Answer:
(a) The various laws led to a serious shortage of pastures. The shepherds and cattle herders could no longer freely pasture their cattle in the forests. (b) Their grazing land declined. This led to continuous intensive grazing of these pastures. (c) Under the forest acts, the pastorals were not allowed to have access in reserved forests. However, they were granted some 'grazing rights' in the forests. (d) This in turn led to a further shortage of forage for animals and deterioration of animals' stock. Underfed cattle died in large numbers during scarcities and famines.
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