Answer:
(a) In the late 19th century, European imperialists divided Africa among themselves. As a result, the best grazing lands were taken over by the European colonists. The Massai were pushed into a small area which was arid and had poor pastures. (b) The British also encouraged local peasant communities to expand cultivation which further reduced the amount of pasture land available. (c) Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserves like the Massai Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and the Serengeti Park in Tanzania. Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves. Very often these reserves were in areas that had traditionally been the regular grazing grounds for Massai herds.
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