question_answer

Examine the efforts made by Ulemas (Muslim theologians) to counter the efforts of conversion of Indians into Christians.

Answer:

(i) To counter the fear of conversion, the Lemmas used cheap lithographic presses, published Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures and printed religious newspapers and tracts.

(ii) The Deoband Seminary founded in 1867, published a large number of 'fatwas' or legal pronouncements on Islamic laws, telling the Muslims about how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives. They also explained the meaning of Islamic doctrines.

(iii) Urdu print help the theologians of different Muslim sects to conduct their religions debates in public through printed materials.