Answer:
(i) A farmer having 1 hectare of land for farming is called a subsistence
farmer because 1 hectare of land is too less for even the sustenance of a small
family.
(ii) Production is very low and it is very difficult for
the farmer to provide for his family.
(iii) Apart from working on his own field he has to work
on the field of the rich farmers or work as a casual labourer to survive.
(iv) The small farmer has no irrigation facilities.
(v) He has no working capital, so he is also not able to
buy modern machinery, HYV seeds or insecticides and pesticides.
(vi) In the absence of capital, he has to take loan from a
moneylender who charges a high interest rate. He is rarely able to repay the loan
and eventually falls into a debt trap.
(i)On talking to two old residents Ramlal and Dharam
Singh. I came to know about the irrigation methods that were traditionally in
use in our area. They told me that earlier they were dependent on rainfall and
later on they started to use the Persian wheel to draw water from the wells.
With development of technology, tube wells were used for better and more
effective irrigation.
(ii) In the farming methods, traditionally they ploughed
the field with ploughs drawn by bullocks, which was a very difficult and time
consuming process. They used ordinary seeds and cow dung manure for
fertilisation.
(iii) However with changes in technology, the farmers
started using HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides and modern
machinery like tractors and threshers which has led to an increase in yield per
hectare and improved the lives of the farmers.
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