# 6th Class Mathematics Miscellaneous Miscellaneous

Miscellaneous

Category : 6th Class

FACE VALUE

The face value of a number does not change regardless of the place it occupies. Therefore, the face value of a number is the number itself.

For example: 781 face value of 7 = 7.

Face value of 8 = 8, Face value of 1 = 1.

SUCCESSOR

Successor of every number comes just after the number. It is obtained by adding 1 to the given number.

For example: Successor of 28 = 28 + 1 = 29

Successor of 79 = 79 + 1 = 80.

PREDECESSOR

Predecessor of every number comes just before the number.

It is obtained by subtracting 1 from the given number.

For example: Predecessor of 28 = 28 - 1 = 27

Predecessor of 30 = 30 - 1 = 29

1. If two positive or two negative integers are added, we add their values without considering their signs and put common sign before the sum.

+36 + 27

+ 36

+ 27

+ 63

1. To add a positive and a negative integer, we calculate the difference in their numerical values regardless of their signs and put the sign of greater numerical value integer to the value of difference.

+36 - 27

+36

-27

+ 9

1. Closure property of addition: The sum of two integers is always an integer.

Examples: (i) 4 + 3 = 7, which is an integer

(ii) 4 + (-3) = 1, which is an integer

(iii) - 4 + 3 = - 1, which is an integer

(iv) - 4 + (-3) = -7, which is an integer

1. Commutative law of addition: If x and y are any two integers, then,

x + y = y+ x

Examples:

(i) – 7 + 8 = 1 and 8 + (-7) = 1

$\therefore$   -7 + 8 = 8 + (-7)

(ii) (-5) + (-8) = -13 and (-8) + (-5) = -13

$\therefore$   (-5) + (-8) = (-8) + (-5)

1. Associative law of addition: If x, y and z are any three integers then

(x + y) + z = x + (y + z)

Example:             {(-5) + (- 6)} + 7 = -11 + 7 = -4

(-5) + {(- 6) + 7} = -5 + 1 = - 4

$\therefore$  {(-5) + (- 6)} + 7 = - 5 + {(-6) + 7}

SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS

For any integers x and y, we define.

(i)   x - y = x + (additive inverse of y)$=x+(-y)$

(ii) x - (- y) = x + {additive inverse of (- y)} = x + y

PROPERTIES OF SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS

1. Closure property for subtraction: If x and y are any integer, then x - y is always an integer.

Examples:

(i) 3 - 5 = - 2, which is an integer

(ii) (-3) - 6 = - 9, which is an integer

1. Subtraction of an integer is not commutative:

Examples:

(i) Consider the integers 2 and 4, we have

(2 - 4) = 2 + (- 4) = -2 and (4 - 2) = 4 + (-2) = 2

$\therefore \,\,(2-4)\ne (4-2)$.

(ii) Consider the integers (-5) and 3 we have

(-5) -3 = (-5) + (- 3) = -8 and 3 - (-5) = 8

$\therefore \,\,(-5)-3\ne -3-(-5)$

1. Subtraction of integers is not associative: Consider the integers 4, (-5) and (-6), we have.

{4 - (-5)} - (-6) = (4 + 5) - (- 6) = 9 - (- 6) = 9 + 6 = 15

4 - {(-5) - (-6)} = 4 - {(-5) + 6} = 4 - 1 = 3

{4 - (-5)} - (-6) ^ 4 - {(-5) - (- 6)}

MULTIPLICATION OF INTEGERS

Rule 1: To find the product of two integers with unlike sign, first get their product regardless to their signs, then give minus sign to the product.

Examples:

$(-40)\times 9$

= - 360

Rule 2: To find the product of two integers with like signs, first find their product regardless to their signs then put plus sign to product.

Examples:

$3\times 5$

= + 15

PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION OF INTEGERS

1. Closure properties for multiplication: The product of two integers is always an integer.

Examples:

(i) $3\times 2=6$, which is an integer

(ii) $(-3)\,\times 2=-6,$ which is an integer

1. Commutative law of multiplication: For any two integers x and y, we have.

$(x\times y)=(y\,\times x)$

Examples:

(i) $2\times (-6)=-12$ and $(-6)\times 2=-12$

$\therefore \,\,2\times (-6)=(-6)\times 2$

(ii) $(-3)\times (-7)\,=21$ and $(-7)\times (-3)\,=21$

$\therefore \,(-3)\,\times (-7)\,=(-7)\,\times (-3)$

1. Associative law of multiplication: For any integers x, y and z, we have

Examples:

Consider the integers 3, (- 4) and (-5), we have

$\{3\times (-4)\}\times (-5)\,=-12\times (-5)=60$

and        $3\times \{(-4)\times (-5)\}=3\times 20=60$

$\therefore$  $\{3\times (-4)\}\,\times (-5)\,=3\times \,\{(-4)\times (-5)\}$

DIVISION OF INTEGERS

Rule 1: To find the division of two integers with unlike sign, first get their quotient regardless to their signs, then give minus sign to the product.

Example:

$-74\div 2$

$=\frac{-74}{2}$

= - 37

Rule 2: To find the division of two integers with like signs, first find their product regardless to their signs then put plus sign to quotient.

Example:

$48\pm 6$

$=\frac{48}{6}$

= 8

PROPERTIES OF DIVISION OF INTEGERS:

1. If x and y are integers then $(x\div y)$ is not necessarily an integer

Example:

(i)   12 and 5 are both integer but (12 - 5) is not an integer.

(ii) (-12) and 5 are both integer. But [(-12) - 5)] is not an integer.

1. If x is an integer and x 0, then x - x = 1

Examples:

(i) $10\div 10=1$

(ii) $(-5)\div (-5)=1$

1. If x is an integer, then $(x\div 1)=x$

Examples:

(i) $5\div 1=5$

(ii) $(-5)\div 1=(-5)$

1. If x is an integer and $x\ne 0,$ then $(0\div x)=0$ but $(x\div 0)$ is not meaningful.

Examples:

(i) $0\div 9=0$

(ii) $0\div (-9)=0$

BODMAS RULE

When a single expression contains many mathematical operations then BODMAS rules are used for multiplication of the expression the word BODMAS has been arranged according to the priority of the operations.

BODMAS STANDS FOR

B stands for Bracket

O stands for of

D stands for Division

M stands for Multiplication

S stands for Subtraction

BRACKET

Sometimes in complex expressions, we require a set of operations to be performed prior to the others. Here we make use of brackets. Brackets which are commonly used are:

Bracket Name

()      Parentheses or common bracket

{}       Brace or curly bracket

[ ]     Square on box bracket

ELIMINATION OF BRACKETS

The solution of the expression is obtained by eliminating the brackets.

For example:

Steps to simplify the expression $[\{2+4)\times 5\}-1]:$

1st step: Eliminate the common bracket by adding 2 and $4=[\{6\times 5\}-1]$

2nd step: Eliminate the curly bracket by multiplying 6 and 5 = [30 - 1]

3rd step: Eliminate the box bracket by subtracting 30 and 1 = 29

The solution of the given expression is 29.

DIVISION OF ALGEBRIC EXPRESSION

To divide one polynomial to other (i) keep the polynomials which is to be divided in division form (ii) then divide first term of dividend by first term of divisor and write quotient (iii) then write the product of quotient x divisor, below the divident and subtract it from dividend (iv) repeat this process until the degree of remainder becomes less than divisor.

For example: $2{{x}^{2}}+3x+1$ by $(x+1)$

Quotient of the division $=2x+1$

MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS

To multiply like or unlike fractions, we should first multiply the numerators and denominators and then, write the answer into lowest term of the resulting fraction.

For example:

To multiply $\frac{8}{3}$ and $\frac{24}{5}$

Multiplication of the fractions

$=\frac{\text{Product}\,\text{of}\,\text{numerators}}{\text{Product}\,\text{of}\,\text{denominators}}$

$=\frac{8\times 24}{3\times 5}\,=\frac{192}{15}$

The HCF of 192 and 15 is 3, therefore, $\frac{192\div 3}{15\div 3}\,=\frac{64}{5}$

DIVISION OF FRACTIONS

To divide the fractions, we should first multiply the dividend by reciprocal of divisor and then, write the answer into lowest term of the resulting fraction.

For example:

To divide $\frac{75}{6}$ by $\frac{18}{5}$

Division of fractions $=\frac{75}{6}\div \frac{18}{5}\,=\frac{75}{6}\,\times \frac{5}{18}\,=\frac{375}{108}$

The HCF of 375 and 108 is 3 therefore,

$=\frac{375\div 3}{108\div 3}\,=\frac{125}{36}$

MULTIPLICATION OF DEC IMALS

Step (i) Multiply the given decimals by omitting decimal point.

Step (ii) Put the decimal point in the result by counting total number of decimal places for both the decimals.

For example:

The multiply 16.24 and 41.16

1624

x 4116

________

6684384

Now, the total decimal places in the given decimals = 4

So, resulting product = 668.4384

DIVISION OF DECIMALS

Step (i) Decimal point of the divisor is moved to right until it becomes a whole number.

Step (ii) Decimal point of the dividend is moved to right as same as the number of places have been moved in divisor.

Step (iii) Multiply both divisor and dividend by a number to get whole number of necessary.

Step (iv) Put decimal point in the quotient by counting total number of decimal places for both dividend and divisor

For example:

Division of 467.2 by 2.4

$=\frac{467.2}{2.4}=\frac{4672}{24}\times \frac{10}{10}\,=194.6$

PARALLELOGRAM

Perimeter of parallelogram ABCD = 2 (Sum of two adjacent sides)

= 2(AB + BC)

Area of parallelogram ABCD = Base x Height

= AB x CE

For example:

(i) the perimeter

(ii) the area

Solution:

Perimeter = 2 (AB + BC)

= 2 (5 + 3) = 16 cm

Area $=AB\times CE$

$=5\times 4=20\,c{{m}^{2}}$

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##### Notes - Miscellaneous

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