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4. Describe the activities relating to commerce.

Answer:

Ans.     Commerce refers to all those activities which are concerned with the transfer of goods and services from the producers to the consumers. It embraces all those activities which are necessary for maintaining a free flow of goods and services. It includes trade and auxiliary to trade.

Commerce = Trade + Auxiliary to Trade

1. Trade: Trade refers to buying and selling of goods and services with the objective of earning profit. It is classified into two categories.

(i) Internal Trade: It takes place within a country. Internal trade is classified into two categories - retail trade and wholesale trade.

(ii) Retail Trade: It refers to buying of goods and services in relatively small quantities and selling them to the ultimate consumers.

(a) External Trade: It is done between two or more countries. External trade can be classified into three categories.

(b) Import Trade: If goods are purchased from another country, it is called import trade.

(c) Export Trade: If goods are sold to other countries, it is called export trade.

(d) Entrecote Trade: Where goods are imported for export to other countries e.g., Indian firm may import some goods from America and export the same goods to Nepal.

2. Auxiliaries to Trade: All those activities which help in removing various hindrances which arise in connection with the production and distribution of goods are called auxiliaries to trade. An overview of these activities is given below.

1. Transportation and Communication: The production of goods takes place at one place, whereas these are demanded in different parts of the country. The obstacle of place is removed by the transport. Along with transport, communication is also an important service. It helps in exchange of information between producers, consumers and traders. The common communication services are postal service, telephone, fax, internet, etc.

2. Banking and Finance: Business needs funds for acquiring assets, purchasing raw materials and meeting other expenses. Necessary funds can be obtained from a bank.

3. Insurance: It provides a cover against the loss of goods, in the process of transit, storage, theft, fire and other natural calamities.

4. Warehousing: There is generally a time lag between the production and consumption of goods. This problem can be solved by storing the goods in warehouses.

5. Advertising: Advertising brings goods and services to the knowledge of prospective buyers. It is through advertising that the customers come to know about the new products and ther utility.