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Direction (10 - 14): No crystal is found to be perfect at room temperature. The defects present in the crystals can be stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric. Due to non-stoichiometric defects, the formula of the ionic compound is different from the ideal formula. For example, the ideal formula of ferrous oxide should be FeO but actually in one sample, it was found to be \[F{{e}_{0.93}}O\]. This is because the crystal may have some ferric ions in place of frrous ions. These defects change the properties of the crystals. In some cases, defects are introduced to have crystals of desired properties as required in the field of electronics. Doping of elements of group 14 with those of group 13 or 15 is most common. In ionic compounds, usually the impurities are introduced in which the cation has higher valency than the cation of the parent cyrstal e.g., \[SrC{{l}_{2}}\] into NaCI.

Which of the following dopings will produce p-type semiconductor?

A) Silicon doped with arsenic

B) Germanium doped with phosphorus

C) Germanium doped with aluminium

D) Silicon doped with phosphorus.