Answer:
The lone electron pairs on the
halogen atom are in conjugation or resonance with the pi-electron pairs of the
ring (+ M effect). As a result, the ortho and para positions in the ring are
the points of high electron density or negatively charged. The electrophilic
substitution takes place at these positions. However, due to -\[I\]effect, the
halogen atom deactivates the ring to some extent. For more details, consult
Section 11.14.
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