Answer:
Methods used for the insertion of recombinant DNA into the host cells are as follows (a) Chemical method In this method, the cells are treated with a specific concentration of a divalent cation such as calcium (in the form of\[CaC{{l}_{2}}\]). It increases the efficiency with which DNA enters the bacterium through the pores in its cell wall. The cells are incubated with recombinant DNA on ice, followed by placing them briefly at \[42{}^\circ C\]and then putting them back on ice. This enables the bacteria to take up the recombinant DNA. (b) Physical method Microinjection and gene gun are physical methods used to introduce foreign DNA into host cell. In microinjection method, rDNA is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell. In gene gun method, plant cells are bombarded with high velocity micro particles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA.
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