Answer:
Nationalism in Vietnam emerged through the efforts of different sections of the society to fight against the French due to following reasons:
(i) From 18th century many religious movements were hostile to western presence. An early movement against French control and the spread of Christianity was the Scholars Revolt of 1868, led by officials of imperial court. (ii) In late 19th century, resistance to French domination was led by Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940), an eminent nationalist. He became a major figure in anti-colonial resistance and formed the revolutionary society. (iii) Another nationalist Phan Chi Trinh differed from Phan Boi Chau. Phan Chi Trinh was intensely hostile to monarchy and was opposed to the idea of resisting the French. His desire was to establish a monarchy on democratic ideals of the west. (iv) In the first decade of 20th century in 1907-08 a 'Go East Movement' became popular by nearly 300 students who went to Japan for higher education. Their main objective was to overthrow the puppet emperor and reestablish Nguyen dynasty who were opposed to the French. They wanted to secure Japanese help and set up a branch of Restoration Society in Tokyo.
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