 AD |
· William of Normandy invaded England and becomes king · First Crusade was pro-claimed |
1150-1200 AD |
Construction of the cathedral of Notre Dame
|
1200-1250 AD |
· St Francis of Assist sets up a monastic order, emphasizing austerity and compassion · Rebellion against the king by the Lords of England as he signed the Magna Carta, accepting to rule according to law. |
1250-1300 AD |
Establishment of the Habsburg dynasty that continued to rule Austria till 1918 |
AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
Time Period |
Events |
830AD |
Ghana Empire was created |
1050- 1100AD |
Expansion of Almoravid kingdom from Ghana to southern Spain |
1100-1150AD |
Emergence of Zimbabwe as a centre for producing gold and copper artifacts and long distance trade. |
1200-1250AD |
· Christian churches established in Ethiopia · Kingdom of Mali was established in West Africa, with Timbuktu as a centre of learning |
1375 AD |
Gao rebelled against and Songhai started to expand its realm |
1465 AD |
Songhai conquered Mema and after three years seized Timbaktu |
1588-91 AD |
Songahi was attacked by Moroccan forces with firearms and they kept on conquering Tondibi, Timbuktu and Gao one after the other |
ARAB CIVILIZATION
Time Period |
Events |
571AD |
· The great Prophet of Islam, was born in Mecca · With the rise of new religion Islam, the Arab civilization started expanding its realm |
632AD |
After the death of Mohammad his successors continued to spread his teachings and were known as Caliphs or Khalifas |
13th Century AD |
The Islamic Empire came to an end with the defeat of Abbasids by Seljuq Turks |
Islam in Arab Civilization
Christianity
Zoroastrianism (Parsi)
Medieval China
Contributions of Medieval China
World Modern History
Renaissance
The European era between 14"' to 17"' pnturies AD was designated as the Age ,f Renaissance generally known for "Revival of Learning". The Florence city nf Italian reion Tuscany was well known as the birth place of Renaissance.
It is said to have began from the capture of Constantinople (at present Istanbul) bv the Turk in 1453 and the dispersal of the scholars throughout Europe, who sought asylum in Italy.
Great Litterateurs of Renaissance
Italian |
Dante ( ?Divine Comedy?), Petrarch ( founder of Humanism & known as the ?father of Humanism), Boccacio ( Decameron?),Machiavelli ( ?The prince?) |
Spanish |
Cervantes (?Don Quixote?) |
Portu- guese |
Comeos (?The Lusiad?). |
Dutch |
Erasmus (?In the praise of Folly?). |
French |
Rebelais (?Pantagruel? & ?Garhantua?), Montaigne (?Essais?). |
German |
Thomas Kempis (?The Imitation of Christ?). |
English |
Claucer (?Canterbury Tales?),Spenser (?The faerie queen?), Bacon (?The Advancement of Learning?) Shakespeare (?Romeo & Juliet?, ?The Merchant of Venice?, ?As You Like It? ?Julieus Caesar?, ?Hamlet?, Macbeth), Thomas More (?Utopia?). |
Reformation: It was a social movement, started by Martin Luther in Wittenburg, Germany in 1517 by publically protesting against the sale of letters of Indulgence [as passport to heaven).
Glorious Revolution: It was glorious be- cause of Bloodless Revolution focused on securing freedom of worship from Catholics and unifying whigs and Tones of Anglican church against the Roman Catholic ruler James-II.
Industrial Revolution: It was the pro- cess of change in earning livelihood by adopting industrial processes rather than agriculture in 18th century in Britain. It was due to technological inventi-ons, egs. Spinning jenny power loom, etc.
American Revolution: It was the mutiny of people leaving in 13 colonies of Eng- land in North America in late 18th century
French Revolution
Russian Revolution
Geographical Discoveries
Discovery |
Year |
Discover ( Nationality ) |
Sponsored by |
Cape of Good Hope |
1487 |
Bartholomew Diaz (Portuguese) |
Portugal |
America |
1492 |
Christopher Columbus (Geneo, Italian) |
Spain |
Newfound land |
1497 |
John Cabot (Italian) |
England |
Sea-route of India via Cape of Good Hope |
1498 |
Vasco da Gama (Portuguese) |
Portugal |
Brazil |
1500 |
Pedro Alvarez Cabral (Portu- guese) |
Portugal |
Strait of Magellan |
1520 |
Magellan (Portuguese) |
Spain |
Island of Tasmania & New Zealand |
1642 |
Tasman (Dutch) |
Holland |
Sandwich Island/Hawaiian Island |
1770 |
Captain James Cook (British) |
England |
North Pole |
1909 |
Robert Peary (American) |
USA |
South Pole |
1911 |
Amundsen (Norwegian) |
Norway |
World Wars-I & II and other Warsf
War |
Countries |
Duration |
Causes |
Consequences |
I |
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey (i.e Central powers) Vs. France, Russia, Britain, US, Italy (i.e. Allies or Entente Powers) |
28-07-1914 to 11-11- 1918 |
1, Murder of Austrian King A. Ferdin and 2. Militarism... |
1. End of German, Russian, Ottoman, etc. empires 2. Formation of league of Nation |
II |
Britain, France, USSR, US, (i.e. Allies or Entente Powers) vs. Germany, Italy & Japan (i.e. Axis or Central Powers) |
01-09-1939 to 02-09- 1945 |
1. Conflict between German & Poland 2. Treaty of Versailles (1919) |
1. Collapse of Nazi Germany 2. Fall of Japanese & Italian Empires |
Trojan War |
City of Troy Vs. City of Sparta |
10 years |
Kidnapping of Queen Helen |
Victory of Greek & destruction of Troy |
Persian War |
Greek vs. Persia |
499 BC to 449 BC |
Darius I of Persia attacked Athens |
Victory of Greek over Persia |
Hundred Years War |
France vs. England |
1453 B.C. to 1337 B.C. |
King Edward III & England invaded France |
Victory of France over England |
Russo- Japanese War |
Russia vs. Japan |
1904 to 1905 AD |
For imperial authority over Manchuria & Korea |
Japanese won the war |
Vietnam War |
Vietnam with Soviet union vs. China |
1955 to 1975 |
To check spread of communism all over South-Asia |
? Victory of North Vietnam ? American forces backed out from China |
Iraq-Iran War |
Iran vs. Iraq |
1980 to 1988 AD |
Border disputes between them |
Iranian invasion failed |
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