Answer:
(a) pastoralists have reacted to these changes in many ways. Some have reduced the number of cattle in their herds while others have discovered new pastures when their movement to old grazing grounds became more difficult. (b) After 1947, the Raikas could no longer move into Sindh. Therefore in recent years, they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural fields after the harvests are cut. This being the time when the fields need manure that the animals can provide. (c) Over the years, the richer pastoralists have started buying land and giving up their nomadic existence. Some have become peasants cultivating their lands while others have taken to extensive trading. Many poor pastoralists, on the other hand lost their stock of cattle and became laborers, working on fields or in small towns. (d) Thus pastoralists have not only survived but in many regions, their numbers have increased in recent decades. When grazing lands were closed in one place, they changed the direction of their movement, reduced the size of their herd, combined pastoral activity with other forms of income and adapted to the new challenges in the modem world.
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