Answer:
The endocrine glands
and hormones that are responsible for maintaining calcium homeostasis, are thyroid
and parathyroid glands and their associated hormones are calcitonin and
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).
(i) Parathyroid
glands are the glands developed from the endoderm of the embryo.
The cells of
parathyroid glands are of two types, i.e., chief cells and oxyphil cells. The chief
cells of the parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).
This hormone
(PTH) is involved in regulating calcium and phosphate balance between the blood
and other tissue. It mobilises the release of calcium into the blood from bones.
PTH increases calcium reabsorption by the body organs like intestine and kidneys.
(ii) Thyroid
gland is the largest endocrine gland located anterior to the thyroid cartilage
of the larynx in the neck. This gland plays a vital role in maintaining calcium
homeostasis.
It releases
thyrocalcitonin hormone produced by the parafollicular cells, also called 'C' cells.
This hormone
is secreted when the calcium level in blood gets high. It is a 32 amino acid
peptide hormone that lowers the calcium level by suppressing release of calcium
ions from the bones. Thus, calcitonin has an action opposite to that of the
parathyroid hormone on calcium homeostasis.
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